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Constructivism and the Error Theory
Get PDFAccording to the error theory, morality presents itself to us as though it were something to be discovered, but in fact it is not. Morality is something invented, constructed, or made. According to constructivism, morality is something invented, constructed, or made. Thus understood, constructivism and error theory are close philosophical relatives. Both views assert that morality is a construction. Error theory goes on to say that moral thought also aspires to something more, but does so unsuccessfully. Constructivism stops short of this claim. Which, if any, of these two views should we prefer? That is the question I shall address in this chapter. My answer will be that constructivism has the edge over error theory in virtue of being committed to less problematic views about the content, truth, and justification of moral claims. I shall not, however, conclude that we ought to believe in constructivism. In order to do that I would have to argue that the claims of the constructivist are more plausible than those of her competitors who claim that morality is neither invented, constructed, or made. That is a task that goes beyond the scope of this chapter
Turkey’s ecotourism: pre- and-post-pandemic challenges
No full textThe concept of ecotourism has grasped the interest of the interest of private and public sector as well as the academics, scholars, and environmentalists. The concept has become a focal point for
discussions. Scholars and researchers similarly uphold the widely acknowledged nature of ecotourism founded on the notion that ecotourism is to practice natural and cultural resources in a sustainable way and to enable economic development of locals along with sustainable natural resource management. However, there are contrary views on ecotourism due to the discrepancies in the specified objectives and practices worldwide. Moreover, there has been the intense scrutiny and debate regarding ecotourism’s part in eradicating poverty, contributions to local life and culture, objectives of national, local, and international investors. This study’s aim is to provide pre- and post-pandemic, comprehensive evaluation of ecotourism in Turkey
Investigating the nature of interaction between crypto-currency and commodity markets
Get PDFThis paper investigates the dynamic relationship and volatility spillovers between cryptocurrency and commodity markets using different multivariate GARCH models. We take into account the nature of interaction between these markets and their transmission mechanisms when analyzing the conditional cross effects and volatility spillovers. Our results confirm the presence of significant returns and volatility spillovers, and we identify the GO-GARCH (2,2) as the best-fit model for modeling the joint dynamics of various financial assets. Our findings show significant dynamic linkages and volatility spillovers between gold, natural gas, crude oil, Bitcoin, and Ethereum prices. We find that gold can serve as a safe haven in times of economic uncertainty, as it is a good hedge against natural gas and crude oil price fluctuations. We also find evidence of bidirectional causality between crude oil and natural gas prices, suggesting that changes in one commodity's price can affect the other. Furthermore, we observe that Bitcoin and Ethereum are positively correlated with each other, but negatively correlated with gold and crude oil, indicating that these cryptocurrencies may serve as useful diversification tools for investors seeking to reduce their exposure to traditional assets. Our study provides valuable insights for investors and policymakers regarding asset allocation and risk management, and sheds light on the dynamics of financial markets
数字人文与文学研究 (The Digital Humanities and Literary Studies)
No full textThe Digital Humanities and Literary Studies translated into Chinese, translated by 王丽丽 等
Corporate management ecosystem in emerging economies: global perspectives
No full textEmerging economies, as actively changing societies, invoke questions about the future direction for national and global development as well as equitable economic growth. In this book, the Editors argue that understanding the corporate management ecosystem of emerging economies is key to business success in the globalized economy. Discussing the key attributes of emerging economies (for example, population dynamics, labour and production patterns, employment, and foreign direct investment) and the connection with governance, marketing, innovation management, and supply chain research and practice, the book highlights the distinctiveness of corporate management dynamics in comparison with existing knowledge that is dominated by developed country frameworks. The book offers twenty-one case studies that cover examples of corporate management research and practice in both local and international companies, making this a valuable resource for students, academics and industry stakeholders
Migrants’ remittances, the fiscal contract and tax attitudes in Africa and Latin America
Get PDFHow does the receipt of remittances shape recipients’ attitudes towards taxation? We argue that remittances are likely to reduce support for the fiscal contract of taxes in exchange for public services because recipients rely less on the national economy and the state for their well-being. Remittance recipients can use the money sent by friends or family overseas to obtain public services in the private market instead of, or in addition to, tax-funded welfare services. In doing so, remittance recipients become detached from the national political community and develop a transactional relationship with the state whereby they pay license fees, taxes and bribes to protect investment goods procured with remittances, making them less willing to support general taxation and more likely to approve of tax evasion and avoidance. We find strong support for our theory in analysis of survey data from Africa and Latin America. Our paper contributes to knowledge of the micro-foundations of the fiscal contract and the political-economic effects of emigration and remittances on migrants’ homelands
‘Tales from other people’s houses’: home and dis/connection in an East London neighbourhood
Get PDFThis paper explores what it means to live together in the city through a focus on home and urban public space in East London. It develops a conceptual framework for understanding home as a site of dis/connection – both connected to and disconnected from – the wider estate, street, neighbourhood and city. Drawing on a series of home-city biographies with residents living on different housing estates, we explore what makes a city ‘liveable’ for its diverse residents within and across domestic and public spaces; how home-city dis/connections shape ideas and experiences of living together; and the importance of sensory, material and social contexts of home in shaping residents’ dis/connections with neighbours and the wider neighbourhood. By taking seriously the practices, experiences and imaginings of home as a site of urban dis/connection, we argue that urban scholars can gain a fuller picture of what it means to live together in the city, and understand and challenge inequalities, exclusions and prejudices that shape urban lives
Teaching and learning in Brussels: Sinn Féin’s strategic ‘venue shopping’ approach in the European Parliament
Get PDFSinn Féin was once staunchly Eurosceptic and has periodically campaigned against the ratification of European Union treaties in Ireland. Since the early 2000s, however, they have rejected the Eurosceptic label and self-described as ‘critically engaged’ with the European Union. This article explores how Sinn Féin have used their membership of the European Parliament and the European United Left/Nordic Green Left parliamentary group since their first Members of the European Parliament were elected in 2004, with a particular focus on the acrimonious post–Brexit referendum period. The article argues that the European Union forum is seen in terms of its utility by Sinn Féin, as a venue to teach and learn from their colleagues on their particular understanding of Irish history, nationalism and party strategy. It concludes by arguing that, in a process beginning before Brexit, the opportunities the European Union platform affords Sinn Féin have led to the adaptation of a particularly novel engagement strategy with European institutions
Discovering Mental Strategies for Voluntary Control Over Brain-Computer Interfaces
Get PDFWhen novices engage with a brain-computer interface, the first chal-lenge is to discover what mental strategy allows some rudimentary control over the system. In some instances, the strategy is clear and provided by the trainer. In most cases, the strategy is not always known. In neurofeedback training, the goal is to increase or decrease a particular brain signature, whilst participants discover which mental strategies are helpful. The question is how? The starting point is the assumption that reinforcement learning underlies the neurofeedback learning and is involved in evaluating the utility of a candidate strategy. Candi-date strategies are proposed via activation of neural representations of task goals that are part of a neural network that includes the target brain region. Early in the learning stage, positive feedback allows the accumulation of activation in this neural network until the task goal representation (i.e., the mental strategy) be-comes fully activated. Low levels of reward prediction error lead to the candidate strategy to remain activated. High levels or reward prediction error lead to a spe-cific deselection of the candidate strategy and allows selection of a new candi-date. The process of selection and deselection within this mental space demon-strates area-restricted search, which is an optimal search strategy in situations where rewards are heterogeneously distributed, typically clustered, over a certain area. Further investigation into strategy discovery is needed to advance our cur-rent understanding of neurofeedback learning, its relation to reinforcement learn-ing, and the role of conscious awareness
Political polarization and judicial selection
Get PDFThis paper explores how political polarization among voters influences the quality of elected officials, with a focus on judges. In our model, legal professionals decide between staying in their current legal careers or running for judicial office. Intrinsically motivated legal professionals derive inherent satisfaction from practicing law. This has two implications: first, individuals with higher intrinsic motivation prefer to spend time on their current careers over electoral campaigning; second, if elected, they exert more effort on the bench. In a polarized electorate, voters decide mainly on candidates’ party affiliations, reducing electoral campaign effort in equilibrium. Hence under higher polarization among voters, candidates with higher intrinsic motivation are more likely to run for office and to get elected – increasing judicial decision quality. We take the predictions to data on the performance of all U.S. state supreme court judges working between 1965 and 1994. We find that in states with partisan judicial elections, judges who joined the court when polarization was high write higher-quality decisions (receiving more citations from other judges) than judges who joined when polarization was low
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