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Profil Release Enkapsulasi Antosianin, Flavonoid dan Fenolik pada Kulit Semangka Menggunakan Metode Spray Drying
Get PDFDaerah Istimewa Yogyakarta merupakan salah satu daerah yang memiliki potensi bencana alam yang cukup tinggi. Makanan adalah bahan habis pakai yang paling dibutuhkan saat bencana alam terjadi. Untuk menjaga makanan bergizi yang akan didistribusikan ke korban bencana alam tetap layak untuk dimakan, diperlukan suatu adanya alternatif berupa pengawet alami makanan. Dalam penelitian ini, dipilih kulit semangka sebagai bahan untuk membuat pengawet alami karena mengandung flavonoid dan antosianin. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui banyaknya kandungan total antosianin, flavonoid dan fenolik pada kulit semangka merah serta mengetahui pengaruh komposisi kitosan terhadap kemampuan pelepasan antosianin, flavonoid dan fenolik pada makanan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode ekstraksi dan enkapsulasi. Pada proses enkapsulasi digunakan teknik spray drying. Analisa yang dilakukan antara lain pengujian analisis kandungan Total Antosianin (TA), Total Flavonoid (TF) dan Total Fenolik (TPC) di dalam supernatant, serta analisa uji in vitro (uji kemampuan pelepasan flavonoid dan fenolik) pada makanan. Kandungan total antosianin pada kulit semangka merah sebesar 0,1113 mg/L. Kandungan total flavonoid pada kulit semangka merah sebesar 0,6159 g/mL. Kandungan total fenolik kulit semangka merah sebesar 0,3410 g/mL. Pada uji in vitro untuk senyawa flavonoid maupun fenolik, terjadi ketidakstabilan pelepasan kadar flavonoid dan fenolik terhadap waktu pada variasi kitosan 0,4 gram, 0,5 gram, dan 0,6 gram. Namun dari hasil rata-rata pelepasan kadar flavonoid dan fenolik, yang paling tinggi terjadi pada variasi kitosan 0,6 gram, dengan masing-masing nilai yaitu untuk flavonoid 0,1172 gram/mL dan untuk fenolik 0,0867 gram/mL. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi kadar kitosan, maka pelepasan kadar flavonoid dan fenolik juga meningkat
Pengaruh Konsentrasi Fenol terhadap Efektivitas Fotodegradasi Fenol menggunakan Komposit Titania-Carbon Nanotube (Surfaktan)
Get PDFAromatic compounds in industrial wastewater such as phenols can contribute as pollutants which are highly toxic and carcinogenic. Phenol degradation can be carried out by a photocatalytic process which can convert phenol into non-toxic and enviromentally friendly compounds. The performance of titania (TiO2) photocatalyst was enhanced by using carbon nanotube as a doping agent for titania. To reduce carbon nanotube agglomeration, the surface of carbon nanotube was modified with cocoPAS surfactant. The purpose of this study was to synthesize titania-carbon nanotube-cocoPAS composite and evaluated the effect of initial phenol concentration (10, 20, 30 ppm) on the phenol photodegradation effectivity using titania-carbon nanotube-cocoPAS composite. Titania-carbon nanotube-cocoPAS composite synthesis was carried out by forming a composite between TiO2 and carbon nanotube that had been modified by surfactant. Composite were characterized by SEM, FTIR, and XRD. Phenol photodegradation was carried out at a degradation temperature of 50ºC for 4 hours under UV light. Samples were drawn at regular intervals and residual concentration of phenol in each sample was analysed using UV-Visible spechtrophotometer. The highest degradation effectivity in 4 hours was 81% at initial phenol concentration of 10 ppm.Senyawa aromatik dalam limbah cair industri seperti fenol dapat berkontribusi sebagai polutan yang tinggi toksisitas dan karsinogeniknya. Degradasi fenol dapat dilakukan dengan proses fotokatalisis yang dapat mengubah fenol menjadi senyawa yang tidak beracun dan ramah lingkungan. Kinerja fotokatalis titania (TiO2) ditingkatkan dengan menggunakan carbon nanotube sebagai doping pada titania. Untuk mengurangi aglomerasi carbon nanotube, permukaan carbon nanotube dimodifikasi dengan surfaktan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membuat komposit titania-carbon nanotube (surfaktan) dan mengevaluasi pengaruh konsentrasi awal fenol (10, 20, 30 ppm) terhadap efektivitas fotodegradasi fenol menggunakan komposit titania-carbon nanotube (surfaktan). Sintesis komposit titania–carbon nanotube (surfaktan) dilakukan dengan membentuk komposit antara TiO2 dan carbon nanotube yang telah dimodifikasi oleh surfaktan. Hasil komposit dikarakterisasi menggunakan SEM, FTIR, dan XRD. Fotodegradasi fenol dilakukan pada suhu degradasi 50ºC selama 4 jam di bawah sinar UV. Sampel diambil dalam rentang waktu yang sama dan konsentrasi akhir fenol setiap sampel dianalisa menggunakan Spektrofotometer UV-Vis. Efektivitas degradasi yang paling tinggi diperoleh pada konsentrasi awal 10 ppm yaitu sebesar 81%
Pembuatan dan Karakterisasi Membran Komposit sPEEK-PVA dengan Bahan Isian Grafena Oksida untuk Sel Bahan Bakar Methanol
Get PDFDirect Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) is a fuel cell technology that convert chemical energy into electrical energy directly. Sulfonated polyether ether ketones (sPEEK) have potential as proton exchange membranes. Modification of sPEEK with poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) and adding graphene oxide (GO) is expected to reduce methanol cross over. This study was designed to examine the characteristics of the sPEEK-PVA composite membrane using the independent variable variation of GO 2.5-10% w/w. The results showed that water uptake in the range of 20-33%, swelling degree in the range of 10-17.5%, the ion exchange capacity was 0.59-0.75 meq/g, and the methanol permeability was 2.82-4.2 x10-6 cm2 /s. The characters shown are comparable with Nafion\u27s characters and have the potential to be developed because they are superior in terms of raw material pricesDirect Methanol fuel Cell (DMFC) merupakan teknologi sel bahan bakar yang mengubah energi kimia menjadi energi listrik secara langsung. Polieter eter keton tersulfonasi (sPEEK) berpotensi sebagai proton exchange membrane. Modifikasi sPEEK dengan poli vinil alkohol (PVA) dan penambahan grafena oksida (GO) diharapkan dapat mengurangi methanol cross over. Penelitian dirancang untuk mengkaji karakteristik membran komposit sPEEK-PVA dengan menggunakan variabel bebas variasi GO 2,5-10% w/w. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan water uptake pada rentang 20-33% swelling degree pada rentang 10-17.5%,, kapasitas penukar ion sebesar 0.59-0.75 meq/g, dan permeabilitas metanol sebesar 2.82 – 4.2 x10-6cm2/s. Karakter yang ditunjukkan sepadan dengan karakter Nafion dan berpotensi untuk dikembangkan karena lebih unggul dalam hal harga bahan bakunya
Kinetika Reaksi Reduksi Ion Logam Tembaga pada Limbah Industri Elektroplating dengan Proses Elektrokoagulasi
Get PDFThe electroplating process not only produces useful products but also produces waste. Copper is one of the elements contained in waste. Waste containing copper has a major impact on the environment and human health if there is no prior treatment. One way to reduce copper levels in electroplating waste is the electrocoagulation process. This study aims to investigate the efficiency of reducing the concentration of waste at various concentrations and types of electrodes and to determine the reaction rate constants of the first and second order reactions. 60, 80 and 100 mL electroplating waste were diluted with distilled water in a 500 mL measuring flask. The two plates were clamped using a statif and a 3/4 plate immersed in wastewater. The cathode and anode are connected to a 12 volt power supply with a distance between the electrodes of 2 cm and a stirring speed of 200 rpm. Samples were taken every 0; 40; 80; 120; and 160 minutes to test Cu content with AAS. Repeating the same steps for various types of electrodes, namely Al, Fe, and CuZn. The highest efficiency at various concentrations of 80 mg/L and types of electrodes of Fe were 67.66% and 92.82% in that order. The rate constants of the first and second order reactions are 0.0096 s-1 and 0.0058 ppm1 .s-1 respectivelyPenyebab terjadinya pencemaran adalah banyaknya limbah yang dibuang ke lingkungan tanpa melalui pengolahan terlebih dahulu atau limbah yang sudah diolah tetapi tidak memenuhi standar yang telah ditetapkan. Proses elektroplating selain menghasilkan produk yang berguna juga menghasilkan limbah. Tembaga merupakan salah satu unsur yang terkandung didalam limbah. Limbah yang mengandung tembaga berdampak besar bagi lingkungan dan kesehatan manusia jika tidak ada pengolahan sebelumnya. Salah satu cara untuk menurunkan kadar tembaga pada limbah elektroplating yaitu dengan proses elektrokoagulasi. Proses elektrokoagulasi adalah metode pengolahan air dimana koagulan dihasilkan secara elektrik dan air limbah diolah dalam sel elektrokimia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efisiensi penurunan konsentrasi limbah pada variasi konsentrasi dan jenis elektroda serta mengetahui konstanta laju reaksi reaksi orde satu dan dua. Variabel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah jenis elektroda yaitu plat alumunium (Al), kuningan, dan besi (Fe), dan konsentrasi limbah (60,80,100 mg/L). Sampel dianalisis menggunakan Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Efisiensi tertinggi pada variasi konsentrasi dan jenis elektroda sebesar 67,66% pada konsentrasi limbah 80 mg/L dan 92,82% pada plat besi (Fe). Konatanta lau reaksi pertama dan kedua adalah 0,0096 dengan R2 sebesar 0,9735 dan 0,0058 dengan R2 0,946
Design of a Simple Pyrolysis Reactor for Plastic Waste Conversion into Liquid Fuel using Biomass as Heating Source
Get PDFA design that emphasizes simplicity and cost-effectiveness is applied to the plastic pyrolysis reaction system to produce liquid fuel. The reactor is fabricated from the waste refrigerant tank. The energy source for pyrolysis is generated by the combustion of biomass pellets. Forced convection by an electric blower is utilized to enhance the combustion efficiency and thus increase the heating rate with the overall average temperature at 412 °C. The coiled pipe is employed as a condenser system with water as its cooling media. The quantity of liquid product is measured for a different mass of PET-type plastic waste feed, with a maximum value of 17.7% w/w of feed mass is obtained. The physical characteristic of the liquid product is then analyzed using standard methods. It is found that its characteristics have approached the specification of commercial liquid fuel in the domestic market, with a liquid specific gravity of 0.776 and a heating value of 46 MJ/kg
Identifikasi Keberadaan Air pada Proses Penyaluran Fluida Produksi di Lapangan Minyak Lepas Pantai
Get PDFOil production that flows from the Platform to the FSO (Floating Storage and Offloading) "A" is derived from PT. "B" and the "C" Oil Company in the Madura Strait. The total oil production flowing from the Platform to the "A" FSO is currently around 6000 BOPD. As a result of the delivery system using the same channel, a problem arises, namely oil losses between the Platform as a delivery point and FSO "A" as a receiving point. Besides that, the water that is involved in the oil distribution process will be a deduction factor that will be used as a correction for oil shipments, the more water the less amount of oil will be received at FSO "A". The oil samples that have been taken are then observed for their characteristics, namely density, composition (%-mole), BS&W, emulsion, flash, shrinkage at PPPTMGB "Lemigas" Laboratory Jakarta. The specific gravity of samples is around 1,018. While the characteristics of the two are different from the characteristics of sea water; this difference is shown by the results of SG (1,018 vs 1,025) and the salt content of sea water is much higher than the water formation of PT "B" and PT "C". The oil samples of PT "B" and PT "C" have almost the same SG, which is 0.79. BS&W oil in both ships is quite low; this shows that the separation of oil and water on the Platform went quite well. However, BS&W samples in incoming FSO "A" are very high, at 5%; this indicates an off-set at the water-oil interface level settling time on the Platform separator so that water can be joined with the oil flow from the Platform to the FSO "A"Produksi minyak yang mengalir dari Anjungan menuju FSO (Floating Storage and Offloading) "A" berasal dari PT. Perusahaan Minyak "B" dan "C" di Selat Madura. Total produksi minyak yang mengalir dari anjungan ke FSO "A" saat ini sekitar 6000 BOPD. Akibat sistem pengiriman yang menggunakan saluran pipa yang sama maka timbul masalah yaitu kehilangan minyak antara Platform sebagai titik pengiriman dan FSO "A" sebagai titik penerima. Selain itu, air yang ikut dalam proses distribusi minyak akan menjadi faktor pengurang yang akan digunakan sebagai koreksi pengiriman minyak, semakin banyak air semakin sedikit jumlah minyak yang akan diterima di FSO "A". Sampel minyak yang telah diambil kemudian diamati karakteristiknya yaitu densitas, komposisi (% mole), BS&W, emulsi, flash, dan penyusutan yang diuji di Laboratorium PPPTMGB "Lemigas" Jakarta. Berat jenis sampel sekitar 1.018, dan keduanya sangat berbeda dengan berat jenis air laut; Perbedaan ini ditunjukkan oleh hasil SG (1.018 vs 1.025) dan kadar garam air laut jauh lebih tinggi dibandingkan air formasi PT "B" dan PT "C". Sampel minyak dari PT "B" dan PT "C" memiliki SG yang hampir sama, yaitu 0.79. Kadar BS&W pada kedua produsen minyak cukup rendah; Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pemisahan minyak dan air di Anjungan berjalan cukup baik. Namun, sampel BS&W di FSO "A" yang masuk sangat tinggi, yaitu lebih dari 5%; ini menunjukkan off-set pada pengaturan level antarmuka air-minyak pada separator sehingga air dapat menambah jumlah volume aliran minyak dari Platform ke FSO "A
PENGGUNAAN SERBUK ARANG AKTIF BIJI KELOR UNTUK MENURUNKAN KADAR NITRIT DALAM AIR
No full textNitrite (NO2 - ) is a compound that can distrupting oxyhaemoglobin process and causes body weakness, fatigue, and samnolen. Either to reduce nitrite value in the water is to use activated charcoal moringa seeds, because it countains 4-alfa-L-rhamnosyloxy-benzilisothiocyanate substances. This research aims to find out influence of activated charcoal concentrate and immersion time variant to the reduction of nitrites ion in the water. Research object was nitrite ion in 10 ppm concentrate, the immersion with activated charcoal moringa seeds with concentrate variant 9 ; 12 ; and 15%w/v, with 10 ; 20 ; and 30 minutes immersion time. Nitrite assay performed with specfotometry methods with griess reagent. From the research results, optimum wave length is 540 nm and time stability of initial nitrite value 10 minutes with initial 4,7794 ppm. Reduction lowest nitrite value in the water is 9%w/v concentrate in 10 minutes time, with the result 3,1816 ppm and highest nitrite value is 15%w/v concentrate (1,1862 ppm). So that, can be conclude there is reaction activated charcoal moringa seeds variant concentration and immersion time to reducting nitrite ions in the water.Nitrit (NO2-) merupakan senyawa yang dapat mengakibatkan terganggunya proses pengikatan oksigen oleh haemoglobin darah sehingga tubuh menjadi lemas, penglihatan berkurang, mudah lelah, dan terasa kantuk. Salah satu cara untuk menurunkan kadar nitrit dalam air adalah dengan menggunakan arang aktif biji kelor, karena biji kelor mempunyai zat aktif 4-alfa-L-rhamnosyloxy-benzil-isothiocyanate. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh variasi konsentrasi arang aktif biji kelor dengan variasi lama perendaman terhadap penurunan ion nitrit dalam air. Objek penelitian adalah larutan nitrit dengan konsentrasi 10 ppm, kemudian dilakukan perendaman menggunakan arang aktif biji kelor dengan variasi konsentrasi 9; 12; dan 15%b/v dengan variasi lama perendaman 10; 20; dan 30 menit. Penetapan kadar nitrit dilakukan dengan metode spektrofotometri dengan pereaksi gries. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan panjang gelombang optimum adalah 540nm dan waktu kestabilan 10 menit dengan kadar nitrit awal 4,78 ppm. Penurunan kadar nitrit dalam air yang terendah pada konsentrasi 9%b/v dimenit 10 dimana hasilnya yaitu 3,18 ppm dan kadar nitrit tertinggi pada konsentrasi 15%b/v yaitu 1,1862ppm . Hasil uji statistik ada pengaruh variasi konsentrasi arang aktif biji kelor dengan variasi lama perendaman terhadap penurunan ion nitrit dalam air
EKSTRAKSI MINYAK KULIT BIJI METE DARI LIMBAH KULIT BIJI JAMBU METE (Anacardium occidentale) DENGAN ALAT ULTRASONIC CLEANING BATH
No full textCashew shell waste can be utilized as a raw material for one of the tile paint and brake oil industries. The conventional extraction process mostly provides less mass transfer, so the extraction process is slow and not maximal. Excessive amounts of solvents are often used but make the process expensive and pollute the environment. The right solution in extracting is with the help of ultrasonic. This study aims to obtain an optimization of cashew oil extraction process using ultrasonic waves with a frequency of 42 kHz. The effect studied was the ratio of cashew powder to n-hexane solvents and extraction time. The surface response method with the design of Central Composite Design was used to obtain a mathematical model that illustrates the relationship between the yield of cashew shell oil to the ratio and time of extraction. The results showed that the optimum condition of cashew nut oil extraction in the comparison composition of cashew skin powder against n-hexane solvent was 1: 3.25 (g / g) for 90 minutes with a yield of 36.15%. Cashew skin oil contains anacardic acid, cardanol, and other phenol compounds.Limbah kulit mete dapat manfaatkan sebagai bahan baku salah satu industri cat genteng dan minyak rem. Proses ekstraksi konvensional sebagian besar kurang memberikan perpindahan massa sehingga proses ekstraksi lambat dan tidak maksimal untuk mendapatkan minyak kulit mete. Pelarut dalam jumlah yang berlebihan sering digunakan namun membuat proses menjadi mahal dan mencemari lingkungan. Solusi yang tepat dalam mengekstraksi yaitu dengan bantuan ultrasonik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan optimasi proses ekstraksi minyak kulit mete dengan mengunakan gelombang ultrasonik dengan fekuensi 42 kHz. Pengaruh yang dipelajari adalah rasio serbuk kulit mete terhadap pelarut n-heksana, dan waktu ekstraksi. Metode permukaan respon dengan rancangan Central Composite Design digunakan untuk memperoleh model matematis yang menggambarkan hubungan antara rendemen minyak kulit mete terhadap rasio dan waktu ekstraksi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kondisi optimum ekstraksi minyak kulit mete pada komposisi perbandingan serbuk kulit mete terhadap pelarut n-heksana sebesar 1:3,25 (g/g) selama 90 menit dengan rendemen sebesar 36,15%. Minyak kulit mete mengandung asam anakardat, kardanol, dan senyawa fenol lainnya.Cashew shell waste can be utilized as a raw material for one of the tile paint and brake oil industries. The conventional extraction process mostly provides less mass transfer, so the extraction process is slow and not maximal. Excessive amounts of solvents are often used but make the process expensive and pollute the environment. The right solution in extracting is with the help of ultrasonic. This study aims to obtain an optimization of cashew oil extraction process using ultrasonic waves with a frequency of 42 kHz. The effect studied was the ratio of cashew powder to n-hexane solvents and extraction time. The surface response method with the design of Central Composite Design was used to obtain a mathematical model that illustrates the relationship between the yield of cashew shell oil to the ratio and time of extraction. The results showed that the optimum condition of cashew nut oil extraction in the comparison composition of cashew skin powder against n-hexane solvent was 1: 3.25 (g / g) for 90 minutes with a yield of 36.15%. Cashew skin oil contains anacardic acid, cardanol, and other phenol compounds
Chitosan Concentration and Cross-linker Volume Effect on The Release Kinetic of Red Ginger Oleoresin Microcapsule in Simulated Intestinal Fluid (SIF) Medium
Get PDFRed ginger oleoresin contains components that can be used as antioxidants. Release kinetics studies are used to provide doses to achieve the desired drug concentration. The purpose of this study was to determine the release kinetics of red ginger oleoresin microcapsules based on changes in chitosan concentration and volume of cross-linker and determine the diffusion coefficient of red ginger oleoresin through microcapsule walls. Red ginger oleoresin microcapsules were prepared from a mixture of red ginger oleoresin in chitosan solution and stirred to form an emulsion. After that, it was added to corn oil and stirred again to form a second emulsion. Glutaraldehyde saturated toluene was added dropwise after finished added the 25% glutaraldehyde solution and remains stirred for 2 hours. Red ginger oleoresin microcapsules were separated and washed with petroleum ether and hexane, then dried in an oven. Microcapsules inserted in the release medium (simulated intestinal fluid) without enzymes, and then the samples were analyzed using a UV-vis spectrophotometer to determine the absorbance. The release kinetics models used were zero order, first order, Higuchi, Korsmeyer-Peppas, and Hixon-Crowell. The highest correlation coefficient (R2) was obtained from the Korsmeyer-Peppas release kinetics model, R2 = 0.73-0.85 with the value of n = 0.39-0.41. Based on the n value, the release mechanism of red ginger oleoresin microcapsules was Fickian diffusion. The diffusion coefficients obtained were 2,807 x 10-13 - 3,675 x 10-13 cm2 /sec
METODE KOAGULASI DAN ELEKTROKOAGULASI DENGAN PENAMBAHAN HIDROGEN PEROKSIDA PADA PROSES PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH CAIR BUANGAN LAUNDRY
Get PDFProblems with laundry waste, especially in the content of surfactants in detergents. Surfactants have properties as surface tension reducers. In the body of water can cause foam that can mediate itching. As domestic waste, this laundry waste is generally disposed directly to the environment without any treatment, which if left unchecked, of course, will be bad for the environment. The content in laundry wastes such as COD, BOD, TDS, pH, phosphate level and turbidity that do not comply with quality standards can cause polluted environments and can disrupt public health and the environment. In this study, two water treatment methods were applied, namely coagulation and electrocoagulation by adding 7 ml of 5% peroxide. This research was carried out in a batch process both electrocoagulation and coagulation. The parameters reviewed were COD, TSS, pH, phosphate level, PO4- and turbidity. Coagulation using alum coagulant (Aluminum sulfate). The variation of the two coagulation processes is, for coagulation, the stirring speed is 300 rpm for 10 minutes and the coagulant dose (500 ppm, 600 ppm, 700 ppm, 800 ppm and 900 ppm). In electrocoagulation contact times were varied (15 minutes, 20 minutes, 25 minutes, 30 minutes). The best results obtained were wastewater treatment using the Electrocoagulation method with a COD reduction of 76%, BOD 83%, turbidity 98% and phosphate 99.9%.Problems with laundry waste, especially in the content of surfactants in detergents. Surfactants have properties as surface tension reducers. In the body of water can cause foam that can mediate itching. As domestic waste, this laundry waste is generally disposed directly to the environment without any treatment, which if left unchecked, of course, will be bad for the environment. The content in laundry wastes such as COD, BOD, TDS, pH, phosphate level and turbidity that do not comply with quality standards can cause polluted environments and can disrupt public health and the environment. In this study, two water treatment methods were applied, namely coagulation and electrocoagulation by adding 7 ml of 5% peroxide. This research was carried out in a batch process both electrocoagulation and coagulation. The parameters reviewed were COD, TSS, pH, phosphate level, PO4- and turbidity. coagulation using alum coagulant (Aluminum sulfate). The variation of the two coagulation processes is, for coagulation, the stirring speed is 300 rpm for 10 minutes and the coagulant dose (500 ppm, 600 ppm, 700 ppm, 800 ppm and 900 ppm). In electrocoagulation contact times were varied (15 minutes, 20 minutes, 25 minutes, 30 minutes). The best results obtained were wastewater treatment using the Electrocoagulation method with a COD reduction of 76%, BOD 83%, turbidity 98% and phosphate 99.9%. Keywords: Surfactant, Laundry, Electrocoagulation, Coagulation, Aluminium sulfate, Phosphate