International Journal of Social Science Studies
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Development of a Scale to Assess Adequacy of Organizational Structure
Full text linkThe present study was undertaken to construct and validate a scale to assess the adequacy of organization structure. After studying each component of the organizational structure and discussion with experts, 21 items were selected and 5-point Likert-type scale was prepared. The scale was administered to 240 employees working in a well known production organization. The scale has desirable psychometric properties, including high internal consistency, reliability and construct validity. The scale satisfactorily validates with certain criterion measures, such as organizational commitment, job satisfaction and work motivation
Grotesque Impressions Enhance the Gaze Cueing Effect
Full text linkA non-predictive gaze cue produces a reflexive shift of attention to the gazed-at location. The present study used a modified version of Posner's attentional cueing paradigm (a gaze cueing paradigm) to investigate role of grotesque facial expressions on a gaze cueing effect involving induced fear. Grotesque faces were created by vertically shifting the position of one of the two eyes (Experiment 1, N =28) or both eyes (Experiment 2, N =28). The grotesque faces of Experiment 1 produced a larger facilitative effect of a gaze cue than did original faces, whereas the less grotesque faces of Experiment 2 did not. Cooper & Wojan (2000) have shown that one-eye moved faces produce much more grotesque impressions than two-eye moved faces. Results suggest that a grotesque facial expression, which may induce fear, automatically attracts observers' attention and facilitates processing of the gaze, ultimately enhancing the gaze cueing effect
Religious Involvement, the Serotonin Transporter Promoter Polymorphism, and Drug Use in Young Adults
Full text linkWe examine whether the genetic basis for religious involvement is common to the genetic basis for drug use/abuse, helping to explain the inverse relationship between religiosity and drug use. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed data on 2,537 young adult siblings participating in Wave III of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health on whom both genetic characteristics and religious participation were collected. Religion/spirituality was assessed with four measures: frequency of attendance at religious services and other religious youth meetings, frequency of private prayer, self-rated importance of religion and spirituality, and self-reported history of a life-changing spiritual experience. Each religious measure was examined individually and combined together into a summary scale. Illicit drug use (including prescription drug abuse) was assessed. Polymorphisms of the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene, SLC6A4 (i.e., LL, SL, SS genotypes) were determined. Results indicated that (1) all religious measures were inversely related to drug use/abuse, (2) the SLC6A4 genotypes SS and SL were less common among those who were more religious, especially among non-whites, and (3) SS/SL genotypes were less common among those who used illegal drugs. Despite being less likely to have the protective SS/SL genotype, religious adolescents were still less likely to use drugs. (4) There was no evidence that the serotonin transporter genotype mediated the relationship between religiosity and illegal drug use. These findings suggest that genetic factors play a role in religiosity, especially in non-whites, and that both genotype and religiosity independently predict substance abuse
Understanding Experiences of Sexuality with Cerebral Palsy through Sexual Script Theory
Full text linkThis study explored how people with cerebral palsy (CP) negotiated and perceived their sexual interactions with others. In doing so, this research discusses participant conceptualizations of sexuality with CP. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with two women and five men with moderate to severe cerebral palsy from Canada and Australia. The interview discourse focused on how, if at all, interactional constructions of sexuality influenced the way in which participants expressed and negotiated their sexuality. Interview data were thematically analyzed using NVivo and manual line-by-line analysis. Negotiated sexuality with partners, and communication styles influenced understandings of sexuality with CP. Partner validation was important to participant understanding sexuality as was the style and quality of communication about sexuality between sexual partners. Sexuality was meaningful with a sense of closeness, experiences of affection and reciprocity. Personal sexual agency enabled negotiation of preferred sexuality as did perceived levels of socio-sexual compatibility. The findings confirm that sexuality is socially negotiated. For people with CP personal agency yields more satisfying socio-sexual outcomes. In this regard, the ability to make (and exercise) choice when negotiating interactional sexual experiences reinforces conceptualizations of oneself as a sexual being and sexual equal
Gun Laws and Crime: An Empirical Assessment
Full text linkThis paper deals with the effect of gun laws on crime. Several empirical analyses are carried to investigate the relationship between five different crime rates and alternative law variables. The tests are based on cross-section data from US sates. Three different law variables are used in the analysis together with a set of control variables for income, poverty, unemployment and ethnic background of the population. Empirical analysis does not lend support to the notion that crime laws would affect the crime rates. The results seem to be the same for all five crime categories that are analyzed in the paper
Chinese Megachurch Persecution: Application of an Indigenous Resource Framework
Full text linkDespite increased religious tolerance in China over the past few decades, persecution of Christians persists. Small churches or Christians who clandestinely meet in small groups may avoid a certain degree of conflict; few studies consider how their larger, less conspicuous counterparts fare. An indigenous resource framework and content analysis of interview, secondary, and participant observation data inform this study of megachurch conflict in mainland China and whether responses follow patterns similar to those used by Black Christian-based activists in the United States during periods of persecution. Findings evidence use of a strategic fusion of indigenous resources common before and during the Civil Rights Movement such as non-violent activism, charisma, and prayer, but adapted to the specific politico-religious environment in China to combat persecution, engender social justice, as well as rally local and international support