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Seminar in Chemical Education Ⅰ ～Aiming to Cultivate the Knowledge, Techniques and Practical Skills Required for Teachers
Get PDF「化学教育演習Ⅰ」は教師に求められる知識・技能の習得と実践力の育成を目指している。授業内容は，教育に関する諸法令，教育振興基本計画，各種答申等，教育の動向や課題等の理解と，諸課題解決のためのレポート発表，小論文の作成・発表，場面指導，集団討論等の演習である。ここでは，令和３年度の授業内容と受講した学生の学びを基に「化学教育演習Ⅰ」について報告する。実践報告 / Report
Japanese pharmacists’ information strategy using behavioural economics: provision of numerical information with ‘peak-end rule’ improves willingness to take a hypothetical medication
Get PDFObjectives Low medication adherence is considered a cause of exacerbated diseases and greater economic losses. Hence, information strategies that improve patients’ willingness to take medications have received considerable attention. Newer information strategies that utilise the ‘peak-end rule’ proposed in behavioural economics were investigated in this study to advance strategy development. Methods An online scenario survey was conducted among adults aged 20–79 years in Japan. One of four medication counselling videos on a hypothetical hypertension drug narrated by a pharmacist was viewed by the respondents and their willingness to take the medication was evaluated. The four scenarios differed according to the presence or absence of risk probability and the order in which risk and benefit were provided. Key findings The responses of 383 participants were analysed and the results revealed that providing risk probability increased their willingness to take medication (3%), whereas the estimated risk probability by the participants was 28.7% on an average when no numerical probability was provided. Moreover, when risk probability was provided in a benefit/risk order, the willingness to take medication increased than in the risk/benefit order. Conclusions The participants’ willingness to take medication improved when the pharmacists provided risk probability; this helped participants comprehend that the risk probability was lesser than their assumptions. Moreover, the participants’ attention to the numeric information in medication counselling can be elicited by the peak-end rule. The findings from the hypothetical scenarios employed in this study merit further testing in real-life situations for clinical application.Research Paper
Direct nose-to-brain delivery of diazepam via trigeminal nerve contributes to rapid seizure suppression in pentylenetetrazole-induced status epilepticus model rats
Get PDFThe purpose of our present study was to elucidate the involvement of the direct transfer to the brain after intranasal (i.n.) administration of diazepam (DZP), and to provide findings whether i.n. the administration could be used to obtain rapid onset of pharmacological action. We determined the blood and brain kinetics of DZP after administrations of i.n. and other routes, and the relationship between their concentrations and rapid seizure suppression effect; furthermore, and evaluated the distribution process of DZP to the brain. There was a negative connection between the plasma concentration and the amount of DZP delivery to the brain from the systemic circulation during the period that followed intravenous and intrarectal injection before the onset of seizure suppression. I.n. administration resulted in the seizure suppression time below the correlation curve: the seizure suppression effects were observed earlier than estimated despite the low plasma concentrations of DZP, suggesting the involvement of direct nose-to-brain delivery of DZP. The time to maximum concentration (Tmax) in the forebrain, hindbrain, olfactory bulb (OB), trigeminal nerve (TN), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after i.n. the administration was 3 min, which was shorter than the Tmax of the plasma concentration. In fluorescence imaging using Rhodamin-B-base, the TN and the area of the vicinity of the thalamus had stronger fluorescence 1 and 3 min after i.n. administration, compared with the OB and CSF. In summary, direct brain delivery of DZP requires the TN and it was suggested that distribution to the vicinity of the thalamus via the TN may be connected to the quick seizure suppression effect.This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial use provided the original author and source are credite
