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Defining ‘Normal’: methodological issues in Aphasia and intelligence research
Get PDFTheodore H. Weisenburg (1876-1934) and a series of colleagues embarked on a research program in 1927 to develop standardized tests to investigate the nature of language and intellectual impairments in aphasic and non-aphasic individuals. This project culminated in two significant contributions to neuropsychological testing (Weisenburg and MacBride, 1935; Weisenburg, Roe and McBride, 1936). After an initial study demonstrated the problematic aspects of Henry Head’s aphasia tests (1926), Weisenburg developed a new battery of tests which were given to individuals with aphasia. The significant innovation of this work was the original concept of a matched control group. This included those with other neurological impairments, and a range of non-neurologically impaired individuals with the aim of providing a characterization of what was ‘normal’. They identified many crucial participant variables regarding age, education, and socioeconomic status and used population statistics to ensure their control sample was representative. A detailed critical assessment of each of their successive elaborations is examined, focusing on the methodological innovations they represent. The contribution of this work to contemporaries and successive generations of neuropsychologists is examined regarding ongoing issues in clinical testing and research design
Innovation ambidexterity and public innovation intermediaries: the mediating role of capabilities
Get PDFWe lack an in-depth understanding of how the different roles played by public innovation intermediaries during their engagement in collaborative projects enable them to generate ambidexterity. By adopting a sequential mixed methods research design to gather data from 122 Research and Technology Organizations (RTOs) operating in Europe, the findings suggest that public innovation intermediaries performed two different roles in collaborative projects namely, knowledge integration and network building, and these have a differential impact on the generation of distinct types of in-house innovation. The knowledge integration role is conducive to exploratory innovation, whereas the network building role contributes to exploitative innovation. Importantly, relational, and internal capabilities mediate between these roles and innovation. Yet, this mediation effect varies depending on the nature of the public innovation intermediary’s role and innovation profile. How public innovation intermediaries should utilise their key roles to generate in-house ambidexterity is crucial in leveraging the impact of public funding in this area
Hate speech law and equality: a cautionary tale for advocates of ‘stirring up gender hatred’ offences
Get PDFDebates about hate speech legislation tend to be dominated by the conflict between freedom of expression on the one hand and freedom from the harms of hatred on the other; it is pervasively claimed that a balance must be struck between these competing interests. This chapter carefully examines this framing of the issue, drawing on parliamentary debates to foreground the classificatory assumptions and power imbalances that are at play in such purportedly neutral balancing exercises. These insights are used to contextualise the question of whether the stirring up hatred offences of England and Wales should be extended to encompass gender hatred. With a focus on the pursuit of intersectional equality, the chapter raises important dynamics that advocates of such offences should consider beyond the headline issue of free speech
Left, right, left, right: 24-to-36-months-olds’ planning and execution of simple alternating actions
Get PDFThis study investigated toddlers’ ability to control simple alternating pattern actions, and how this relates to motor competence and executive functions. Seventy toddlers between 24 and 36 months of age were instructed to sort coins in an alternating pattern into two boxes; left, right, left, right etc. Executive functions and memory competence performance were assessed in additional small games. The results showed that the ability to plan and execute actions according to a simple extended alternating pattern improved over toddlerhood. Furthermore, working memory and motor competence scores were both independent predictors of the ability to plan and execute simple alternating actions. These findings underscore the fact that between 24 and 36 months of age is a period in which the ability to string together multiple actions in a sequence to achieve a distal goal is still developing
Reexamining the impact of closing call auction on market quality: a natural experiment from the Shanghai Stock Exchange
Get PDFUsing the intraday and daily data of Chinese A shares in Shanghai and Shenzhen from May to January 2018, this paper examines the regulatory impact of the Shanghai closing call auction on market liquidity, volatility, and price effectiveness using the Difference-in-Difference (DID) method. We find that the Shanghai closing call auction has no significant impact on market liquidity, but has resulted in 1) a shift of trading volume from closing to pre-closing; 2) increased volatility at pre-closing; 3) significant improvement in the continuity of the closing price; and 4) no prominent improvement on price effectiveness. Also, the regime appears to have a pronounced impact, particularly on small-cap stocks. Our findings suggest that the introduction of the Shanghai closing call auction helps reduce the risk of small-cap stocks, meanwhile improve the continuity of closing and pre-closing prices
Protecting sticky consumers in essential markets
Get PDFThis paper studies regulatory policy interventions that are aimed at protecting sticky consumers who are exposed to the risk of being taken advantage of. We model heterogeneous consumer switching costs alongside asymmetric market shares. This setting encompasses many markets in which established firms are challenged by new entrants. We identify circumstances under which such interventions can be counterproductive: with regard to the stated consumer
protection objective and also with regard to the complementary aim to promote competition
Cooking in caves: Palaeolithic carbonised plant food remains from Franchthi and Shanidar
Get PDFResearch on Palaeolithic hunter-gatherer diet has focused on the consumption of animals.
Evidence for the use of plant foods is comparatively limited but is rapidly expanding. The
authors present an analysis of carbonised macro-remains of processed plants from Franchthi
Cave in the Aegean Basin and Shanidar Cave in the north-west Zagros Mountains.
Microscopic examination of the charred food remains reveals the use of pounded pulses as a
common ingredient in cooked plant foods. The results are discussed in the context of the
regional archaeobotanical literature, leading the authors to argue that plants with bitter and
astringent tastes were key ingredients of Palaeolithic cuisines in South-west Asia and the
Eastern Mediterranean
On the hardness of computing the edit distance of shallow trees
Get PDFWe consider the edit distance problem on rooted ordered trees parameterized by the trees’ depth. For two trees of size at most n and depth at most d, the state-of-the-art solutions of Zhang and Shasha [SICOMP 1989] and Demaine et al. [TALG 2009] have runtimes O(n^2 · d^2) and O(n^3), respectively, and are based on so-called decomposition algorithms. It has been recently shown by Bringmann et al. [TALG 2020] that, when d=Θ(n), one cannot compute the edit distance of two trees in O(n^{3−ϵ}) time (for any constant ϵ>0) under the APSP hypothesis. However, for small values of d, it is not known whether the O(n^2 · d^2) upper bound of Zhang and Shasha is optimal. We make the following twofold contribution. First, we show that under the APSP hypothesis there is no algorithm with runtime O(n^2 · d^{1−ϵ}) (for any constant ϵ>0) when d=poly(n). Second, we show that there is no decomposition algorithm that runs in time o(min{n^2 · d^2,n^3})
Late Miocene unroofing of the Inner Lesser Himalaya recorded in the NW Himalaya foreland basin
Get PDFTesting models that link climate and solid Earth tectonics in mountain belts requires independent erosional, structural and climatic histories. Two well- preserved stratigraphic sections of the Himalayan foreland basin are exposed in NW India. The Jawalamukhi (13–5 Ma) and Joginder Nagar sections (21–13 Ma) are dated by magnetostratigraphy and span a period of significant climate change and tectonic evolution. We combine sediment geochemistry, detrital zircon U–Pb dating and apatite fission track analyses to reconstruct changes in the patterns of erosion and exhumation in this area from the Early Miocene to Pliocene. The provenance of the foreland sediments reflects a mixture of Tethyan and Greater Himalayan sources from 21 to 11 Ma, with influx from the Inner Lesser Himalaya starting after 11 Ma, and a strong increase in Crystalline Inner Lesser Himalayan erosion after 8Ma. This distinct shift in provenance most likely reflects exhu- mation of the Kullu-Rampur Window, as well as the northward motion of the Jawalamukhi section towards the Himalayas, drainage reorganization in the foreland, and/or tectonically driven drainage capture in the mountains. Prior to 10.5 Ma sediment came from a large river whose sources were Greater Himalaya and Haimanta dominated, likely a palaeo-Sutlej, while after 8 Ma the source river was dominated by a more local drainage. Our work is consistent with Nd iso- tope and mica Ar-Ar constraints from the same sections that demonstrate initial Inner Lesser Himalayan unroofing in this region from 11Ma, earlier than the 2 Ma implied from the marine record and during a period of summer monsoon weakening when fission track data indicate very rapid cooling and erosion of the Lesser Himalaya sources from no later than 10 Ma. Tectonically driven rock uplift coupled with southerly migration of the maximum rainfall belt during a time of drying, may have focused erosion over the Lesser Himalayan Duplex and created the Kullu-Rampur Window
Boosting API recommendation with implicit feedback
Get PDFDevelopers often need to use appropriate APIs to program efficiently, but it is usually a difficult task to identify the exact one they need from a vast list of candidates. To ease the burden, a multitude of API recommendation approaches have been proposed. However, most of the currently available API recommenders do not support the effective integration of user feedback into the recommendation loop. In this paper, we propose a framework, BRAID ( B oosting R ecommend A tion with I mplicit Fee D back), which leverages learning-to-rank and active learning techniques to boost recommendation performance. By exploiting user feedback information, we train a learning-to-rank model to re-rank the recommendation results. In addition, we speed up the feedback learning process with active learning. Existing query-based API recommendation approaches can be plugged into BRAID. We select three state-of-the-art API recommendation approaches as baselines to demonstrate the performance enhancement of BRAID measured by Hit@k (Top-k), MAP, and MRR. Empirical experiments show that, with acceptable overheads, the recommendation performance improves steadily and substantially with the increasing percentage of feedback data, comparing with the baselines
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