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Preliminary system design for the development of CubeSat with GNSS-reflectometry (GNSS-R) payload for monitoring sea level change
Get PDFGlobal warming is causing a rapid rise in sea levels. This is particularly pressing as the impacts are causing flooding, salinisation, extreme weather and sea temperature, and threatening food security. The impacts are particularly severe for communities in the global south and developing countries due to significant social and economic injustice. With approximately 600 million people living in coastal regions globally, the potential submerges in this area could lead to further economic impact and increase the social and economic effects felt in the global south and coast area.
This project aims to assess the feasibility of cost-effective, compact, and capable CubeSats in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) that can measure levels daily. This approach will enhance our understanding and monitor sea level change. Over the past 30 years, satellite missions have contributed significantly to sea level rise altimetry, providing long-term observational records and offering a better understanding of sea level changes across oceans and seas. However, traditional Ocean altimetry relies on large, costly satellites designed primarily for open ocean research and struggles to capture altimetry in coastal regions with the necessary spatial and shorter temporal scales.
To address this gap in consistent, reliable altimetry in coastal areas, the CubeSats will utilise GNSS-Reflectometry (GNSS-R). GNSS-R is an innovative remote sensing technique with a higher temporal and spatial resolution than traditional radar altimetry.
The mission will deploy eight CubeSat 6u on a single orbital plane, with a spacing of 45° between them. All the satellites will be placed in Sun-Synchronous Orbit (SSO) at an altitude of 550km, providing 15 revisit times per day for one satellite revisit time.
The feasibility indicates that GNSS-R provides a promising alternative to traditional innovative remote sensing, offering reduced mass and power requirements. This will offer a cost-effective sea-level measurement approac
Understanding disability from a life course perspective: lived experiences of education and work of visually impaired people in China
Get PDFThe life course approach emphasises the importance of both a person’s impairment and the social barriers that impact disabled people’s lives. Currently, disabled people in China still face many barriers to their access to education and work. Chinese socialism requires disabled people to be economically productive so that they contribute to society like their non-disabled peers. Given this, the state proposes vocational training for disabled people. For people with visual impairments, the state particularly emphasises the massage industry. This vocational stereotype has affected their transition into education and work, and many of them are encouraged to take massage courses or subsequently work in massage parlours. Of the few current studies that investigate education and employment for disabled people, very few mention how people with visual impairments take up massage-related work and what barriers they face during their transitions into education and work. This study explores how visually impaired people transition into education and work, what barriers they face during this process, and, more importantly, how they use their agency when they encounter these barriers. Evidence was gathered from 26 visually impaired people through telephone interviews; the narrative and thematic approaches were used to analyse the data. Based on an understanding of the medical model and the social model of disability, this study applies the life course perspective to explore visually impaired people’s transition into education and work; it then applies the PCS model to analyse the barriers they face at the Personal (P), Cultural (C) and Structural (S) levels. This study shows that visually impaired people are not passive victims of social barriers. Instead, it also indicates participants’ different types of agency as they encounter social barriers.
In conclusion, this study demonstrates that mainstream education and workplaces unrelated to massage often exclude visually impaired people. Mainstream educational systems often reject participants, particularly those with more significant levels of vision impairment, leading many of them to start formal education in special schools or transfer to special schools from mainstream education. However, the limited provision of special education and the influence of vocational stereotypes of the massage industry result in almost every participant receiving massage training and working in this industry. Some participants exercised their agency differently, attempting to get employed in fields unrelated to massage. However, their ability to act was affected by social constraints and cultural beliefs
Adapting a self-help acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) intervention for adults with a spinal cord injury (SCI)
Get PDFPortfolio Abstract
The psychological impact of SCI is well known and there is a growing body of evidence supporting the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) for people with a spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the acceptability of the ACT approach for those with a SCI and its underlying processes has rarely been considered. Furthermore, well known barriers to accessing mental health support for those with SCI such as, inadequate transportation, financial resources and stigma are significant. Therefore, self-help is suggested as a potentially useful intervention for providing support to this population as it has shown some efficacy in other populations. This study utilised a qualitative design to explore acceptability of an ACT self-help manual via 14 semi-structured interviews with those with a SCI, family members and professionals working with SCI. Furthermore, it aimed to explore and understand the lived experiences of those with a SCI and their relevance to the ACT model. The data gathered was analysed using Reflexive Thematic Analysis. Three main themes were identified: (1) ACT Concepts, with three sub-themes identified (i) Is acceptance important or achievable, (ii) Cognitive Defusion, too airy fairy, (iii) Values important to rehabilitation; (2) Self-help, with three sub-themes identified, (i) Self-help after adjustment, (ii) Self-help too labour intensive, (iii) Language is the key to engagement; (3) Lived Experiences, with three sub-themes identified (i) life is a battle, (ii) deal with it or hide away, (iii) different to the person I was before. The main themes were discussed in the context of the wider literature and suggestions for adaptations to the self-help manual, including simplification, personalisation, amending language use and considering a hybrid approach including both self-directed and professional led modules were considered to improve acceptability of the manual. Generally, participants deemed ACT to be an acceptable and relevant approach based on their experiences after SCI. This study provides information on the acceptability of ACT processes for those with SCI and has supported the development of a self-help manual specifically designed for those with a SCI
When is a hill not simply a hill? Investigating nuance in (early) medieval place-names
Get PDFLandscape terminology is ubiquitous in historical place names throughout England. Such terminology reveals much about the perceptions of historical occupants of the land, as well as how they lived and used that land. Place-names offer a unique insight into historical, socio-economic and cultural conditions. The information they reveal is not limited to the upper echelons of society, but informs our understanding of those living locally in a place, at all social levels.
Inspired by the work of Margaret Gelling (latterly with Ann Cole), this thesis selected three place-name elements: OE/OScan berg, OE/Brittonic crug and OE dūn (with potential links to Brittonic and Goidelic elements). Previous understandings of these elements were analysed, including lexical usage outside of the toponymicon. All the elements had been thought to represent some kind of hill. A national corpus of all available berg-, crug- and dūn-names was assembled from available published and some unpublished sources. The database, including linguistic and etymological analysis, was combined with other archaeological, historical, topographical and geological datasets in a mapped GIS interface, available on a website designed specifically for this research.
Armed with this mobile research tool, hundreds of site visits were carried out, alongside desk-based analysis. The results illuminated important philosophical questions surrounding human identification and perception of features in the landscape, as well as visibility and navigation in the landscape, with wider implications for understanding place-naming practice and motivation as a local, non- centralised phenomenon. The value of physical fieldwork was demonstrated. Computational approaches were shown to be an important heuristic tool but not a substitute for such fieldwork. Following the campaign of fieldwork, it was clear that a single, uniform and diagnostically recognisable profile was not present for each of the elements throughout the country, as had been suggested by Gelling and Cole. Therefore, such a profile was not the essence of meaning for these elements.
Nevertheless, the distribution patterns for the elements across the country demonstrated that there was rich nuance to be understood in their onomastic use. Compound place-name analysis, looking closely at the other elements collocating with berg, crug and dūn in compound place-names, yielded a better understanding of why these elements might have been used in particular place-names. Although not anticipated as part of the original research agenda, the study shed light on patterns of OScan-influenced naming, which differed starkly from OE-influenced naming. It also highlighted a strong diachronic shift in meaning in the understanding of OE dūn. The results have a range of implications for understanding some of the earliest surviving OE names for settlements, farming and land use, for contrasting quantity and nature of OScan-influence in central regions of the country compared with those further away from OE-dominant zones, and for glimpsing Brittonic and Goidelic influence on place-name elements in certain areas. In essence, the study demonstrates the motivation behind historical naming using these three elements, shedding new light not just on the historical landscape but crucially on the identities of the people naming the landscape and the ways in which they made use of that landscape.
Word count: 100,520 word
‘Physically efficient, psychologically detached’: prison healthcare staff experiences of, impacts from, and strategies for, working with prisoner self-harm and suicides
Get PDFThis thesis has considered the experiences of prison healthcare staff working with prisoner suicide and self-harm in 21st century prisons in England and Wales. It was interested in temporality, in how these experiences impacted staff and their practice contemporaneously and over time, as well as how accumulation of such experiences affected them. It explored how healthcare staff may still deliver quality healthcare to those who are suicidal and self-harming, even in the context of ongoing prison crises.
This thesis used processual ontology which conceptualises the world as dynamic, emergent, contingent, giving ‘full reality to relations and becoming’ (Renault, 2016: 22) and a congruent interpretivist epistemology. To further understand the complexities and nuances of healthcare staff responses to prisoner suicide and self-harm as posed by the research questions, a qualitative method was chosen. Qualitative methods ‘are dynamic and capture emergent meanings’ (Bosk, 2014), demonstrating their compatibility, feasibility and usefulness within the ontological approach adopted and as a fitting method for the methodology. 28 semi-structured interviews were undertaken, with three cohorts of participants: former prison healthcare staff, special knowledge stakeholders and senior managers. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis, findings and analysis from which are reported herein.
Participants in this study repeatedly returned to the constrained context – custodial, under funded, under resourced – in which their work with prisoner suicide and self-harm occurred and the implications of this for them, their practice and the prisoners in their care. Prison healthcare staff experiences of self-harm and suicide are not only determined by clinical, psychosocial and environmental factors (Favril et al., 2020), they are also profoundly influenced by governmental factors, the practical outworkings of policy decisions. The pressures, paucity and fast pace of work with those who are suicidal and self-harming are some examples of this, which can lead to disenfranchised trauma in staff. Staff experiences highlighted the need for broader definitions of self-harm to include invited violence. Staff experienced enduring effects from prisoner suicide attempts, even when life was preserved. Staff could experience distress and moral injury as they struggled to preserve prisoner dignity after death. Staff attested to the potential preventability of many suicides, including problems of enacting Assessment, Care in Custody and Teamwork (ACCT) processes and constrained professional curiosity, causing frustration and despair in staff. This thesis argues that some prison suicides could be better understood as another example of Aitchison’s (2024) induced self-violence, nomenclature that renders contributory factors more visible.
Prison healthcare staff acclimatised to working with prisoner self-harm and suicide. This is conceptualised as a dynamic continuum: from strategies that retain the human-ness of staff at one end, through the more prevalent phenomena of normalisation, detachment, desensitisation and dehumanisation. Dehumanisation is a finding for prison staff here and provided examples of the theory of malignant alienation (Morgan and Priest, 1984), in prison healthcare staff practice. Attending coroners’ courts after suicides created significant stress, distress and anxiety for staff. These were further compounded by delays, the jury’s poor understanding of prisons, and adversarial, blame-seeking inquests that responsibilised individual staff, deflecting inquiry from structural or governmental factors. Staff experienced inquests as damaging – before, during and after – creating enduring anxious, avoidant practice and staff attrition, resulting in poorer care for suicidal and self-harming prisoners. In amongst these findings, there was a cohort of prison healthcare staff whose strategies sustained them in an exceptionally tough workplace, enabling them to deliver compassionate healthcare to prisoners who self-harmed and/or were suicidal, at least some of the time. Staff were squeezed, yet still sentient and sustained by finding their work meaningful, by taking action to improve other health outcomes, collegial trusting, and talking and being witnessed.
This thesis aims in some small way to erode the hermeneutical marginalisation of prison healthcare staff experiences, assisting in making visible their experiences and those of prisoners who are suicidal and self-harming, thereby expanding prison epistemology. It rejects responsibilisation and espouses the interconnectedness of all people and things, as such it understands the reduction of prisoner suicide and self-harm, and enhancing prison safety as a collective endeavour. Although this thesis is about subjects more usually correlated with despair and not hope and incorporates some concerning findings – it contains pockets of hope. People, their thoughts and actions, can and do change. Because in amongst the sadness, despair and multiple poor decisions that have led to the prisons permacrisis, there are still people working with compassion and hope, demonstrating another way is possible
Development of an electrical impedance tomography system for imaging and measurement applications
Get PDFElectrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that reconstructs the internal conductivity distribution of a medium using voltage or current measurements obtained via electrodes. Despite its potential, conventional EIT systems face challenges such as hardware complexity, high computational demands, and limited adaptability for diverse applications. This research addresses these limitations by developing a novel EIT system, termed Single-Ended Electrical Impedance Tomography (SEEIT), which introduces significant advancements in both hardware design and measurement methodology.
The SEEIT system's primary innovation lies in its unique electrode configuration and measurement approach, which reduces the number of required channels by 50% compared to traditional EIT systems. Unlike conventional systems that rely on differential signaling, SEEIT employs a simplified single-ended signaling method, where only one stationary electrode acts as the receiver for each measurement. This design minimizes hardware complexity and reduces the number of computations required for image reconstruction, thereby improving efficiency and reducing data errors. Additionally, the system incorporates custom-designed titanium alloy electrodes , which enhance durability and signal quality, addressing a critical limitation of existing EIT systems.
Experimental evaluations were conducted using cylindrical tanks equipped with 16 electrodes to assess the SEEIT system's ability to detect, locate, and reconstruct images of hidden objects. Results demonstrated that the system can detect objects as small as 1.5 mm in diameter within a tank of 134 mm diameter, achieving a spatial resolution of approximately 1.1% of the tank diameter. Furthermore, the system successfully reconstructed images of multiple non-conductive object shapes, showcasing its capability for accurate spatial mapping. Stability tests confirmed robust performance, with continuous data acquisition maintained over a one-hour period without degradation in signal quality.
To enhance flexibility and adaptability, a programmable LabVIEW interface was developed, enabling the SEEIT system to be easily customized for diverse applications without requiring hardware redesign. This feature significantly reduces costs and accelerates deployment across different use cases. MATLAB, integrated with the open-source Electrical Impedance and Diffuse Optical Tomography Reconstruction Software (EIDORS) toolbox, was utilized for 2D image reconstruction based on processed data from LabVIEW.
The key contributions of this research include: (1) the development of a novel electrode configuration and measurement methodology that simplifies hardware requirements while maintaining high accuracy; (2) the demonstration of enhanced detection capabilities, including the ability to identify small objects and reconstruct non-conductive shapes; and (3) the creation of a flexible, cost-effective system adaptable to various industrial and biomedical applications. These advancements address critical gaps in current EIT technology and contribute to the broader body of knowledge by providing a more efficient and reliable solution for real-world challenges
New approaches to study canine and equine influenza A virus
Get PDFEquine and canine influenza A viruses (IAV) have been isolated for the past 70 and 25 years, respectively. Currently, a single subtype of equine influenza A virus (H3N8) circulates. This subtype jumped species to canines in the late 1990s in the US and circulated until 2016. In 2004, an avian H3N2 subtype virus was transmitted to dogs and spread into the US where it continues to circulate. Limited research is ongoing to further understand these two neglected viruses although within the research community, new approaches are more often applied to emerging and human influenza viruses. In this research, how novel approaches can be used to generate reagents and further develop the understanding of these two viruses was investigated.
Next generation phage display was used to generate variable heavy chain (VHH) antibodies that bound to recombinant equine IAVs (eIAV) with haemagglutinin (HA) surface glycoproteins from isolates representing the two current circulating clades of equine H3N8 subtype (Florida clade 1 and clade 2). The analysis highlighted 70 potential binders and a trial number of 10 were expressed using bacterial and mammalian expression systems to produce maltose binding protein (MBP) and fragment crystallizable (Fc) fused VHH antibodies. Three of each Fc and MBP fused VHH were successfully generated. One Fc fused antibody selectively bound influenza viruses in ELISA but did not differentiate between the two clades. Nonetheless, the VHH could have other applications in research, diagnosis or treatment of equine influenza.
Three cell lines (equine E. derm and extEqFL and canine DH82α) were explored for suitability for researching equine and canine IAVs by titrating viruses by 50% tissue culture infectious dose and viral replication kinetics by M gene RT-qPCR. Equine and canine IAVs primarily bind to α2,3 sialic acids (SA) so receptor staining was performed to confirm their presence on the cell lines. Generation of recombinant reverse genetics virus was undertaken to obtain the canine H3N2 subtype. Investigation into the innate immune response was completed using RNA sequencing and RT-qPCR for species specific cytokines. The extEqFL and E. derm cell lines were rejected as potential candidates due to poor lectin staining, viral replication and lack of cytokine expression. The DH82α cell line demonstrated efficient viral replication and appropriate lectin staining. The RNA sequencing data highlighted 21 genes from the IAV pathway indicating expression with variations seen between the 6- and 24-hour samples. Cytokine responses were lower than anticipated and not all expected genes were upregulated post-infection with virus.
Receptor specificity assays were applied to determine whether changes in the HA of eIAVs aided transmission into dogs. This was investigated using solid phase binding assays and biolayer interferometry. Equine IAV pseudotype viruses (PV) with mutations in the HA were generated however receptor binding could not be investigated with either method because of low viral titres and non-specific binding. Attempts to rescue viruses with mutated HA proteins by reverse genetics that could produce higher titres were not successful. Pseudotyped viruses were used to confirm that MDCK, DH82α and E. derm cells did not permit virus entry with equine or canine cells.
This thesis outlines how new approaches were developed and successfully utilised to study canine and equine influenza A viruses. The generation of antibodies using next generation phage display is a promising concept, and DH82α cells are identified as a potentially useful cell line for IAV research
A lived and living UK gaming oral history: untangling narratives of resistance and resurgence in videogame space
Get PDFThis thesis critically examines gaming subjectivities, games culture, and ideologies that circulate within videogames and their communities. Via a series of oral history interviews, and with an emphasis on a person-centred approach, this research scrutinises the bleed between gaming culture and far-right belief systems, evidenced by issues like identity policing and online harassment. However, rather than focusing on the extreme edges of games culture, which movements of organised harassment like Gamergate made overt, this work considers the gaming mainstream and the experiences of ostensibly “normal” people within gaming; what they think, and how they feel, about videogames, gamer identity and games culture.
As well as examining challenges games culture faces, this work considers how we can resist resurgent discourses within game space. Through a feminist, queer point of view – that is grounded in the thesis’ theoretical approach – this research seeks to not only understand the ideological knots and contradictions that far-right discourses operate through in gaming, but how we might begin to untangle them. This untangling is facilitated by an overarching concern and implementation of affect as a theoretical and analytical framework; emphasising the importance of how videogames make people feel. Part of this emphasis is framing gamer as an “affective” identity. In other words, gamer identity as made, maintained and disturbed through feeling and emotion.
I am concerned with how videogames are meaningful to the interview participants here, players in gaming communities, players outside of gaming communities, and the stereotypical gamer. Examining this meaningfulness requires understanding how we relate to gaming histories, as well as how we think about gaming in the present, which has implications, in turn, for how we do or do not connect with gamer identity. What is at stake in conversations about videogames and gaming culture, the stories, opinions and thoughts that interview participants articulated, is often more than just videogames; it is about access to spaces, belonging to a community, how we perceive our own identity, and our ability to play and have fun. Ultimately, this research is about people in gaming spaces, and how videogames are meaningful to them in ways that are inherently subjective and personal. This subjectivity is reflected in the research’s interview-led approach. This thesis contends with what is difficult about videogame culture but is also concerned with the people who exist within and move through it, and how they feel about videogames, and why this matters
Genetic influences on puppy and juvenile guide dog behaviour
Get PDFThe influence of genetics on behaviour in dogs has been under constant debate and is of particular importance to assistance dog organisations, where breeding suitable dogs for the working role is important to maximise resources and efficiencies and improve dog welfare. The aims of this thesis were to determine the genetic influences on guide dog behaviour through pedigree and genome-based heritability estimates for data captured through questionnaires and a behavioural observation assessment. Behavioural questionnaires were collected in a cohort of juvenile guide dog puppies at five months (5M, n=551), eight months (8M, n=2317) and 12 months (12M, n=1537) of age using a previously validated questionnaire, the refined-Puppy Walker Questionnaire (r-PWQ). Due to a difference in component (group of questions) structure for this population, the questionnaire was adjusted. A pedigree-based heritability analysis was undertaken, with the 5M Anxiety component indicating the highest heritability (h2=0.29). Heritabilities at 8M and 12M were below 0.1 for all behavioural components. Using the same data, a genomic-based heritability analysis was undertaken for 96 dogs at 8M and 12M. Genomic-based heritabilities were higher than pedigree-based estimates and following a genome wide association study (GWAS), Excitement behaviours at 12M and Separation behaviours at 8M indicated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) approaching significance. Links were found between these behaviours in dogs and genes associated with obsessive/depressive disorders in humans (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, alcoholism, depression and schizophrenia).
Behavioural assessments comprising of six published tasks were undertaken in a cohort of 399 puppies around eight weeks of age. Twenty-two of the 79 behavioural measures demonstrated heritabilities above 0.4, with the highest heritabilities found for the Novel Object and Surprising Events tasks. A principal component analysis (PCA) extracted six behavioural components, demonstrating correlations to questionniare components, supporting use of the questionnaire at Guide Dogs UK (GDUK). Evaluation of inter and intra-reliability of behaviours observed during the assessment indicated differences between assessors, highlighting the importance of consistency and reliability in behavioural assessments. Following these findings, a pilot study utilising machine learning (ML) was undertaken, comparing computer generated and human generated results. It is suggested that future studies could utilise ML methods for behavioural analysis in puppies.
Behaviours associated with anxiety/fear were shown to be consistently heritable in this population through pedigree-based and genomic-based methods, suggesting that some of the variation in the phenotype displayed can be attributed to genetic influences. Based on the findings from the present study, GDUK could select away from these behaviours during breeding should it be possible to account for the behaviours when planning matings between sires and dams. The present study also highlighted environmental and puppy raiser influences on behaviour; GDUK should continue to invest in supporting volunteers through puppy raising due to the large potential to positively impact future behaviour.
The use of terminology when describing and discussing behaviour has been under debate by behavioural researchers, with the terms ‘temperament’ and ‘personality’ often used interchangeably and with few stating definitions for the terms. The present study discusses the two terms, and a conclusion made that the behavioural data analysed during the thesis is indicative of ‘temperament’, with reasonings and evidence discussed
The utility of e-government public services for China’s information-disadvantaged groups
No full textEvery citizen is an important stakeholder in the e-government system, and their willingness to adopt e-government, as well as their information literacy and skills, is crucial. In China, the rapid development of e-government has become a symbol of social progress. However, this positive initiative by the Chinese government has also exacerbated the plight of the information-disadvantaged groups in the current digital environment. These people live in rural areas, are older, less educated, have lower incomes, and are unable to own or use electronic devices to access e-government public services, thus affecting their survival and development. This study aims to analyse the particularities of e-government public service adoption among the information-disadvantaged groups in China. It further analyses how the digital divide, one of the significant barriers to implementing e-government systems, has affected the adoption of e-government public services by the information-disadvantaged groups. Ultimately, the study proposes potentially viable new models of e-government public services through existing practicable emerging technologies through a complete literature review and compendium.
Two quantitative studies were implemented in Chapters 2 and 3 of the study, respectively. A modified unified model of e-government adoption and a social cognitive theory research model with the introduction of digital divide-related constructs were proposed in the study based on the literature review accordingly. Then, Chapter 2 collected 545 valid questionnaires to test 17 hypotheses, and Chapter 3 retrieved 532 valid data to test 11 hypotheses. The research in these two chapters validates the proposed model using partial least squares structural equation modelling and further employs multigroup analysis (MGA), focusing on the particularities of China's information-disadvantaged groups. In Chapter 4 of the study, a novel e-government public service model based on Internet of Things (IoT) is proposed through a complete literature review and systematic organisation based on existing feasible emerging information technology and information and communications technology to enhance further the efficiency of the existing e-government system, which would further bridge the digital divide and lower the threshold of using the e-government system.
The results in Chapter 2 show that effort expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions, trust on government (TOG) and attitude toward use (ATU) directly influence the adoption of e-government public services, with ATU being the most critical factor. TOG performs the best among all the factors affecting the adoption of e-government public services. The MGA results show significant differences in the adoption of e-government public services among the information-disadvantaged groups in China, which may be due to differences in information literacy and experience. The results in Chapter 3 show that outcome expectation (OE), affect, self-efficacy (SE), anxiety, access divide (AD), and skills divide all influence the adoption of e-government public services, with SE being the most critical positive factor of AD being the most influential negative factor. OE performs the best among all the factors affecting the adoption of e-government public services. The MGA results show significant differences in the adoption of e-government public services among the information-disadvantaged groups in China due to the digital divide. Chapter 4 then systematically outlines and analyses IoT technology's technical features and advantages in e-government public services. It explores how IoT technology can be used to improve public services and customer services and overcome current technological challenges facing the development of e-government public services. IoT as a potential technological solution guides policymakers, implementers, and IoT technology engineers in understanding the application of IoT technology in e-government public services.
This study has theoretical, practical, and policy contributions. The study provides a more comprehensive research idea and approach. The study contributes to the development of literature related to e-government and information systems and the implementation of e-government public services by the Chinese government and other Asian and developing countries. Ultimately, the findings could provide implications for further improving the utility of e-government public services in China
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