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Management of Biomedical Waste in India and Other Countries: A Review
No full textThe objective of this study is (i) to summarize the rules for management and handling of biomedical wastes, (ii) to give the definition, categories of
biomedical wastes, suggested storage containers including colour-coding and
treatment options, (iii) mainly to highlight the effects of biomedical waste in the
environment such as air, land, radioactive pollution and (iv) disposal of wastes,
regulation and recommendations. Health-care waste management in several countries
including India is receiving greater attention due to stringent regulations. The waste
generation rate ranges between 0.5 and 2.0 kg bed-1day-1. The solid waste from the
hospitals consists of bandages, linen and other infectious waste (30-35%), plastics (7-
10%), disposable syringes (0.3-0.5%), glass (3-5%) and other general wastes
including food (40-45%). Several survey works carried out by various research
organizations by (Government and Non government and private sectors) have been
discussed and reviewed in this paper
Photoelectrochemical properties of brush plated CdxZn1-xSe films
No full textCdxZn1-xSe films (0 B x B 1) were deposited
for the first time by the brushplating technique at room temperature from an aqueous bath containing zincsulphate,
cadmiumsulphate and seleniumoxide.The deposition current
densitywas varied in the range of 50–250 mA cm-2. The as
deposited films exhibitedcubic structure. Composition of the
films was estimated by EDAX studies. XPSstudies indicated
the binding energies corresponding to Zn(2p3/2), Cd(3d5/2 and 3d3/2) and Se(3d5/2 and 3d3/2). Optical band gap of the films varied from 1.72 to 2.70 eV as the composition varied from
CdSe to ZnSe side.Atomic forcestudies indicated grain size in
the range of 20–150 nm. Photoelectrochemical cells were
made with polysulphide as the redox electrolyte. The output
was maximum for the photoelectrodes of composition
Cd0.9Zn0.1Se
A Methanol-Tolerant Carbon-Supported Pt-Au Alloy Cathode Catalyst for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells and Its Evaluation by DFT
No full textA Pt-Au alloy catalyst of varying compositions is prepared by codeposition of Pt and Au nanoparticles onto
a carbon support to evaluate its electrocatalytic activity toward an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) with
methanol tolerance in direct methanol fuel cells. The optimum atomic weight ratio of Pt to Au in the carbonsupported
Pt-Au alloy (Pt-Au/C) as established by cell polarization, linear-sweep voltammetry (LSV), and
cyclic voltammetry (CV) studies is determined to be 2:1. A direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) comprising a
carbon-supported Pt-Au (2:1) alloy as the cathode catalyst delivers a peak power density of 120 mW/cm2 at
70 °C in contrast to the peak power density value of 80 mW/cm2 delivered by the DMFC with carbonsupported
Pt catalyst operating under identical conditions. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations on a
small model cluster reflect electron transfer from Pt to Au within the alloy to be responsible for the synergistic
promotion of the oxygen-reduction reaction on a Pt-Au electrode
New, low-cost, high-power poly(o-anisidine-co-metanilic acid)/activated carbon electrode for electrochemical supercapacitors
No full textA poly(o-anisidine-co-metanilic acid)/activated carbon composite is evaluated as an active material
for electrochemical supercapacitors. Poly(o-anisidine-co-metanilic acid) (PASM) is potentiodynamically
deposited on an activated carbon (AC)-coated stainless-steel substrate, in a supporting electrolyte of 1.0M
H2SO4 containing dissolved o-anisidine and metanilic acid, at a sweep rate of 50mVs−1. Scanning electron
micrographs show a uniformly deposited, thick PASM film on the activated carbon. Electrochemical
techniques, such as impedance analysis, cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic experiments, are carried
out to investigate the suitability of the PASM/AC electrode for supercapacitor applications. A maximum
specific capacitance of 576 F g−1 is obtained for PASM/AC at a 5mAcm−2 current density
A comparative evaluation on the anodic behavior of Cu and Ag electrodes in non-aqueous fluoride and fluoroborate media
No full textThe voltammetric responses of copper and
silver had been extensively studied and compared in a
variety of non-aqueous solvents such as acetonitrile (AN),
propylene carbonate (PC) and sulfolane containing two
different supporting electrolytes namely triethylaminetrishydrogen
fluoride (TEA.3HF) and tetrabutylammonium
tetrafluoroborate (TBABF4). The dissolution rate
and surface transformation on the electrode surfaces as a
result of anodic polarization was investigated using atomic
absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and scanning electron
microscopy (SEM), respectively. In solvent-free TEA.3HF
medium, the copper electrode shows high charge recovery
ratio (Qc/Qa), and the difference between the initial anodic
and cathodic potentials, obtained at a current density of
2 mA cm−2, is around 0.11 V, suggesting that in this
medium, Cu can certainly serve as reference electrode. On
the other hand, on Ag electrode, substantial dissolution
was observed leading to very high anodic (Qa) and
cathodic (Qc) charges, and the surface morphology after
the cyclic polarization results in roughened surface with
large pores. The effects of incorporating AN and water as
additives in TEA.3HF on the solubility and stability of
these metal fluoride films are also reported. The dissolution
pattern and film formation behavior of these two
metals in the different solvents containing fluoride and
fluoroborate ionic species have several qualitative similarities,
as noted from cyclic voltammetry responses and
SEM morphology. Anodic dissolution and precipitation
process for both Cu and Ag depends significantly on the
nature of supporting electrolytes as well as solvents. In
AN containing 0.1 M TEA.3HF, the dissolution of Cu and
Ag electrodes was very high. Fluoride salts of Cu show
lesser solubility than Ag in those solvents, while fluoroborate
salts exhibit the reverse trend. The AAS data
suggest that for a particular salt, which may be either
fluoride or fluoroborate of Cu and Ag, the relative
solubility decreases in the order AN > PC > sulfolane
Barrier films to control loss of 9,10-anthraquinone-2-sulphonate dopant from PEDOT films during electrochemical transitions
No full textWe describe a simple approach for the synthesis of stable electroactive poly[3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene]
(PEDOT) in an acid medium, by incorporating a redox active dopant like 9,10-anthraquinone-2-sodium
sulphonate (AQS) on a glassy carbon (GC) electrode. The modified electrode is responsive up to a pH of 7.
The stability of the modified electrode during continuous electrochemical cycling is poor, due to leaching
of the dopant from the PEDOT film. Efforts are made to improve the stability of the modified electrode
by forming an anionic barrier film on the PEDOT-AQS interface either physically or electrochemically.
The modified electrodes were monitored by cyclic voltammetry and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR)
spectroscopy for the presence of AQS in the film
Participation of Electrochemical Steps in Treating Tannery Wastewater
No full textThe performance of conventional biological treatment of tannery wastewater can be improved by the application
of electrochemical treatment to selected streams. In this study, soak liquor, tanning effluent, and post-tanning
effluent were electrochemically treated in batch recirculation mode. The experiments were designed, modeled,
and optimized using response surface methodology. Considerable removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD,
94.8%) was achieved by treating the soak liquor in a batch recirculation cell under conditions of a circulation
flow of 142.8 L h-1, a current density of 5.8 A dm-2, and a time of 7.05 h. Salt remaining in the treated soak
liquor was partly utilized in improving the ionic conductivity of the post-tanning effluent for electrochemical
treatment. In a separate treatment, the biodegradability index of the post-tanning effluent was improved from
0.3 to 0.67 under conditions of a circulation flow of 112.5 L h-1, a current density of 2.4 A dm-2, and a time
of 2.15 h. Considerable reduction in the requirement of reactor volume or residence time of the existing
aerated biological treatment system of the total wastewater stream can be achieved by applying such an
electrochemical pretreatment.
C. Ahmed Basha,*,† P. A. Soloman,‡ M. Velan,‡ N. Balasubramanian,‡ and L. Roohil Karee
Novel Combustion Synthesis of La3+-Substituted MnFe2O4
No full textLa
3+
-substituted MnFe
2
O
4
compounds have been prepared by using a novel combustion synthesis
method. This process was found to yield homogeneous, finely crystalline powders without intermediate decomposition
and/or calcination steps. Combustion-synthesized powders were sintered at 1000
°
C, and structural features
of thus prepared materials were characterized by XRD analysis and FT-IR spectroscopy. The dc electrical
conductivity of synthesized materials has been measured as a function of temperature up to 1000
°
C. The materials
have shown semiconducting behavior at elevated temperatures. The ac electrical conductivity of synthesized
samples was found to increase with increasing applied frequency. The dielectric constant and dielectric
loss tangent have also been characterized
Influence of electroless coatings of Cu, Ni–P and Co–P on MmNi3.25Al0.35Mn0.25Co0.66 alloy used as anodes in Ni–MH batteries
No full textElectroless coatings of Ni–P, Co–P and Cu were applied on the surface of non-stoichiometric
MmNi3.25Al0.35Mn0.25Co0.66 (Mm: misch metal) metal hydride alloy. Elemental analysis was made with
Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX). The structural analysis of bare and coated alloys was done by
X-ray diffraction (XRD) whereas surface morphology was examined with scanning electron microscope
(SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The electrode characteristics inclusive of electrochemical
capacity and cycle life were studied at C/5 rate. Superior performance is obtained with copper
coated alloy. Microstructure observations indicate that the observed excellent performance could be
attributed to uniform and efficient surface coverage with copper. Also, lanthanum surface enrichment
in samples during Cu coating leads to improvement in performance. It is inferred from electro analytical
investigations that copper coatings act as microcurrent collectors with alterations in hydrogen transport
mechanism and facilitate charge transfer reaction on the alloy surface without altering battery properties.
Moreover, supportive first time TEM evidence of existence of such copper nano current collectors (about
8 nm in diameter and length about 20 nm) is reported
Structure, microstructure and corrosion properties of brush-plated Cu–Ni alloy
No full textCu–Ni alloy coatings on copper substrate by the
brush-plating process have been investigated using XRD
and AFM. The X-Ray diffraction analysis revealed that the
brush-plated Cu–Ni alloy was heterogeneous and composed
of cubic Cu3.8Ni phases. Uniform surface coverage of the
substrate by granular morphology was observed from AFM.
The corrosion protection performance of the brush-plated
Cu–Ni alloy on copper substrate has been assessed using
electrochemical corrosion tests. These results indicated a
high charge transfer and low Icorr for the alloy system
compared with copper deposits and the copper substrate