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PENURUNAN BOD DAN COD PADA LIMBAH CAIR INDUSTRI SABLON
No full textLimbah cair industri sablon merupakan salah satu pencemar lingkungan yang perlu mendapat perhatian khusus. Limbah cair tersebut jika berada dalam badan air akan menyebabkan matinya biota airyang berguna dan mikoorganisme hidup lainnya, Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sejauh mana kandungan pencemar limbah tersebut dapat diturunkan dengan cara penambahan koagulan tawas sehinggadiharapkan aman dibuang dibadan sungai. Metode pengolahan limbah dalam penelitian ini adalah metode Kimia Fisika yaitu dengan penambahan koagulan dilanjutkan dengan pengadukan ( koagulasi - flokulasi) dan penyaringan. Variabel dalam penelitian ini adalah waktu pengadukan, perbandingan jumlali lirnbah dengan tawas, kecepatan pengadukan. Yang diamati dalam penelitian adalah BOD dan COD. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kondisi optimum yang diperoleh dari pengolahan limbah sablon dengan 1000 ml untuk tawas adalah waktu pengadukan 3 menit, perbandingan jumlah limbah dengan tawas yaitu 25 ml (untuk BOD) dan 30 ml ( untuk COD ) dengan kecepatan pengadukan optimum 100 rpm
Leaching SiO₂ On Coal Fly Ash As Ammonium Adsorbent In Tofu Liquid Waste Using Hydrothermal Method
Get PDFSoybean is one of the main food commodities in Indonesia. One of the soybean processing that is often consumed is tofu. Inappropriate treatment of tofu liquid waste is very dangerous for life. It is noted that the ammonia content in tofu liquid waste is 23.3-23.5 mg/l which can cause odors that disturb the residents\u27 comfort. One alternative solution for purifying tofu liquid waste is to carry out an adsorption process using coal fly ash. Fly ash contains metal oxides in the form of SiO₂, Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, CaO, MgO, K₂O, and Na₂O. The content of SiO₂ as much as 60-70% in it causes fly ash to be very potential to absorb ammonia levels. Extraction of SiO₂ using the sol gel method was carried out using fly ash that had gone through a hydrothermal process. The hydrothermal process is a crystallisation technique in a closed container with high temperature and pressure. After going through the extraction stage, the ongoing process was continued with the washing stage to produce silica powder to adsorb ammonium. The mass required for silica to achieve the optimum ammonia concentration adsorption efficiency is 0.25 gram/20 ml of tofu liquid waste. Meanwhile, the contact time required for silica to achieve the optimum adsorption efficiency of ammonium content is 30 minutes. It was noted that the silica from the optimised fly ash processing had a better quality than the unoptimized silica or commercial silica
Modifikasi Zeolit Alam Menjadi ZSM-5 Sebagai Penjerap CO2
Get PDFBiogas is a product of the bio-decomposition process in anaerobic conditions. Methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are the compounds of biogas that act in determining the quality of biogas. When the CH4 level is high, the biogas will have a high caloric value; conversely, the increased CO2 levels result in low biogas heating value. One effort to purify biogas is the adsorption process using natural zeolite. Natural zeolite should be modified into ZSM-5 because it has a greater pore diameter than natural zeolite. It is expected that the increase of the efficiency of CO2 adsorption is more significant than natural zeolite. ZSM-5, which is altered from natural zeolite, will be compared to the effectiveness of CO2 adsorption compared to natural zeoliteiogas merupakan produk dari proses penguraian bahan-bahan organik oleh mikroorganism dalam kondisi tanpa udara (anaerob). Dari semua unsur biogas yang berperan dalam menentukan kualitas biogas yaitu gas metana (CH4) dan gas karbon dioksida (CO2). Bila kadar CH4 tinggi maka biogas tersebut akan memiliki nilai kalori yang tinggi. Sebaliknya jika kadar CO2 yang tinggi maka akan mengakibatkan nilai kalor biogas tersebut rendah. Salah satu usaha yang dapat dilakukan untuk memurnikan biogas adalah dengan proses adsorpsi semisal dengan zeolit. Dalam rangka meningkatkan efisiensi penjerapan CO2, modifikasi zeolit diperlukan. Pada penelitian ini digunakan zeolite hasil modifikasi yang dikenal dengan ZSM-5. Zeolite ZSM-5 hasil sintesis memiliki diameter pori yang lebih besar dari pada zeolit alam sehingga diharapkan peningkatan efisiensi penjerapan gas CO2 lebih besar dibandingkan dengan zeolite alam. Zeolit ZSM-5 yang telah diubah dari zeolit alam akan dibandingkan tingkat efektivitas penjerapan gas dibanding zeolit alam dan sintesis zeolit ZSM-5
Pembuatan dan Karakterisasi Biodegradable plastic Berbasis Campuran Pati dan Selulosa Dari Limbah Jagung
Get PDFFoodstuffs need proper packaging to prevent spoilage. The use of conventional plastics for packaging has caused environmental problems. It is necessary to develop environmentally friendly packaging as biodegradable plastic. The purpose of this study was to isolate cellulose from corn cobs with three different procedures to determine the best procedure for producing cellulose, as evidenced by the color and results of FTIR analysis. The best cellulose yields are used to make biodegradable plastic films combined with starch and a glycerol plasticizer, sodium montmorillonite nanoclay filler, and clove leaf essential oil. The film that has been made is continued with characterization in the form of analysis of degradation ability, analysis of volatility mass fraction (%), analysis of swelling degree (%), and water solubility (%). The results of this study found that the best cellulose isolation was produced by a procedure 2. The results of the analysis of the degradation ability of the film showed that it was under SNI 7188.7: 2016 with the fastest degradation results within four days with the addition of SMMT. The results of the VMF (%) analysis showed that the presence of EO and SMMT in the composition causes the VMF (%) value to be below. The results of the SD (%) analysis show that the presence of SMMT causes the SD (%) value to increase while the addition of EO causes the SD (%) value to decrease. The results of the WS (%) analysis showed that the presence of SMMT causes the WS (%) to increase, while the addition of EO to the composition variation causes the WS (%) to decreaseBahan makanan membutuhkan kemasan yang tepat untuk mencegah kerusakan. Penggunaan plastik konvensional untuk kemasan telah menimbulkan masalah terhadap lingkungan. Diperlukan suatu pengembangan kemasan yang ramah lingkungan yakni biodegradable plastic. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah melakukan isolasi selulosa dari tongkol jagung dengan tiga prosedur yang berbeda untuk menentukan prosedur terbaik penghasil selulosa dibuktikan dari warna dan hasil analisa FTIR. Hasil selulosa terbaik digunakan untuk membuat film biodegradable plastic yang dikombinasikan dengan pati serta campuran plasticizer gliserol, filler sodium montmorillonite nanoclay dan essential oil daun cengkeh. Film yang sudah dibuat dilanjutkan dengan karakterisasi berupa analisa kemampuan degradasi, analisa %volatility mass fraction, analisa %swelling degree dan %water solubility. Dari hasil penelitian ini didapatkan bahwa isolasi selulosa terbaik dihasilkan dengan prosedur yang melakukan pengulangan pada bagian bleaching. Hasil analisa kemampuan degradasi film menunjukkan sesuai dengan SNI 7188.7: 2016 dengan hasil degradasi tercepat dalam waktu 4 hari dengan tambahan SMMT. Hasil analisa %VMF menunjukkan dengan adanya EO dan SMMT pada komposisi menyebabkan nilai %VMF rendah. Hasil analisa %SD menunjukkan, dengan adanya kandungan SMMT menyebabkan nilai %SD meningkat sedangkan adanya penambahan EO menyebabkan nilai %SD makin rendah. Hasil analisa %WS menunjukkan, adanya SMMT menyebabkan %WS meningkat sedangkan dengan adanya tambahan EO pada variasi komposisi menyebabkan %WS menurun
PENGARUH JENIS ASAM DAN SUHU EKSTRAKSI TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK PEKTIN DARI KULIT PISANG KEPOK
No full textPectin is structurally and functionally the most complex polysaccharide in plant cell walls. Pectin is widely used as an adhesive and emulsifier in the food, pharmaceutical industry and also as an adsorbent in waste water treatment. This research used banana peels as a raw material. The purpose of this study was to study the effect of temperature and solvent (acetic acid and hydrochloric acid) on the characteristics of pectin (ash content, methoxyl and galacturonic content). This research was carried out in a stirred tank reactor for 90 minutes with various types of solvents (hydrochloric acid and acetic acid) and extraction temperatures (60, 70, 80 and 90) 0C. Based on the research, it was found that the optimum pectin yield with 0.25 N HCl at a temperature of 800C was 24.93%. The characteristics of pectin which include galacturonic acid, methoxyl content, ash content and equivalent weight at an extraction temperature of 800C with a concentration of 0.25 N HCl were 79,56%; 2.65; 6,72% and 3846Pektin merupakan senyawa polisakarida yang melapisi dinding sel tanaman. Pektin banyak dimanfaatkan sebagai zat perekat dan pengental pada industri makanan, farmasi dan juga sebagai adsorben pada pengolahan limbah. Penelitian ini menggunakan kulit pisang kepok sebagai bahan baku. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mempelajari pengaruh suhu dan jenis pelarut (asam asetat dan HCl) terhadap karakteristik pektin (kadar abu. Kadar metoksil dan galakturonat). Penelitian dilakukan dalam sebuah reaktor berpengaduk selama 90 menit dengan variasi jenis pelarut (HCl dan asam asetat) dan suhu ekstraksi (60, 70, 80 dan 90) 0C. berdasarkan penelitian diperoleh rendemen maksimal dihasilkan pada pektin dengan pelarut HCl 0,25 N pada suhu 800C sebesar 24,93%. Karakteristik pektin yang meliputi kadar galakturonat, kadar metoksil, kadar abu dan berat ekivalen pada suhu ekstraksi 800C dengan konsentrasi HCl 0,25 N masing-masing adalah 79,56%; 2,65; 6,72% dan 3846
Influence of solvents to Distillation Extraction in Separating of Methanol- Acetone Mixture using Separating Wall
No full textMethylene blue is one of dying waste that causes harmful effect both enviromental and public health risks. A method to overcome the problem is to adsorb it with the activated carbon. Apart from that, corn cob is potential biomass with can convert to activated carbon. The aim of this research is to syntethic and to modify corn cob activated carbon with iron oxide. It is expected to increase the afinity of methylene blue to the activated carbon surface. The modification is done by wet impregnation and the effectiveness of the impregnated corn cob activated carbon is studied by analyse the persen removal of methylene blue in every interval time. The result show that in the concentration range of Fe load impregnation between 1%-3% which has been used, the corn cob activated carbon with concentration of Fe load 2% has the most optimum ability in methylene blue adsorption with the adsorption capacity 44,9%. Moreover, the effect pH shows that in acidic condition the adsorption of methylen blue is better than in netral conditio
Penggunaan Sekresi Kutu Lak pada Pembuatan Biokomposit dari Sabut Kelapa
No full textNowadays, biocomposite materials are required for particular needs. Coconut husk has a potential to be biocomposite using a resin produced by the laccifer lacca kerr (kerria lacca), an insect. This work was aimed to study the use of the lacca kerr resin to produce a biocomposite of coconut coir based. In the experimental, firstly, the cleaned coconut husks were chopped then mixed with lacca kerr resin and alcohol to make a composite dough. Then the dough were pressed with 130 psig at a 100oC within15 minutes. After that, the biocomposite was allowed to ambient temperature, then it properties were observed. To find the best product properties, the ratio of basic materials were varied. The ratio of coconut husk: lacca kerr resin was used ranged from 0.6 g/mL to 1.4 g/mL. The characterization of product properties were carried out based on ASTM D-638 and under guidance of the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 03-2105-2006. Based on results, it was found that the best biocomposite observed had properties such as density of 0.45 g/cm3 , water content of 8.8% (maximum SNI requirement of 14%), degree of swelling of 67.6%, tensile strength of 43.4 kgf / cm2 (minimum SNI requirement of 3, 1 kgf / cm2 ), Young\u27s modulus of 1219.2 kgf/cm2 , elongation of 67.7%, conductivity of 1.8 10-8 /.m. Some of these characteristics have met the Indonesian national standard (SNI).Sekresi kutu lak (SKL) merupakan resin yang dihasilkan oleh kutu lak yang hidup di pepohonan. Resin ini dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan perekat pada pembuatan biokomposit bersama sabut kelapa. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari penggunaan SKL pada pembuatan komposit berbahan dasar sabut kelapa. Pada penelitian ini mula-mula sabut kelapa yang telah dibersihkan dan dirajang dicampur bersama SKL dan alkohol untuk membuat adonan komposit. Selanjutnya adonan dipres pada suhu dan tekanan tertentu. Setelah komposit dibiarkan mendingin secara alami, biokomposit yang dihasilkan diuji sifat-sifatnya. Untuk mempelajari sifat-sifatnya, biokomposit dibuat dengan berbagai perbandingan baku yaitu antara massa sabut kelapa dan volume SKL yang digunakan. Setelah dilakukan karakterisasi terhadap sampel biokomposit yang dibuat diketahui bahwa produk yang dihasilkan memiliki beragam sifat. Oleh karena itu diambil sifat rata-ratanya. Sifat komposit yang dihasilkan adalah: kerapatan sebesar 0,45 g/cm3, kandungan air 8,8%, derajad penggembungan 67,6%, kuat tarik 43,4 kgf/cm2, modulus Young 1219,2 kgf/cm2, elongasi 67,7%, konduktivitas 1,8 10-8/W. Sebagian sifat ini sudah memenuhi standar nasional Indonesia (SNI)
INVENTARISASI EMISI GAS RUMAH KACA SEKTOR LIMBAH DENGAN FIRST ORDER DECAY DI KABUPATEN KARANGASEM
Get PDFWaste production increases with the increase in population, urbanization rate and people\u27s income. Garbage is a contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions which can cause global warming. The Indonesian government is still committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and working to reduce / limit the increase in temperature below 1.50C. Karangasem Regency, is on the island of Bali, with a population in 2018 of 414,800 people. The population is spread across 8 sub-districts with the population growth rate in Karangasem averaging 0.88% per year. The distribution of the population will be directly proportional to the distribution of solid waste produced. It is important to do an inventory of GHG emissions to determine the amount of emissions in Karangasem Regency. The method for calculating municipal solid waste will be carried out using the First Order Decay method contained in the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) Guidelines. From the calculation results, GHG emissions have been obtained in each sub-district in Karangasem Regency. Total GHG emissions in 2019 amounted to 11,764 tons CO2-e, with the highest GHG emission contributor, namely Karangasem District with 2,302 tons CO2-e and the lowest being Sidemen District with 894 tons CO2-e. With this research, it is hoped that stakeholders will be able to make efforts (mitigation) that can reduce these GHG emissions.Produksi limbah meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya jumlah penduduk, tingkat urbanisasi dan pendapatan masyarakat. Sampah merupakan salah satu penyumbang emisi gas rumah kaca (GRK) yang dapat menyebabkan adanya pemanasan global (global warming). Pada Conference of Parties 25 (COP 25) di Madrid tahun 2019, pemerintah Indonesia masih berkomitmen untuk dapat menurunkan emisi gas rumah kaca dan berupaya untuk mengurangi/membatasi peningkatan suhu dibawah 1,50C. Kabupaten Karangasem, merupakan daerah yang berada di belahan timur Pulau Bali, yang secara administratif merupakan salah satu kabupaten dalam wilayah Provinsi Bali. Jumlah penduduk Kabupaten Karangasem pada tahun 2018 berdasarkan hasil registrasi penduduk adalah 414.800 jiwa. Jumlah penduduk tersebut tersebar dalam 8 kecamatan dengan angka pertambahan penduduk di Karangasem rata-rata 0,88% per tahun. Sebaran jumlah penduduk akan berbanding lurus dengan sebaran limbah padat yang dihasilkan. Metode penghitungan limbah padat kota akan dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode First Order Decay yang terdapat pada IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) Guidelines. Dari hasil perhitungan telah didapatkan emisi GRK di tiap-tiap kecamatan yang ada di Kabupaten Karangasem. Total emisi GRK pada tahun 2019 yaitu sebesar 11.764 ton CO2-e, dengan penyumbang emisi GRK tertinggi yaitu Kecamatan Karangasem sebesar 2.302 ton CO2-e dan yang terendah yaitu kecamatan Sidemen sebesar 894 ton CO2-e.Kata Kunci : Limbah, Emisi, Gas Rumah Kaca, First Order Decay, IPCC
Design of a Water Filter Model with Ceramic Powder for Filter Media
Get PDFGroundwater in the UPN Veteran Yogyakarta integrated campus complex smells and has a reddish brown color, and if the water also causes sediment in the water reservoir, it is assumed that the groundwater contains quite high levels of Ferro (Fe) and Manganese (Mn). Efforts are needed to reduce levels of Ferro (Fe) and Manganese (Mn) in accordance with the required regulations. The main focus of this research is to make a prototype of a clean water filter instrument to reduce levels of Ferro (Fe) and Manganese (Mn) in well water which functions to filter well water into clean water that is fit for consumption in accordance with the standards of the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia number 32 at 2017. Based on the results of the well water quality test, 4 water quality parameters have a value that exceeds the required quality standard threshold, namely the pH value, Ferro (Fe) content, Manganese (Mn) content, and Cadmium (Cd) content. The composition of the water filter media composition is designed based on the results of the preliminary test analysis of the quality of well water as an example of raw water. The water filter tube is made of 4 inch diameter PVC pipe with a length of 80 cm. The composition of the filter media consists of: activated carbon, 25 cm; ceramic powder, 25 cm; volcanic sand, 15 cm; and gravel, 10 c
Optimization of Coagulant Dosage for Suko River Water Treatment
Get PDFSungai Suko, Drono village, Ngawen sub-district, Klaten district, is located near residential area and tofu factory, the possibility of water contamination is quite high, which is caused by household waste. This river water can be processed into clean water by a coagulation process of the Jar Test method using coagulant alum, PAC and chlorine. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum dose of coagulant in processing Suko river water into clean water using the Jar test method and knowing which coagulant is most suitable for processing the Suko river water into clean water. This research method is to use the Jar Test experiment to determine the optimum coagulant dose in processing Suko river water into clean water. The quality of the water samples before the experiment were tested which included the physical parameters, i.e. temperature, color, odor, and turbidity, also the chemical parameters, i.e. Fe, hardness, CO2, alkalinity, pH, COD, BOD, then the experimental results will determine the level of water clarity. The results showed that the optimum alum content in the experiment was 120 ppm by adding 6 mL of alum to 500 mL of water, the optimum level of PAC in the experiment is 200 ppm by adding 10 mL of PAC to 500 mL of water, and the optimum chlorine level in the experiment is 160 ppm by adding 8 mL of chlorine to 500 mL of water