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Archaeology of the Silk Road: challenges of scale and storytelling
Get PDFInvented in the nineteenth century as an allegory for large scale human interaction across Eurasia, the idea of ‘the Silk Road’ continues to shape archaeological investigations of trade, travel, cultural exchange, and mobility in the region between the Near East and East Asia. Though long used to refer to trade between the ancient and late medieval periods, the framework of the Silk Road has grown increasingly popular and is used to orient research on mobilities of much earlier periods, as well as to frame movement and exchange at the molecular level, including of human genes. This article reviews the shared challenges confronted by Silk Road archaeologists and explores the narratives about human culture that have been tied up in the Silk Road metaphor from the beginning. Through a review of recent work on and along the Silk Road, the article traces common narratives and shared scalar challenges across archaeologies of landscape, material culture, gender, mobile lifeways, and isotopic and genetic assemblages, and examines tensions between globality and locality within Silk Road cultural heritage and the implications of China’s Belt and Road Initiative
Doctors’ perceived working conditions, psychological health, and patient care: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies
Get PDFBackground: Studies have demonstrated an association between doctors’ perceived working conditions, and their psychological wellbeing and patient care. However, few have examined inter-relationships among these three domains, and even fewer using longitudinal designs. Using meta-analytic structural equation modelling, we tested longitudinal relationships among doctors’ perceived working conditions, their psychological wellbeing, and patient care. We further tested if doctors’ psychological wellbeing mediates the relationship between perceived working conditions and patient care.
Methods: We carried out a systematic review using Academic Search Premier; Business Source Premier; PsycInfo, PsycArticles, and Medline for the twenty-year period between January 2000 and the start of the pandemic (January 2020). We included studies with practicing doctors as participants, and that reported a quantifiable bivariate effect size between at least two of the three constructs of interest – perceived working conditions (i.e., job demands, job resource), psychological wellbeing (i.e., emotional exhaustion, work engagement), and patient care (i.e., clinical care, patient safety). We pooled relationship effect sizes using random-effects meta-analysis, before testing for indirect effects using two-stage structural equation modelling.
Results: Twenty-three samples from 11 countries representing 7,275 doctors were meta-analysed. The results indicated that job resources predicted work engagement (ρ=.18; 95% CI .11, .24) and emotional exhaustion (ρ=-.21; 95% CI -.38, -.11), while job demands predicted emotional exhaustion (ρ=.27; 95% CI .17, .36). Better clinical care was also associated with higher levels of job resources (ρ=.16; 95% CI .04, .29), and lower levels of emotional exhaustion (ρ=-.23; 95% CI -.35, -.10) and job demands (ρ=-.27; 95% CI -.43, -.10). Both factors of the work environment were associated with clinical care through doctors’ emotional exhaustion, but there were insufficient studies to test the indirect effects for work engagement or patient safety.
Conclusion: Our results demonstrate the need for a systems perspective to address working conditions to support both doctors’ psychological wellbeing and patient care. Interventions should target doctors’ job resources as they are more strongly associated with psychological wellbeing. However, given that job demands were strongly associated with emotional exhaustion, and in turn, clinical care, there is a need to better manage doctors’ workload, conflict, and pressure to support the current psychological wellbeing crises amongst this occupational group
Work and identity in Early Modern England
Get PDFHow did work shape people's identity before industrial capitalism? It is a question that early modernists have never really got to grips with. Thanks to decades of research by social and cultural historians, we now have a much better understanding of how people in the past saw themselves and labelled those around them. But until recently scholars of early modern England have had surprisingly little to say about how a person's working life – their occupation, trade, vocation or livelihood – influenced their social identity. This essay is therefore an attempt to synthesise recent research on the subject into a more explicit historiographical intervention. Early modernists need to broaden their research to consider ‘working identities’ as a whole, rather than merely the narrower concept of ‘occupational identities’. By exploring how work influenced a person's self-image and social role, we can reshape our understanding of broader social relations in this period and challenge some of the ‘grand narratives’ of early modern social and economic change
Police violence and biocolonisation
Get PDFThis essay presents a transdisciplinary, reparatory history of police violence in Britain during the nineteen seventies and eighties. I consider how the histories of transcontinental colonial nationalisms and anticolonial internationalisms were intertwined with the development of transcolonial counterinsurgency operations and local modes of policing from the late eighteenth century. I argue that this is essential to an understanding of police violence in Britain that is interwoven with the trajectories of anticolonial, antifascist and antiracist political cultures. I discuss the psychopolitical legacies of police violence which illustrates the beginnings of a broader theory of racialised subjectification that I call biocolonisation
A travel guide to the Middle Ages: the world through medieval eyes
No full textUsing authentic sources of medieval travel writing and new translations of contemporary accounts from as far and wide as Turkey, Iceland, Armenia, north Africa and Russia, A Travel Guide to the Middle Ages invites the reader to travel across a medieval world punctuated with marvels and prodigies, miraculous wonders and long-lost landmarks
Structured as a journey from western Europe to the Far East and the Antipodes, taking in everything from silk routes to walking tours of Istanbul and Jerusalem, from tours of the court of the Khan in present-day Beijing to the marvels of medieval Ethiopia, A Travel Guide to the Middle Ages will blur the distinction between real and imagined places, offering the reader an encyclopaedia of wondrous stories and peoples, but also a vivid and unforgettable insight into how medieval people understood their world. Like a real travel guide, it will also offer tips on useful phrases, where to stay and eat, and how to avoid bandits, disease and other dangers of the road.
Book synopsis from publisher: A delightfully captivating journey across the medieval world, seen through the eyes of those who travelled across it
From the bustling bazaars of Tabriz, to the mysterious island of Caldihe, where sheep were said to grow on trees, Anthony Bale brings history alive in A Travel Guide to the Middle Ages, inviting the reader to travel across a medieval world punctuated with miraculous wonders and long-lost landmarks. Journeying alongside scholars, spies and saints, from western Europe to the Far East, the Antipodes, and the ends of the world, this is no ordinary travel guide, containing everything from profane pilgrim badges, Venetian laxatives and flying coffins to encounters with bandits and trysts with princesses.
Using previously untranslated contemporary accounts from as far and wide as Turkey, Iceland, Armenia, north Africa, and Russia, A Travel Guide to the Middle Ages is a living atlas that blurs the distinction between real and imagined places, offering the reader a vivid and unforgettable insight into how medieval people understood their world
Enterprise niche and digital business model innovation——Enabling role of organizational routine updating
Get PDFAn enterprise's innovation ability depends on its position and state in the innovation ecosystem, in which maintaining its niche heterogeneity and competitiveness is key to its survival and development. However, it is unclear how the enterprise's ecological niche in the innovation ecosystem affects digital business model innovation (BMI). Based on the context of the innovation ecosystem and the theory of routine dynamics, this study explores the impact of enterprise niche on digital BMI and possible moderating role of routine updating. Through an empirical analysis of 208 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in manufacturing in China that are undergoing digital transformation, the findings show that enterprise niche width and a low level of overlap have not only positive independent but also significant positive interactive effects on digital BMI. Both routine amendment and creation positively moderate the relationship between low enterprise niche overlap and digital BMI, but their moderating effect on the relationship between niche width and digital BMI is not significant
Identifying the impact of health insurance on subgroups with changing rates of diagnosis
Get PDFExpanded access to health care often leads to new diagnoses for previously undetected conditions. New diagnoses make it difficult to identify the causal effect of expanding health insurance on individuals with particular diagnoses: the newly diagnosed in the treatment group are likely to differ in unobserved ways from the control group. This paper provides two methods for dealing with this problem depending on the data available to the researcher and diagnosis-specific knowledge. If there is no panel dimension to the data, then the causal effect for the subgroup of interest can be bounded from either above or below depending on the condition in question. If panel data are available, then the newly diagnosed can be identified, and their treated outcomes subtracted from the overall effect of interest. I apply these methods to find that the difference-in-discontinuities estimator underestimates the effect of Medicare prescription drug coverage on the uptake of insulin by first-time users by 20%
Revisiting the Great Ratios Hypothesis
Get PDFKaldor called the constancy of certain ratios stylized facts, Klein and Kosobud called
them great ratios. While they often appear in theoretical models, the empirical literature
finds little evidence for them, perhaps because the procedures used cannot deal with lack
of co-integration, two-way causality, and cross-country error dependence. We propose a
new system pooled mean group estimator that can deal with these features. Monte Carlo
results show it performs well compared with other estimators, and using it on a dataset
over 150 years and 17 countries, we find support for five of the seven ratios considere
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