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The streets & the barricades: demos and document in Nineteenth-Century photography
No full textAn essay in a catalogue to accompany the exhibition: Documentary Genealogies: Photography 1848–1917 at the Museo Reina Sofía, Madrid (16 November 2022 - 27 February 2023), curated by Jorge Ribalta.
The essay explores the history of pre-documentary photography in relation in photography between documents of power and images of revolution in the form of pictures of barricades. It goes on to consider images, in the words of Molly Nesbit, as 'barricades against the bourgeois viewer' in Eugene Atget, Heinrich Zille and others
“Three Harmless Words": New Labour and Freedom of Information
Get PDFBook synopsis: The New Labour government first elected in 1997 had a defining influence on the development of the modern UK constitution. This book combines legal and political perspectives to provide a unique assessment of the way in which this major programme of constitutional reform has changed the nature of the UK constitution. The chapters, written by leading experts in UK public law and politics, analyse the impact and legacy of the New Labour reform programme some 20 years on from the 1997 general election, and reveal the ways in which the UK constitution is now, to a significant extent, the 'New Labour constitution'.
The book takes a broad approach to exploring the legacy of the New Labour years for the UK constitution. The contributors evaluate a range of specific substantive reforms (including on human rights, devolution, freedom of information, and the judicial system), changes to the process and method of constitutional reform under New Labour, the impact on key institutions (such as the judiciary and Parliament), and a number of wider constitutional themes (including national security, administrative justice, and the relationship between the Labour Party and constitutionalism). The book also reflects on the future challenges for the constitution constructed by New Labour, and the prospects for further constitutional reform.
In bringing together this range of perspectives to reflect on the implications of the New Labour era of reform, this book offers a critical examination of a foundational period in the development of the contemporary UK constitution
On perspective and possibility in Mediterranean history
Get PDFTransnational patriotism widens our understanding of the Mediterranean and the interactions and entanglements that constituted its social and political landscapes at a conjuncture of great transformation. Zanou's anti-teleological reading of early nineteenth-century intellectual mobility challenges hegemonic frameworks of the nation-state that obscure her book's protagonists in national historiographies. The perspective of the Ionian and Dalmatian characters (to simplify the complex array of languages of expression and locations of origin) retells in compelling fashion the history of modernity's possibilities and contributes to a growing body of scholarship on these Adriatic worlds. Zanou takes the reader on a journey beyond the sea's shores and into various hinterlands, but we also travel beyond ideas about exchange and interaction that insist upon port cities as primary nodes in regional connectivity. That geographical framework has come to dominate much of the recent historiography in and of the Mediterranean and, in Zanou's book, we learn how invariably intertwined are patterns of social and political relocation. She illustrates how ‘patria’ and belonging are at the centre of these mercurial intellectual circles, but that their definitions do not conform to ex post facto renderings imposed by the social and political containers of the nation-state. In focusing on this transformative conjuncture of meaning which defines the transition from early modern to modern worlds, Transnational patriotism is a welcome addition to the historiography of the Mediterranean
Using DNA to predict behaviour problems from preschool to adulthood
Get PDFBackground: One goal of the DNA revolution is to predict problems in order to prevent them. We tested here if the prediction of behaviour problems from genome-wide polygenic scores (GPS) can be improved by creating composites across ages and across raters and by using a multi-GPS approach that includes GPS for adult psychiatric disorders as well as for childhood behaviour problems.
Method: Our sample included 3,065 genotyped unrelated individuals from the Twins Early Development Study who were assessed longitudinally for hyperactivity, conduct, emotional problems and peer problems as rated by parents, teachers and children themselves. GPS created from 15 genome-wide association studies were used separately and jointly to test the prediction of behaviour problems composites (general behaviour problems, externalizing and internalizing) across ages (from age 2 to age 21) and across raters in penalized regression models. Based on the regression weights, we created multi-trait GPS reflecting the best prediction of behaviour problems. We compared GPS prediction to twin heritability using the same sample and measures.
Results: Multi-GPS prediction of behaviour problems increased from less than 2% of the variance for observed traits to up to 6% for cross-age and cross-rater composites. Twin study estimates of heritability, although to a lesser extent, mirrored patterns of multi-GPS prediction as they increased from less than 40% to up to 83%.
Conclusions: The ability of GPS to predict behaviour problems can be improved by using multiple GPS, cross-age composites and cross-rater composites, although the effect sizes remain modest, up to 6%. Our approach can be used in any genotyped sample to create multi-trait GPS predictors of behaviour problems that will be more predictive than polygenic scores based on a single age, rater or GPS
Beyond experiments
Get PDFIt is often claimed that only experiments can support strong causal inferences and therefore they should be privileged in the behavioral sciences. We disagree. Overvaluing experiments results in their overuse both by researchers and decision-makers, and in an underappreciation of their shortcomings. Neglecting other methods often follows. Experiments can suggest whether X causes Y in a specific experimental setting; however, they often fail to elucidate either the mechanisms responsible for an effect, or the strength of an effect in everyday natural settings. In this paper, we consider two overarching issues. First, experiments have important limitations. We highlight problems with: external, construct, statistical conclusion, and internal validity; replicability; and with conceptual issues associated with simple X-causes-Y thinking. Second, quasi-experimental and non-experimental methods are absolutely essential. As well as themselves estimating causal effects, these other methods can provide information and understanding that goes beyond that provided by experiments. A research program progresses best when experiments are not treated as privileged but instead are combined with these other methods
Harvesting life, mining death: adoption, surrogacy and forensics across borders
Get PDFTransnational adoption and surrogacy make explicit the relations between war, structural violence and crisis, and global shifts in the organisation and governance of reproduction. This article focuses on the interrelatedness of vitality and death, living and dying, and the nexus between biopolitics and necropolitics, as they are foregrounded through an analysis of adoption and surrogacy. It re-inscribes the transnational movement, circulation and exchange of persons, substance and bodily capacities within the logics of multiple genealogies of war, violence, and extraction manifested in the globalised borderlands between Guatemala and Mexico. First, the article charts the simultaneous demise of transnational adoptions in Guatemala and growth in surrogacy arrangements in the southern Mexican state of Tabasco, as well as the inception of the practice of oocyte harvesting for IVF in newly established reproductive medicine providers in Guatemala City. Second, the article tracks forms of expertise and technical infrastructure across national borders and across domains of knowledge and practice. It shows the proximity between reproductive medicine and forensic science evident in DNA analysis used in forensic anthropology to document human rights violations and resolve cases of forced disappearance, but also offered by the same forensic laboratories as commercial services in the context of an expanding reproductive medicine sector. This new configuration of biolabour encompasses the extractive practices tied to reproductive medicine and forensics. It connects to the production and uneven distribution of liveliness and deadliness, privilege and dispossession, accumulation and alienation, as persons, bodily substance, and, increasingly, bioinformation transverse contexts, jurisdictions and social and racial formations
Emotion in fiction: state of the art
Get PDFIn this paper I review developments in discussions of fiction and emotion over the last decade, concerning both the descriptive question of how to classify fiction-directed emotions, and the normative question of how to evaluate those emotions. Although many advances have been made on these topics, a mistaken assumption is still common: that we must hold either that fiction-directed emotions are (empirically or normatively) the same as other emotions, or that they are different. I argue that we should reject this dichotomy
The ethics of service work in a neoliberal healthcare context: doing embodied and ‘dirty’ emotional labor
Get PDFWe explore how service workers negotiate emotional laboring with ‘dirty’ emotions while trying to meet the demands of neoliberal healthcare. In doing so, we theorize emotional labor in the context of healthcare as a type of embodied and emotional ‘dirty’ work.
We apply Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) to our data collected from National Health Service (NHS) workers in the United Kingdom (UK). Our data show that healthcare service workers absorb, contain, and quarantine emotional ‘dirt’, thereby protecting their organization at a cost to their own well-being. Workers also perform embodied practices to try and absolve themselves of their ‘dirty’ labor. We extend research on emotional ‘dirty’ work and theorize that emotional labor can also be conceptualized as ‘dirty’ work. Further, we show that emotionally laboring with ‘dirty’ emotions is an embodied phenomenon, which involves workers absorbing and containing patients’ emotional ‘dirt’ to protect the institution (at the expense of their well-being)
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