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A one-dimensional energy balance model parameterization for the formation of CO2 ice on the surfaces of eccentric extrasolar planets
Get PDFEccentric planets may spend a significant portion of their orbits at large distances from their host stars, where low temperatures can cause atmospheric CO2 to condense out onto the surface, similar to the polar ice caps on Mars.The radiative effects on the climates of these planets throughout their orbits would depend on the wavelength-dependent albedo of surface CO2 ice that may accumulate at or near apoastron and vary according to the spectralenergy distribution of the host star. To explore these possible effects, we incorporated a CO2 ice-albedo parame-terization into a one-dimensional energy balance climate model. With the inclusion of this parameterization, oursimulations demonstrated that F-dwarf planets require 29% more orbit-averaged flux to thaw out of global waterice cover compared with simulations that solely use a traditional pure water ice-albedo parameterization. Whenno eccentricity is assumed, and host stars are varied, F-dwarf planets with higher bond albedos relative to theirM-dwarf planet counterparts require 30% more orbit-averaged flux to exit a water snowball state. Additionally,the intense heat experienced at periastron aids eccentric planets in exiting a snowball state with a smaller increasein instellation compared with planets on circular orbits; this enables eccentric planets to exhibit warmer conditionsalong a broad range of instellation. This study emphasizes the significance of incorporating an albedo parameter-ization for the formation of CO2 ice into climate models to accurately assess the habitability of eccentric planets,as we show that, even at moderate eccentricities, planets with Earth-like atmospheres can reach surface tempera-tures cold enough for the condensation of CO2 onto their surfaces, as can planets receiving low amounts of instel-lation on circular orbits.
Vidya https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5638-4344 [email protected], Aomawa L. Shields, Russell Deitrick, Eric T. Wolf, and Andrew Rushb
A method for estimating buyers’ shared responsibility for oil palm expansion
No full textOil palm expansion is a leading contributor to forest loss in Southeast Asia. While concerns about biodiversity loss and land disposition have led to debates about the crop, the main concern has to do with the degree to which deforestation for oil palm expansion and sharing the responsibility for those emissions appropriately across supply chains could contribute to policy or initiatives to incentivize better behavior in the sector. This paper presents a method for assigning shared responsibility for oil palm emissions costs between producers and buyers, based on estimating the degree to which each benefit from transacting in a market where social costs for byproducts like greenhouse gas emissions are not internalized. The method is demonstrated by estimating domestic and international buyer’s shared responsibility for the value of greenhouse gas emissions from the elimination of aboveground woody biomass for oil palm expansion in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, and Sabah, Malaysia. These calculations demonstrate that even with a restrictive definition of targeted emissions and low carbon process, the values at stake are substantial. These examples are supplemented with an analysis using the recently available Trase Indonesia Supply Chain dataset, which results in an estimation that domestic and international buyers of oil palm from Indonesia from 2001 to 2022 is around US$5.8 trillion. Future developments of this approach should consider the intertemporal dimension of assigning shared responsibility, as well as considering how estimates like these might be used to incentivize more sustainable agricultural practices
The power asymmetry in fuzzy regression discontinuity designs
Get PDFIn a fuzzy regression discontinuity (RD) design, the probability of treatment jumps when a running variable (R) passes a threshold (R0). Fuzzy RD estimates are obtained via a procedure analogous to two-stage least squares (2SLS), where an indicator I(R > R0) plays the role of the instrument. Recently, Keane and Neal (2023, 2024) showed that 2SLS t-tests suffer from a “power asymmetry”: 2SLS standard errors are spuriously small (large) when the 2SLS estimate is close to (far from) the OLS estimate. Here, we show that a similar problem arises in Fuzzy RD. Hence, if the endogeneity bias is positive, the Fuzzy RD t-test has little power to detect true negative effects, and inflated power to find false positives. The problem persists even if the instrument is very strong. To avoid this problem one should rely exclusively on the intent-to-treat (ITT) regression to assess significance of the treatment effect
The perspectives of peer practitioners and psychologists on the effectiveness of trauma support programme for healthcare workers
Get PDFPurpose: This study explores the implementation of a staff trauma support pathway (TSP) within a large acute hospital in England. The TSP is a peer-based initiative designed to support healthcare workers following potentially traumatic events (PTEs). We aimed to understand how the pathway supports individuals and contributes to a supportive organisational culture while examining its perceived benefits and challenges.
Design/methodology/approach: We carried out semi-structured interviews with five peer practitioners and four psychologists involved in the TSP. The interviews focused on their experiences of training, delivering support and the pathway’s impact. Thematic analysis was used to identify key insights.
Findings: The TSP helps healthcare staff by normalising their emotional reactions to trauma, offering a space to reflect and improving awareness of mental health resources within the organisation. It also fosters a more compassionate workplace culture by reducing stigma and encouraging help-seeking behaviours. Peer practitioners reported professional growth and enhanced confidence, while psychologists noted a more efficient use of resources. However, participants highlighted challenges, including managing the pathway alongside existing responsibilities, the pressure to not let others down and ensuring equitable access for staff.
Originality/value: This study adds to the growing evidence on peer-led trauma support systems in healthcare, shedding light on their dual benefits for individuals and organisations. By emphasising early intervention and shared understanding, the findings offer practical insights into sustaining and scaling such initiatives in high-pressure environments with ramifications for intervention development in other sectors as well
Adorno, ethics and business ethics
Get PDFTheodor W. Adorno was one of the twentieth century’s most potent and influential European thinkers, whose impact is felt across the humanities and social sciences. However, Adorno’s thought has been almost entirely absent from the business ethics conversation. This chapter explores the relevance of Adorno’s thought for business ethics that has emerged in recent scholarship. It does so through an engagement with topics such as positivistic management, consumer culture, social media and political discourse, and the possibility of good work, and by expounding Adorno’s critical theory, the critique of the business ethics tradition implied by his work, and the debate regarding whether Adorno can be read as
‘negative Aristotelian’
Exploring the connections between Gaming Disorder and real-life problems through network analysis
Get PDFRecent research on Gaming Disorder (GD) has emphasized the important role of experiences related to psychiatric distress and functional impairments in GD, however, little is known about the complex relationship between its symptoms and specific associated problems. The present study recruited a nationally representative sample of 1,074 British adults to investigate the relationship between GD Symptoms and GD Problems within a network analysis framework among gamers. The results of the node centrality analysis revealed that significant distress/impairment was central, exhibiting the highest betweenness, closeness, and strength, and acted as a critical bridge linking other symptoms. Moreover, impaired control was the most influential node in terms of its potential to affect other nodes in the network, implying that both nodes are core symptoms of GD. Additionally, bridge centrality analysis suggested that while significant distress/impairment directly connected GD Symptoms with GD Problems, the nodes related to problems served as gateways between the two identified GD core symptoms, further propagating effects across the network. These findings present important implications as targeted interventions aiming at alleviating the experience of psychiatric distress and functional impairments associated with GD, while improving gaming behavior self-regulation may lead to cascading benefits reducing the overall intensity of symptoms experienced. Interestingly, the findings also supported the notion that GD Problems acted as bridges between the two GD core symptoms identified (i.e., significant distress/impairment and impaired control), signifying that they connect the GD core symptoms, allowing the effects of one symptom to influence the other while intensifying the overall experience of symptomatology
That's not fair! Navigating the duality of fairness in insurance
Get PDFInsurance serves as a social good, providing financial protection against disasters whilst operating within a profit-driven market. This dual role highlights the complex intersection of social and commercial interests, raising a fairness puzzle often portrayed as a trade-off between solidarity and actuarial fairness. Insurance organisations adhere to actuarial fairness by setting insurance premiums proportional to each individual's risk. As extreme weather drives greater losses in high-risk areas, actuarial fairness often results in unaffordable premiums for many. To address this, societies may adopt principles of solidarity fairness to subsidise their premiums. However, this approach threats diminishing personal responsibility to contain risk, as individuals may rely on subsidised protection rather than taking proactive measures. This study draws on a longitudinal qualitative study of a government-legislated insurance organisation to develop a process framework that reconceptualises fairness in insurance as a duality of solidarity and actuarial fairness. It offers insights into designing insurance systems that are socially equitable and financially sustainable
Beyond the gender binary at work: introduction to the special issue
Get PDFIn this editorial, we introduce a special issue on aspects related to being beyond the gender binary in the context of work. The special issue consists of seven articles that examine the lived experience of non-binary individuals in organizations, including how they express their gender identity or experience a gender transition, as well as how HR professionals perceive and approach gender diversity and how they contribute to or hinder the inclusion of non-binary individuals in organizations. Our editorial starts with a brief overview of what is known about being non-binary at work and HRM, what we do not know, and why it is important to study this topic and push for more support and inclusion for this population. We then introduce the articles in this special issue, which adopt different theoretical lenses, use different methodologies and are embedded in different sociocultural and legal contexts. Based on this collection of articles, we present avenues for future research on gender diversity and HRM. Moreover, with the aim to bridge the theory-practice gap, we outline what HR practitioners can learn from this collection in the hope to contribute to a more inclusive and supportive workplace for all individuals, regardless of their gender identity
Characteristics and modelling of slip-rate variability and temporal earthquake clustering across a distributed network of active normal faults constrained by in situ 36Cl cosmogenic dating of fault scarp exhumation, central Italy
No full textWe present a compilation of new and unpublished in situ 36Cl cosmogenic isotope data recording the exhumation of 27 active normal fault planes by earthquake slip for the central Apennines, Italy. We do this to constrain the characteristics of slip-rate variability and temporal earthquake clustering and anticlustering across the entire extending orogen, and to assess why it occurs. From the 36Cl observations we report(1) the long-term slip-rates averaged since 20 ka, (2) the percentage of sites with clusters and anticlusters in each 1 kyrs time-slice back to 20 ka, (3) regional maps showing cluster locations for every 1 kyr time-slice, (4) cluster and anticluster durations, and (5) the amounts of slip and slip-rates averaged over the duration of clusters and anticlusters. To study why this slip-rate variability has developed we conduct modelling of stress interactions between faults and underlying shear-zones, and between neighbouring fault/shear-zone structures. We show that the measured slip-rate variability and temporal clustering can be replicated by a model where the transfer of differential stress between faults and their underlying shear zones, and between neighbouring fault/shear-zone structures, produces changes in strain-rates on underlying viscous shear-zones which drive periods of rapid or reduced slip-rate on their overlying faults. We suggest that stress and hence strain-rate increase on an underlying shear-zone produced by coseismic slip on its overlying fault is the mechanism that initiates an earthquake cluster. Clusters progress because the increased strain-rate on the shear-zone reloads the overlying fault producing a positive feedback loop. The clusters also produce stress reduction on fault/shear-zones located across strike, initiating anticlusters in those locations. The durations of anticlusters will be set by the summed coseismic and interseismic stress changes through time, because although these shear-zones develop relatively low viscous strain-rates, eventually they will load their overlying fault to failure initiating a new cluster. These interactions cause the locations of clusters and anticlusters to migrate across and along-strike within the fault system. Such constraints on the processes producing clustering and anticlustering should allow observations of these phenomena to be included in probabilistic seismic hazard assessments (PSHA), and interpretations of the rheology of deforming continental crust
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