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Borders, burials, and the extended mind in Early Medieval England: Genesis A and Apple Down
Get PDFThis article begins by considering the re-presentation of the Biblical landscape of the Binding of Isaac in the Old English text Genesis A. With reference to place-names, landscapes, and other texts, it demonstrates how this setting was presented as a place of cremation on a hilltop border. The poem may, for audiences living in the generations following the cessation of cremation burial, have served as a means of understanding earlier religious praxis. The article then considers a similar moment of cultural transition written into the conversion-era cemeteries at Apple Down in Sussex, similarly sited in a border region and on top of a hill. Here, a mixed-rite cremation and inhumation cemetery was succeeded by an inhumation cemetery set out in a novel fashion, likely reflecting changes in contemporary religious culture. Both the poem and the cemeteries at Apple Down, in marking these changes, can be understood within Material Engagement Theory, a theory of the Extended Mind, as ‘exograms’: material memory records external to the embodied human brain. The article considers both the poem and cemeteries in this light, and shows how exograms of various kinds might be used to assemble an exogrammar, here defined as a set of ideas distributed across one or more exograms. A framework of this kind, assembling evidence across a diverse range of material and textual sources, is presented as an adaptable method of investigation across disciplines in which various forms of evidence can be understood as residual components of embodied human minds
Structural basis of ubiquitin-independent PP1 complex disassembly by p97
Get PDFThe AAA+-ATPase p97 (also called VCP or Cdc48) unfolds proteins and disassembles protein complexes in numerous cellular processes, but how substrate complexes are loaded onto p97 and disassembled is unclear. Here, we present cryo-EM structures of p97 in the process of disassembling a protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) complex by extracting an inhibitory subunit from PP1. We show that PP1 and its partners SDS22 and inhibitor-3 (I3) are loaded tightly onto p97, surprisingly via a direct contact of SDS22 with the p97 N-domain. Loading is assisted by the p37 adapter that bridges two adjacent p97 N-domains underneath the substrate complex. A stretch of I3 is threaded into the central channel of the spiral-shaped p97 hexamer, while other elements of I3 are still attached to PP1. Thus, our data show how p97 arranges a protein complex between the p97 N-domain and central channel, suggesting a hold-and-extract mechanism for p97-mediated disassembly
Emerging principles in functional representations of touch
Get PDFThe somatosensory system is fundamental to the formation and maintenance of coherent representations of the human body. Traditional concepts of somatosensation have been shaped by the principles of somatotopic and hierarchical organisation of primary somatosensory and motor cortices. However, emerging research has shown that perceptual and neural representations of touch are not fully captured by these principles. In this Review, we critically discuss how newer empirical research has expanded the understanding of touch and body representations. We first consider the role of higher-level categorical information about the body and its parts and the standard configuration of the body. We then discuss empirical evidence showing that functional representations of touch can complement and integrate across topographic organisation. Finally, we review how the processing of touch is influenced by the source of the touch (another person or an object), and how the identity of the toucher shapes responses
University Venture Capital in Big Data, Regional and Historical Perspective: Where and Why Has It Arisen?
Get PDFThis article contributes to the international comparative analysis of university venture capital (UVC), providing a partial quasi-experimental design for follow-up research and practice. The US venture capital industry, with its unicorn focused high-growth format opened up a venture capital gap. UVC transmutes academic innovation into high-tech firms, industries and regional renewal, filling interstitial funding gaps among, angel, public and private venture capital offers. It is knowledge based industrial policy by Another Name, with direct/ explicit and indirect/ implicit versions, on a continuum with variation depending upon shifting ideological and competitive concerns. Beyond as of right “womb” provision, UVC capstones an academic innovation ecosystem of technology transfer, incubation and acceleration, translational research, proof of concept funds and entrepreneurship education. Venture capital, exemplified by Sand Hill Road, deemphasizes classic regional development objectives, neglecting appropriability conditions such as academic and regional circumstances that UK and China prioritize. More modest firm formation outcomes are dismissed as failures, with entrepreneurs encouraged to return to the entrepreneurial churn. We examine the origin and development of UVC from macro, meso and micro, historical and comparative perspectives. Multi-method/multi sample, comparative case study, and big data analytics shows constraint and variety, early affinity of UVC to academic icons with significant untapped potential to inspire widespread economic and social advance
Ranking-based color constancy with limited training samples
Get PDFComputational color constancy is an important component of Image Signal Processors (ISP) for white balancing in many imaging devices. Recently deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) have been introduced for color constancy. They achieve prominent performance improvements comparing with those statistics or shallow learning-based methods. However, the need for a large number of training samples, a high computational cost and a huge model size make CNN-based methods unsuitable for deployment on low-resource ISPs for real time applications. In order to overcome these limitations and to achieve comparable perforance to CNN-based methods, an efficient method is defined for selecting the optimal simple statistics-based method (SM) for each image. To this end, we propose a novel ranking-based color constancy method (RCC) that formulates the selection of the optimal SM method as a label ranking problem. RCC designs a specific ranking loss function, and uses a low rank constraint to control the model complexity and a grouped sparse constraint for feature selection. Finally, we apply the RCC model to predict
the order of the candidate SM methods for a test image, and then estimate its illumination using the predicted optimal SM method (or fusing the results estimated by the top k SM methods). Comprehensive experiment results show that the proposed RCC outperforms nearly all the shallow learning-based methods and achieves comparable performance to (sometimes even better performance than) deep CNN-based methods with only 1/2000 of the model size and training time. RCC also shows good robustness to limited training samples and good generalization crossing cameras. Furthermore, to remove the dependence on the ground truth illumination, we extend RCC to obtain a novel ranking-based method without ground truth illumination (RCC_NO) that learns the ranking model using simple partial binary preference annotations provided by untrained annotators rather than experts. RCC_NO also achieves better performance than the SM methods and most shallow learning-based methods with low costs of sample collection and illumination measurement
Game analysis on general purpose technology cooperative R&D with fairness concern from the technology chain perspective
Get PDFGeneral purpose technologies (GPTs) are regarded as a major source of productivity advancement and economic growth. As a kind of platform technology, GPTs have strong knowledge spillovers, which causes a single subject to lack R&D motivation and adopt a wait-and-see strategy. Cooperation R&D is an effective mode choice for GPTs. For this, three models based on upstream-led, downstream-led and balanced power structures were constructed to study the cooperation R&D modes of GPTs and influencing factors from a technology chain perspective. This study aims to reveal the effects of fairness concerns and power structures on three models. This study also focuses on the roles of knowledge spillovers and government support. The results indicate that different power structures will lead to an unequal distribution of profits between firm U and firm D in the technology chain. The balanced power structure should be the preferred model. The profits of firms in the leading position are always higher than those of firms in the following position. In addition, fairness concerns negatively impact the performance of firms, which may improve the bargaining ability of firms in the following position, but this does not bring a sustainable benefit. Government support (e.g., knowledge and technology support and R&D subsidies) and knowledge spillovers are two key factors influencing the decisions and outcomes of the technology chain. When a firm's relative innovation contribution level is greater, its profits in the leading position are the highest, followed by those in the balanced power structure, and they are lowest in the following position. In contrast, profits under balanced power are the highest, and those in the following position are still the lowest. This study enables a theoretical understanding of how and why the R&D process of GPTs can be regarded as a technology chain. It also sheds light on the fact that the balance power structure model should be the preferred choice and that both fairness concerns and government support should be considered for improving the R&D efficiency of GPT cooperation R&D in practice
They are not all wolves: menstruation, young adult fiction and nuancing the teenage boy
No full textBefore the 2020 publication of Elana K. Arnold’s Red Hood and Sarah Cuthew’s Blood Moon, Judy Blume’s 1970 novel Are You There God? It’s Me, Margaret, which ends with the heroine praising God for blessing her with menarche, was one of the only young adult novels to feature menstruation as a central theme. This paper opens with a brief overview of recent English and American menstrual activism and a discussion of scholarly considerations of the menstrual cycle in literature. Then, through a close comparative reading of works by Arnold and Cuthew, I argue that both novels fulfil their feminist agendas by representing the stigmatised experience of the physicality of menses, and by depicting young women negotiating instances of the kinds of misogyny that punctuate contemporary Western culture. At the same time, the novels share an overly simplistic, binarised attitude towards male adolescents. That aspect highlights the need for the development of affirmative feminist boys studies. Such progress would foster more nuanced literary depictions of young males—and address the challenges of building a more equitable world, thereby responding to some of the motivating concerns of Red Hood and Blood Moon
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