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The impact of carbon emission trading policy on firms’ green innovation in China
Get PDFAs an attribute of financial assets, carbon emission rights have an important impact on corporate innovation. This article takes the carbon emission regulation policy as the starting point to examine the impact of this shock on the green innovation of regulated companies and upstream and downstream affiliated companies. Based on China's listed company data and regional input-output tables, this paper uses differences-in-differences method and instrumental variable regression to analyze the diffusion of the green innovation effect of carbon emission trading policy. The results show that the policy has a direct green innovation promotion effect on regulated companies, and the effect spreads to the downstream of regulated industries through input-output linkages. However, the policy reduces the green innovation of upstream industries. The reason is that China's carbon finance innovation is relatively low, and the price mechanism that carbon emissions trading affects innovation is more subject to non-market shocks. Further, we find that the green innovation effect of the policy is more significant in state-owned enterprises, enterprises in the eastern region, and enterprises with low financing constraints. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce a variety of derivatives to mobilize market enthusiasm to reduce speculative fluctuations in carbon prices, establish relevant supporting policy to encourage enterprise innovation to reduce the crowding-out effect caused by emission reduction and reduce non-market factors
Cryo-EM in molecular and cellular biology
No full textThis review summarizes the current state of methods and results achievable by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) imaging for molecular, cell, and structural biologists who wish to understand what is required and how it might help to address their research questions. It covers some of the main issues in sample preparation, microscopes and data collection, image processing, three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction, and validation and interpretation of the resulting EM density maps and atomic models. [Abstract copyright: Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Enhancing marketing provision through increased online safety that imbues consumer confidence: coupling AI and ML with the AIDA Model
Get PDFTo enhance the effectiveness of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in online retail operations and avoid succumbing to digital myopia, marketers need to be aware of the different approaches to utilizing AI/ML in terms of the information they make available to
appropriate groups of consumers. This can be viewed as utilizing AI/ML to improve the customer journey experience. Reflecting on this, the main question to be addressed is: how can retailers utilize big data through the implementation of AI/ML to improve the efficiency of their marketing
operations so that customers feel safe buying online? To answer this question, we conducted a systematic literature review and posed several subquestions that resulted in insights into why marketers need to pay specific attention to AI/ML capability. We explain how different AI/ML
tools/functionalities can be related to different stages of the AIDA (Awareness, Interest, Desire, and Action) model, which in turn helps retailers to recognize potential opportunities as well as increase
consumer confidence. We outline how digital myopia can be reduced by focusing on human inputs. Although challenges still exist, it is clear that retailers need to identify the boundaries in terms of
AI/ML’s ability to enhance the company’s business model
Export rebates and the EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism: WTO law and environmental objections
Get PDFThe EU proposal for a carbon border adjustment mechanism (‘CBAM’) has triggered a lively academic and policy debate. In June 2022, the European Parliament put forward amendments regarding the potential introduction of export rebates under the EU Emission Trading System (‘ETS’) and the CBAM. This article focuses on this specific proposal, enquiring into the WTO law compatibility of ETS/CBAM export rebates. First, it enquires whether the ‘pecuniary burden’ associated with compliance with the CBAM would qualify as a ‘charge’ that is ‘equivalent to an internal tax’ and that is ‘imposed consistently with Article III:2 GATT’. Second, it suggests that the ‘pecuniary burden’ associated with compliance with the ETS/CBAM is unlikely to qualify as an adjustable product tax; the analysis draws on a close examination of relevant provisions in the GATT 1994 and the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (‘SCMA’). Finally, the article develops some brief considerations on the detrimental environmental effects of export rebates. As the article concludes, the regulatory design of the CBAM is not perfect; export rebates, however, would make this scheme considerably worse
Communications
No full textBook synopsis: Science fiction offers an invitation to imagine: to speculate, to theorize, to give voice to anxieties and shape to the unknown.
Like the science it has inspired and been inspired by, it is impossible to reduce to a single book. Science Fiction: Voyage to the Edge of Imagination does not attempt to contain this vast field, but rather to explore avenues through its terrain. Across five parts, contributors consider cyborgs and humans, space travel, alien communication, distant galaxies and earthbound futures shaped by nuclear warfare, and climate crisis. The science of science fiction is traced through developments both scientific and speculative, from the influence of scientific advisors on mid-century classics to the new ways of living posited by contemporary climate fiction. These chapters are accompanied by interviews with five of the genre’s most exciting writers: Charlie Jane Anders, Chen Qiufan, Vandana Singh, Tade Thompson and Kim Stanley Robinson
Intrinsic and strategic complementarity of research and knowledge transfer activities as determinants of knowledge transfer management: evidence from public research organisations
Get PDFWhile public research organisations (PROs) are increasingly expected to actively transfer knowledge to business, government and wider society, limited research exists about how they manage this important function. Particularly, we do not know under what conditions it is more effective for PRO to vertically integrate knowledge transfer management, or to outsource it to specialist providers. Extending the theory of firm boundaries to PROs, we argue that this choice is influenced by two types of complementarity between research and knowledge transfer: intrinsic complementarity (occurring when the knowledge transfer process requires unique tacit knowledge) and strategic complementarity (occurring when the nature of the knowledge recipients matters to the PRO). By exploiting a unique six-year panel dataset of 33 PROs in the United Kingdom, we confirm that higher degrees of both types of complementarity are associated with greater likelihood to vertically integrate knowledge transfer management, and that these effects are independent of economies of scale and sector specificities
Towards a new paradigm for segregation measurement in an era of big data
Get PDFRecent theoretical and methodological advances in activity space and big data provide new opportunities to study socio-spatial segregation. This review first provides an overview of the literature in terms of measurements, spatial patterns, underlying causes, and social consequences of spatial segregation. These studies are mainly place-centred and static, ignoring the segregation experience across various activity spaces due to the dynamism of movements. In response to this challenge, we highlight the work in progress toward a new paradigm for segregation studies. Specifically, this review presents how and the extent to which activity space methods can advance segregation research from a people-based perspective. It explains the requirements of mobility-based methods for quantifying the dynamics of segregation due to high movement within the urban context. It then discusses and illustrates a dynamic and multi-dimensional framework to show how big data can enhance understanding segregation by capturing individuals’ spatio-temporal behaviours. The review closes with new directions and challenges for segregation research using big data
A calculus for modular loop acceleration and non-termination proofs
Get PDFLoop acceleration can be used to prove safety, reachability, runtime bounds, and (non-)termination of programs. To this end, a variety of acceleration techniques has been proposed. However, so far all of them have been monolithic, i.e., a single loop could not be accelerated using a combination of several different acceleration techniques. In contrast, we present a calculus that allows for combining acceleration techniques in a modular way and we show how to integrate many existing acceleration techniques into our calculus. Moreover, we propose two novel acceleration techniques that can be incorporated into our calculus seamlessly. Some of these acceleration techniques apply only to non-terminating loops. Thus, combining them with our novel calculus results in a new, modular approach for proving non-termination. An empirical evaluation demonstrates the applicability of our approach, both for loop acceleration and for proving non-termination
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