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Open Access and Neoliberalism: A Response to Holmwood and Marcuello-Servós
No full textA book chapter reply to John Holmwoo
Cultural differences in mutual gaze during face-to-face interactions: a dual head-mounted eye-tracking study
Get PDFCross-cultural psychologists have widely discussed ‘gaze avoidance’ as a sociocultural norm to describe reduced mutual gaze in East Asians (EAs) compared to Western Caucasians (WCs). Supportive evidence is primarily based on self-reports and video recordings of face-to-face interactions, but more objective techniques that can investigate the micro-dynamics of gaze are scarce. The current study used dual head-mounted eye-tracking in EA and WC dyads to examine face looking and mutual gaze during live social interactions. Both cultural groups showed more face looking when listening than speaking, and during an introductory task compared to a storytelling game. Crucially, compared to WCs, EA dyads spent significantly more time engaging in mutual gaze, and individual instances of mutual gaze were longer in EAs for the storytelling game. Our findings challenge ‘gaze avoidance’ as a generalisable cultural observation, and highlight the need to consider contextual factors that dynamically influence gaze both within and between cultures
Mechanochemical tuning of a kinesin motor essential for malaria parasite transmission
Get PDFPlasmodium species cause malaria and kill hundreds of thousands annually. The microtubule-based motor kinesin-8B is required for development of the flagellated Plasmodium male gamete, and its absence completely blocks parasite transmission. To understand the molecular basis of kinesin-8B’s essential role, we characterised the in vitro properties of kinesin-8B motor domains from P. berghei and P. falciparum. Both motors drive ATP-dependent microtubule gliding, but also catalyse ATP-dependent microtubule depolymerisation. We determined these motors’ microtubule-bound structures using cryo-electron microscopy, which showed very similar modes of microtubule interaction in which Plasmodium-distinct sequences at the microtubule-kinesin interface influence motor function. Intriguingly however, P. berghei kinesin-8B exhibits a non-canonical structural response to ATP analogue binding such that neck linker docking is not induced. Nevertheless, the neck linker region is required for motility and depolymerisation activities of these motors. These data suggest that the mechanochemistry of Plasmodium kinesin-8Bs is functionally tuned to support flagella formation
Discovery of N-trisubstituted Pyrimidine Derivatives as Type-I RET and RET Gatekeeper Mutant Inhibitors with a Novel Kinase Binding Pose
No full textRearranged during transfection (RET) kinase is an attractive therapeutic target in cancers in which RET gene fusions and point mutations in the kinase domain are reported. Mutation of V804, the RET gatekeeper residue, leads to resistance to several FDA approved inhibitors. In this study, we
discovered a series of N-trisubstituted pyrimidine derivatives as potent inhibitors for both wt-RET and RETV804M. Enzyme kinetics indicate that these inhibitors are ATP-competitive. The X-ray structure of a representative inhibitor in complex with RET reveals that the compound binds a unique pose that bifurcates beneath the P-loop; this is the first time that such a binding pose for a kinase inhibitor is described. Moreover, this binding pose explained the ability of N-trisubstituted pyrimidine compounds of targeting RETV804M. A structure activity relationship (SAR) was performed and compound 20 was identified as a lead one, displaying potent inhibition of RET and RETV804M with IC50 of 6.20nM and 18.68nM, respectively. Additionally, compound 20 showed potent anti-proliferative activity in CCDC6-RET driven LC-2/ad lung carcinoma cells. A wound
healing assay indicated that compound 20 inhibits migration of RET mutant tumor cells. Analysis of apoptosis and RET phosphorylation indicated that such biological activities were mediated by RET inhibition. Collectively, N-trisubstituted pyrimidine derivatives could serve as scaffolds for
the discovery and development of potent type-I RET and its gatekeeper mutant inhibitors for the treatment of RET driven cancers
Comparing methods for calculating channel steepness index
Get PDFChannel steepness index, ks, is a metric derived from the stream power model that, under certain conditions, scales with relative rock uplift rate. Channel steepness index is a property of rivers, which can be relatively easily extracted from digital elevation models (DEMs). As DEM data sets are widely available for Earth and are becoming more readily available for other planetary bodies, channel steepness index represents a powerful tool for interpreting tectonic processes. However, multiple approaches to calculate channel steepness index exist. From this several important questions arise; does choice of approach change the values of channel steepness index, can values be so different that choice of approach can influence the findings of a study, and are certain approaches better than others? With the aid of a synthetic river pro le and a case study from the Sierra Nevada, California, we show that values of channel steepness index vary over orders of magnitude according to the methodology used in the calculation. We explore the limitations, advantages and disadvantages of the key approaches to calculating channel steepness index, and find that choosing an appropriate approach relies on the context of a study. Given these observations, it is important that authors acknowledge the methodology used to calculate channel steepness index, to ensure that results can be contextualised and reproduced
Social gaze in preterm infants may act as an early indicator of atypical lateralization
Get PDFVisual field biases have been identified as markers of atypical lateralization in children with developmental conditions, but this is the first investigation to consider early lateralized gaze behaviors for social stimuli in preterm infants. Eye-tracking methods with 51 preterm (33 male, 92.1% White) and 61 term-born (31 male, 90.1% White) infants aged 8–10 months from Edinburgh, UK, captured the development of visual field biases, comparing gaze behavior to social and non-social stimuli on the left versus right of the screen. Preterm infants showed a significantly reduced interest to social stimuli on the left versus right compared to term children (d = .58). Preterm children exhibit early differential orienting preferences that may be an early indicator of atypical lateralized function
Thinking at the limit of poetry: Anne-James Chaton, social media and the post-public
No full textThis article considers the ways in which the public can relate to contemporary French poetry outside the book, when all the usual markers that help define an artifact as art are absent. Taking the case of Anne-James Chaton, who publishes some of his works on social media, the question that is asked is whether poetry is still poetry if it is not identified as such by the public. While Chaton continues to publish books, he is also part of a double movement in current French poetic practice, the movement away from the customary setting of literature – the book page – and the deconstruction of the essentialist view of poetry. His oeuvre can be considered in the light of the philosophy of Jacques Derrida, whose influence he acknowledges. This means that his poetic practice on YouTube or Instagram is twice removed from the traditional idea of poetry as a piece of verse. The article discusses how the resulting reconfiguration of the poetic affects its reception by the social media public, how through social media, people are able to immerse themselves in sophisticated poetic works that interrogate the tradition of poetry, lightly, seriously, and in-passing
Age stereotyping in resume screening: don’t throw the baby out with the bathwater
Get PDFTheory and empirical evidence examining whether age stereotypes predict personnel
decisions has recently been evaluated (Murphy & DeNisi, 2021), casting doubt on the
validity and value of laboratory research conducted in this area. In this commentary we
address three criticisms in respect of human decision-makers and resume screening. First,
based on impression formation theory, we argue that resume screening is almost certainly a
condition under which decision-makers are likely to rely on stereotypes, due to a lack of
individuating information. Second, we address the criticism of inconsistent negative effects,
which are likely linked to the complexity of stereotypes. Third, we contend that
generalizability limitations are less applicable to resume screening studies compared to other
personnel decisions discussed (Murphy & DeNisi, 2021). We end with suggesting that the
wide variety of research methods employed across the resume literature is ideal for
triangulation, which will provide a clearer understanding of resume screening stereotyping
effects on age bias, the relevant moderators, and underlying psychological processes
News from Moscow: Soviet journalism and the limits of postwar reform
No full textBook synopsis: News from Moscow is a social and cultural history of Soviet journalism after World War II. Focusing on the youth newspaper Komsomol'skaia Pravda, the study draws on transcripts of behind-the-scenes editorial meetings to chart the changing professional ethos of the Soviet journalist. Simon Huxtable shows how journalists viewed themselves both as propagandists bringing the Party's ideas to the wider public, but also as reformers who tried to implement new ideas that would help usher the country towards Communism. The volume focuses on both aspects of the journalists' role, from propaganda editorials in praise of Comrade Stalin and articles lauding young heroes' exploits in the Virgin Lands, to revolutionary new initiatives, such as the country's first ever polling institute and clubs promoting the virtues of unfettered public debate. Soviet journalism, argues Huxtable, was riven with an unresolvable tension between innovation and conservativism: the more journalists tried to promote new innovations to perfect Soviet society, the more officials grew anxious about the disruptive consequences of reform. By demonstrating the day-to-day conflicts that characterised the press's activity, and by showing that the production of Soviet propaganda involved much more than redrafting orders from above, News from Moscow offers a new perspective on Soviet propaganda that expands our understanding of the possibilities and limits of reform in a period of rapid change
Mind-mindedness and preschool children’s behavioral difficulties: the moderating role of maternal parenting distress
Get PDFMind-mindedness (MM) is a caregiver’s tendency to appreciate their infant’s internal mental states. This longitudinal study investigated whether maternal MM (10 months) was linked with children’s later behavioral problems (51 months) and the moderating role of maternal parenting distress (PD; 36 months) in a sample of 91 mother–infant dyads. Appropriate MM comments were coded from video-recorded, semi-structured play interactions between mothers and their infants; PD was obtained from maternal completion of the PD subscale of the Parenting Stress Index – Short Form (PSI-SF); and child internalizing and externalizing behavior problems were gathered from maternal report on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Moderated regression analyses revealed higher early appropriate MM was associated with significantly fewer internalizing emotional problems at 51 months among mothers with lower PD at 36 months, and higher early appropriate MM was associated with lower conduct problems at 51 months in mothers with higher PD at 36 months. Findings demonstrated the importance of considering nuanced contexts such as at-risk mothers and differential presentations of child difficulties in the analysis of the relationship between MM and child behavioral difficulties and the development of MM interventions
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