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Policing of black resistance during World War II
No full textBlack struggle against police brutality in the United States, a deeply rooted and longstanding source of anger and protest, again became acute during World War II, as the democratic rhetoric of the war emphasized the outrage of apartheid at home. In this chapter, I examine three instances of wartime social unrest: the so-called Lee Street Riot in Alexandria, Louisiana in 1942 in which Black soldiers engaged in violent struggle against white military and civilian police; the riot in Detroit in June 1943, in which fights between white and Black youths on a June afternoon in 1943 unleashed a surge of white civilian and police violence; and disorder in Harlem six weeks later when the shooting of a Black soldier by a white policeman sparked an uprising against white police and property. Though distinct in the manner in which they unfolded, the policing of these moments of unrest reveal an underlying racialized order in which Black people’s claims to citizenship, indeed their very presence in the national polity, were treated as transgressions to be contained.
Book synopsis: This handbook offers a comprehensive historical overview and analysis of police brutality in US history and the variety of ways it has manifested itself.
Police brutality has been a defining controversy of the modern age, brought into focus most readily by the murder of George Floyd in Minneapolis and the mass protests that occurred as a result in 2020. However, the problem of police brutality has been consistent throughout American history. This volume traces its history back to Antebellum slavery, through the Gilded Age, the Progressive Era, the two world wars and the twentieth century, to the present day. This handbook is designed to create a generally holistic picture of the phenomenon of police brutality in the United States in all of its major lived forms and confronts a wide range of topics including:
Race
Ethnicity
Gender
Police reactions to protest movements (particularly as they relate to the counterculture and opposition to the Vietnam War)
Legal and legislative outgrowths against police brutality
The representations of police brutality in popular culture forms like film and music
The role of technology in publicizing such abuses, and the protest movements mounted against it
The Routledge History of Police Brutality in America will provide a vital reference work for students and scholars of American history, African-American history, criminal justice, sociology, anthropology, and Africana studies
Translation and validation of the Gaming Disorder Test and Gaming Disorder Scale for Adolescents into Chinese for Taiwanese young adults
Get PDFPurpose: To translate and cross-culturally adapt the Gaming Disorder Test (GDT) and Gaming Disorder Scale for Adolescents (GADIS-A) for use in Taiwan and to validate their internal consistency, construct validity, measurement invariance, and convergent validity in Taiwanese young adults. Methods: The GDT and GADIS-A were translated into traditional (unsimplified) Chinese characters and culturally adapted according to standard guidelines. A sample of 608 Taiwanese university students were recruited online. All participants completed the GDT, GADIS-A, Internet Gaming Disorder Scale – Short Form (IGDS9-SF), and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach's α and McDonald's ω. Factor structure was examined using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Measurement invariance in gender was assessed by three nested models in CFA. Convergent validity was determined by calculating Pearson's r among the GDT, GADIS-A, IGDS9-SF, and DASS-21. Results: The GDT and GADIS-A showed adequate internal consistency (both α and ω = 0.90). The CFA results supported a one-factor structure for the GDT and a two-factor structure for the GADIS-A. Measurement invariance across gender was supported for both the GDT and GADIS-A. The convergent validity of the GDT and GADIS-A were acceptable.
Conclusions: The Chinese versions of the GDT and GADIS-A are valid and reliable tools that can be used to assess gaming disorder in Taiwanese young adults. Measurement invariance across genders was supported for both tools. The convergent validity of the GDT and GADIS-A were also satisfactory
Research on supply chain optimization considering consumer subsidy mechanism in the context of carbon neutrality
Get PDFWith the proposal of China’s “carbon peak, carbon neutral” strategy, the increasing awareness of low carbon production among consumers, and the government’s introduction of carbon trading mechanism and low carbon consumption subsidy policies, enterprises are facing good opportunities for development. However, how the government can reasonably formulate low carbon policies and how enterprises can implement optimal low-carbon production decisions are still key issues in China’s low-carbon transition development. In this context, this paper is based on the carbon trading mechanism and carbon consumption subsidies. In this context, based on the car-bon trading mechanism, this paper focuses on green production and green consumption, considers the impact of low-carbon consumer preferences and government subsidies on enterprises’ low-carbon production decisions, and uses the optimal theory to study the optimal pricing strategy and the optimal carbon reduction strategy. The study shows that the increase in carbon price has a positive effect on the increase in enterprise profit; the increase of carbon emission has a negative effect on the increase of enterprise profit and the high carbon price will intensify this effect. In addition, changing the intensity of government subsidies to consumers will lead to the change of enterprise carbon emission strategy. The study of this paper provides a certain reference for the government to reasonably formulate carbon trading prices and consumer low-carbon subsidies. In addition, considering consumer low-carbon preferences is also conducive to promoting green production practices of enterprises, thus promoting the realization of the carbon neutral strategy
Ibn Fadlan and the Khazars: The hidden centre
No full textThe empire of the Khazars occupies a curious place in Ibn Fadlan’s narrative of his visit to the Volga. The Khazars were at the forefront of the minds of Ibn Fadlan and most of the people whom he encountered, and yet they are strangely elusive. The mission was ostensibly a response to an appeal to the Abbasid caliph al-Muqtadir (908–32) from the Bulgar ruler Almish ibn Shilki (Almış elteber), who had requested assistance against the Khazars. The envoy sent by the Bulgars, Abdullah ibn Bashtu al-Khazari, was evidently of Khazar origin himself. Once past Khwarazm, they encountered Ghuzz (Oghuz) tribesmen: one of them was convinced that the Abbasids were plotting with the Khazars; another planned to use the caliphal envoys as ransom for Ghuzz captives held by the Khazars. On arrival in the land of the Bulgars, they were told by Almish of his fear of the ruler of the Khazars. However, modern readers have had difficulty pinning down what Ibn Fadlan’s mission was designed to achieve, and where the Khazars fitted into the strategic calculations of those close to the Abbasid caliph in the 920s...
Catch-22: token women trying to reconcile impossible contradictions between organizational and societal expectations
Get PDFExtending tokenism theory, and Kanter’s (1977a & b) work on numerical representation within organisations, we emphasize the societal context of gender inequality in order to understand token women’s lived experiences at work. Based on analysis of 29 in-depth interviews in a multinational (MNC) situated in the distinctive socio-institutional setting of Saudi Arabia, the paper expands Kanter’s (1977a) typology of roles, to capture token assimilation in a context-embedded way. In particular, we explore the interaction of a seemingly Western MNC espousing liberal values, rules and norms with the enduring patriarchal and traditional context of Saudi Arabia. Further adding texture to Kanter’s (1977a & b) theory, this study reveals that the organizational context cannot be seen as fundamentally neutral and inevitably interacts with the societal context, resulting in unique manifestations of tokenism
Psychological Adjustment Profiles of LGBTQ+ young adults residing with their parents during the COVID-19 pandemic: an international study
Get PDFThe COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with poor mental health symptoms, particularly among vulnerable populations such as LGBTQ+ individuals. In the present study, we aimed to (i) identify different psychological adjustment profiles among LGBTQ+ young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic and compare LGBTQ+ young adults in relation to (ii) sociodemographic characteristics and COVID-19-related experiences and (iii) the internal and external protective resources associated with each adjustment profile. An online questionnaire was administered to 1699 LGBTQ+ young adults from six countries (Brazil, Chile, Italy, Portugal, Sweden, and the UK). A cluster analysis was conducted, and four profiles of psychological adjustment were identified: unchallenged, resilient, distressed, and at-risk. The at-risk cluster scored lowest in social support (particularly from family). The profiles of participants who experienced the highest levels of pandemic adversity (at-risk and resilient) comprised mostly South American participants, those under lockdown at the time of survey completion, those who self-identified as transgender and non-binary, and those with a plurisexual sexual orientation. Interventions should consider strategies to help young adults maintain support systems and reinforce the value of positive family relationships. Specific groups within the LGBTQ+ community that seem to be in a particularly vulnerable situation may need additional tailored support
Recovering from first episode psychotic mania: the experience of people diagnosed with bipolar disorder
Get PDFAim: Early intervention for people diagnosed with bipolar disorder is a priority, but little is known about how recovery from first episode psychotic mania is experienced by this group. This study aimed to explore the experience of recovery from first episode psychotic mania for people diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 young adults during recovery from first episode psychotic mania and were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Results: Three themes were identified: (i) ‘Possession of purpose and staying well’, (ii) ‘Coping with compromise’ and (iii) ‘Manic relapse: pressure and proving self’. On becoming well, the participants experienced a sense of purpose through engaging with activities and goals that also drove their efforts to engage in strategies to stay well. However, these strategies created feelings of compromise that not all were prepared to accept. Though having purpose and goals created a positive sense of direction, for a minority of the participants they also created additional pressure, contributing to manic relapse. Conclusions: The purpose created by engaging with aspirations and career-related activities during early intervention was found to be important for a meaningful recovery from first episode bipolar disorder. This instilled positivity and purpose, motivating efforts to maintain wellness. The feelings of compromise that some participants experienced point to the need for individually tailored interventions. Findings suggest a delicate relationship between the positivity of engaging in goals and the risk of manic relapse during recovery from first episode psychotic mania
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