Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
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Emissions of trace elements during the 2012–2013 effusive eruption of Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka: enrichment factors, partition coefficients and aerosol contribution
No full textAbstract Gases and aerosols from the 2012–13 effusive eruption of Tolbachik basaltic volcano, Kamchatka, were sampled in February and May, 2013, from a lava tube window located 300 m from the eruptive crater; temperature at the sampling point was 1060–1070 °C. The chemical and isotopic compositions of the sampled gases (92.4 H2O, 3.5 CO2, 2.3 SO2 on average; δD from − 25.0 to − 38.6‰) correspond to a typical volcanic arc gas without dilution by meteoric or hydrothermal water. Halogen contents in the gases (1.37 HCl, 0.5 HF) were higher than average arc values. The total amount of analyzed metallic and metalloid (trace) elements in the gas exceeded 665 ppm. Six most abundant trace elements, K (250 ppm), Na (220 ppm), Si (74 ppm), Br (48 ppm), Cu (21 ppm) and Fe (12 ppm), accounted for 95 of the total content of trace elements in the gas. The gases contained 24 ppb Re, 12 ppb Ag, 4.9 ppb Au and 0.45 ppb Pt. Refractory rock-forming elements (Mg, Al, Ca) and some other elements such as Ba and Th were transported mainly in the form of silicate microspheres and altered rock particles. The concentrations of metals in the eruptive Tolbachik gases are higher than the corresponding concentrations in high-temperature fumaroles worldwide, although the mutual ratios of the elements are approximately the same. The gas/magma partition coefficients of eleven elements exceed unity, including the non-metals F, S, Cl, Br, As, Se and Te and the rare metals Cd, Re, Tl and Bi. Despite the relatively low concentrations of trace elements in the volcanic gases at the highest temperatures, superficial magma degassing provides information on the sources and sinks of metals
Three-dimensional volcano-acoustic source localization at Karymsky Volcano, Kamchatka, Russia
No full textAbstract We test two methods of 3-D acoustic source localization on volcanic explosions and small-scale jetting events at Karymsky Volcano, Kamchatka, Russia. Recent infrasound studies have provided evidence that volcanic jets produce low-frequency aerodynamic sound (jet noise) similar to that from man-made jet engines. For man-made jet noise, noise sources localize along the turbulent jet flow downstream of the nozzle. Discrimination of jet noise sources along the axis of a volcanic jet requires high resolution in the vertical dimension, which is very difficult to achieve with typical volcano-acoustic network geometries. At Karymsky Volcano, an eroded edifice (Dvor Caldera) adjacent to the active cone provided a platform for the deployment of five infrasound sensors in July 2012 with intra-network relief of ~ 600 m. The network was designed to target large-scale jetting, but unfortunately only small-scale jetting and explosions were recorded during the 12-day experiment. A novel 3-D inverse localization method, srcLoc, is tested and compared against a more common grid-search semblance technique. Simulations using synthetic signals show that srcLoc is capable of determining vertical solutions to within ± 150 m or better (for signal-to-noise ratios ≥ 1) for this network configuration. However, srcLoc locations for explosions and small-scale jetting at Karymsky Volcano show a persistent overestimation of source elevation and underestimation of sound speed. The semblance method provides more realistic source locations, likely because it uses a fixed, realistic sound speed of ~ 340 m/s. Explosion waveforms exhibit amplitude relationships and waveform distortion strikingly similar to those theorized by modeling studies of wave diffraction around the crater rim. We suggest that the delay of acoustic signals and apparent elevated source locations are due to raypaths altered by topography and/or crater diffraction effects, implying that topography in the vent region must be accounted for when attempting 3-D volcano acoustic source localization. Though the data presented here are insufficient to resolve small-scale jet noise sources, similar techniques may be successfully applied to large volcanic jets in the future
Volcanoes of Kurile-Kamchatka Islands Arc Information System for Integration Heterogeneous Volcanological Data
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Опробование титаномагнетитового метода по определению глубин магматических очагов Толбачинского Трещинного извержения 2012–2014 гг. и Авачинского стратовулкана
No full textLocal Spatial Data Infrastructure in the Institute of Volcanology and Seismology FEB RAS: Current state and development prospect
No full textLocal Spatial Data Infrastructure (LSDI) of the Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (IVS) FEB RAS was created in 2010 and has been developing since that time. The LSDI is aimed at providing free access to the distributed spatial data, and is designed to provide data exchange and complex utilization of data in scientific research. Metadata Catalogue and Geoportal as a single point of access to volcanological and seismological data and services are the main elements of the LSDI (http://geoportal.kscnet.ru). One of the directions of Geoportal development is creation of data collections and providing access to this data using modern web- and GIS-technologies. Volcanoes of the Kurile-Kamchatka Island Arc (VOKKIA) information system is one of the examples of these resources. The system integrates available volcanological data, relating to the terrestrial and submarine volcanoes of Kamchatka, Kurile Islands and adjacent water areas. At present it includes the following blocks: Volcanoes, Eruptions, Rocks, Monitoring, Images, Geoservices, Bibliography. The IVS FEB RAS Repository is one of the important parts of the LSDI. This is the scientific publications open archive, which was created using modern techniques, methods and unified international standards, and based on the concept of Open Access (http://repo.kscnet.ru). The Repository is established to provide open access to the institution’s research output. Besides, the Repository will include collections of scientific publications on volcanoes and other objects, studied by the IVS scientists
Количественная оценка параметров Трещинного Толбачинского извержения им. 50-летия ИВиС ДВО РАН и динамики вулканогенного рельефа на основе данных дистанционного зондирования
No full textСтатья представляет результаты исследования Трещинного Толбачинского извержения им. 50-летия ИВиС ДВО РАН (ТТИ-50) 2012-2013 гг. по данным дистанционного зондирования.
Нами оценены количественные характеристики ТТИ-50: величины вертикальных смещений, площадь лавовых полей, их мощность и объем. Значения вертикальных смещений оценивались по серии радиоинтерферометрических пар для зоны извержения. Пары снимков соответствуют заключительной фазе извержения, когда величины смещения были небольшими. Вертикальные смещения рассчитаны для участков лавовых полей, значение когерентности которых превышает 0,4. Полученная серия значений вертикальных смещений отражает преимущественно процесс остывания лавы, для которого характерны просадки поверхности. Максимальные величины смещений составили 27 см за 24 дня.
Вычисление мощности лавовых полей выполнялось на основе анализа разновременных ЦМР. Высотные профили, измеренные геодезическими приемниками GPS в ходе полевых работ в августе 2013 года, были использованы для оценки точности ЦМР: общедоступных SRTM, SRTM-X, ASTER GDEM и ЦМР, построенной ИТЦ СКАНЭКС по двум оптическим стереопарам SPOT 6 (от 18.07.2013 и 11.10.2013). Среднеквадратическая погрешность определения абсолютных высот по ЦМР SRTM-X и SPOT6, по сравнению с данными наземных съемок, не превышает 5 м. Это делает возможным оценку мощности лавовых потоков по разности высот SRTM-X и SPOT6. ЦМР SPOT6 за две даты использовались совместно для исключения ошибок, связанных с облачностью и свежевыпавшим снегом. Максимальные значения мощности превышают 80 м. Вычисленный объем извержения - 0,521±0.25 км3
2010 Volcanic activity in Alaska, Kamchatka, and the Kurile Islands: Summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory
No full textThe Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) responded to eruptions, possible eruptions, volcanic unrest or suspected unrest at 12 volcanic centers in Alaska during 2010. The most notable volcanic activity consisted of intermittent ash emissions from long-active Cleveland volcano in the Aleutian Islands. AVO staff also participated in hazard communication regarding eruptions or unrest at seven volcanoes in Russia as part of an ongoing collaborative role in the Kamchatka and Sakhalin Volcanic Eruption Response Teams
