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SHALLOW WATER EQUATION SOLUTION IN 2D USING FINITE DIFFERENCE METHOD WITH EXPLICIT SCHEME
Get PDFAbstract. Modeling the dynamics of seawater typically uses a shallow water model. The shallow water model is derived from the mass conservation equation and the momentum set into shallow water equations. A two-dimensional shallow water equation alongside the model that is integrated with depth is described in numerical form. This equation can be solved by finite different methods either explicitly or implicitly. In this modeling, the two dimensional shallow water equations are described in discrete form using explicit schemes.Keyword: shallow water equation, finite difference and schema explisit.REFERENSI1. Bunya, S., Westerink, J. J. dan Yoshimura. 2005. Discontinuous Boundary Implementation for the Shallow Water Equations. Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids. 47: 1451-1468.2. Kampf Jochen. 2009. Ocean Modelling For Beginners. Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht. London New York.3. Rezolla, L 2011. Numerical Methods for the Solution of Partial Diferential Equations. Trieste. International Schoolfor Advanced Studies.4. Natakussumah, K. D., Kusuma, S. B. M., Darmawan, H., Adityawan, B. M. Dan Farid, M. 2007. Pemodelan Hubungan Hujan dan Aliran Permukaan pada Suatu DAS dengan Metode Beda Hingga. ITB Sain dan Tek. 39: 97-123.5. Casulli, V. dan Walters, A. R. 2000. An unstructured grid, three-dimensional model based on the shallow water equations. Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids. 32: 331-348.6. Triatmodjo, B. 2002. Metode Numerik Beta Offset. Yogyakarta
ANALGETIC ACTIVITY OF CEP-CEPAN (Saurauia cauliflora DC.) LEAVES EXTRACT
Get PDFAbstract. Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. The people who live in Karo use several types of plants to relieve pain, one of which is cep-cepan (Saurauia cauliflora DC.) The leaves of this plant traditionally used to treat gastrointestinal disorders. There is no scientific evidence about analgetic effect of the leaves. Thus, this study aimed to determine the potential effect of the ethanolic extract of cep-cepan leaves as an analgesic. Fresh Cep-cepan leaves were dried in a drying cabinet at 40C. Furthermore, the water content of the powdered dried leaves was determined using azeotropic distillation method. Phytochemical screening was carried out to determine chemical groups contained in the dried leaves. Plant extraction was done by maceration method using ethanol 96%. Analgesic effect of the extract was evaluated by observing respon time of mices to infrared as pain inducer. Mices were grouped into six categories, they were: vehicle, antalgin 65 mg/kgBW, and extracts at the dose of 500 mg/kgBW, 250 mg/kgBW, 125 mg/kgBW, 62,5 mg/kgBW, all were administered orally. The data were analayzed using ANOVA followed by LSD. Results showed that the dried leaves contained flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, anthraquinone glycosides and steroids/triterpenoids. The water contain of the dried leaves was 5,3%. The analgesic test results showed the extract at the dose of 250 mg/kgBW had strong analgesic effect similar to that of 500 mg/kgBW and antalgin 65 mg/kgBW.Keywords: analgetic, antalgin, cep-cepan, leave, saurauia cauliflora
VALIDATION OF ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROPHOTOMETRY METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF MEFENAMIC ACID LEVEL IN SUSPENSION DOSAGE FORMS
Get PDFAbstract. Mefenamic Acid is one type of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug that works to relieve pain by blocking an enzyme that produces prostaglandins. The quality requirements that must be met by pharmaceutical preparations are levels contained must meet the level requirement as listed in the Indonesian Pharmacopoeia or other standard books. The purpose of this study was to conduct a validation test of ultraviolet spectrophotometry methods for determination of the Mefenamic Acid level in the suspension preparation. The sample consisted of three suspensions preparation under the trade name obtained from a pharmacy in the Medan city. The solvent used is sodium hydroxide (NaOH) 0,1 N solution and the measurement was done at a wavelength of 286 nm. Validation parameters determined were Accuracy, Precision, Linearity, Range, Limit of Detection and Limit of Quantitation. The results of the determination of the Mefenamic Acid suspension preparation under the trade name Pondex was 100,390,21%, trade name Omestan was 99,980,33% and trade name Novastan was 103,210,83%. All the suspension preparations were determined meet the general level requirement, that contain not less than 90,0% and not more than 110,0% of the amount stated on the label. The results meet the requirements of the validation test of analysis methods with the parameter percent recovery 100,08% for accuracy, relative standard deviation 0,04% for precision, the correlation coefficient 1,0000 for linearity, range 8 g/mL to 12 g/mL, limit of detection limit 0,0118 g/mL, limit of quantitation 0,0356 g/mL.Keywords: Validation, Spectrophotometry, Determination, Suspension, Mefenamic Aci
MATH INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA DESIGN USING COMPUTER FOR COMPLETION OF TWO-VARIABLES LINEAR EQUATION SYSTEM BY ELIMINATION METHOD*
Get PDFAbstract.Science and technology have been rapidly evolved in some fields of knowledge, including mathematics. Such development can contribute to improvements on the learning process that encourage students and teachers to enhance their abilities and performances. In delivering the material on the linear equation system with two variables (SPLDV), the conventional teaching method where teachers become the center of the learning process is still well-practiced. This method would cause the students get bored and have difficulties to understand the concepts they are learning. Therefore, in order to the learning of SPLDV easy, an interesting, interactive media that the students and teachers can apply is necessary. This media is designed using GUI MATLAB and named as students electronic worksheets (e-LKS). This program is intended to help students in finding and understanding the SPLDV concepts more easily. This program is also expected to improve students motivation and creativity in learning the material. Based on the test using the System Usability Scale (SUS), the design of interactive mathematics learning media of the linear equation system with Two Variables (SPLDV) gets grade B (excellent), meaning that this learning media is proper to be used for Junior High School students of grade VIII.Keyword: SPLDV, Learning Media, Students Electronic Worksheet (e-LKS)*Judul ini telah dipresentasikan pada Seminar Nasional: Indonesian Students Conference on Science and Mathematics(ISCSM) 11-12 November 2015, Banda Aceh Indonesi
A REVIEW: MICROPROPAGATION OF PHALAENOPSIS sp FROM LEAF AND FLOWER STALK EXPLANTS
Get PDFAbstract Phalaenopsis orchids are recognized as the most popular orchid genus in the world, especially in horticultural industry due to their large, colorful, and durable flowers as well as their wider adaptability to room conditions. The characteristics of seedling propagated by vegetative means are not uniform; therefore, propagation through tissue culture is desirable. Although the micro propagation of Phalaenopsis has shown very good development, but the wide spread of micro propagation still limited due some problems such as the exudation of phenolic compounds, the PGR concentration, the media used, somaclonal variation, the chosen explants, etc. This paper endeavor to include some important investigations based on the common explants used; leaf and flower stalk.Keywords: Micropropagation, Phalaenopsis, leaf explant, flower stalkReferencesAnonymous. Orchid (Orchidaceae). Diakes tanggal 13 Januari 2013 dari http://www.rainforest-alliance.org/kids/species-profiles/orchid. Rainforest Alliance. 2002.Pillon, Y.; Chase, M. W.Taxonomic exaggeration and its effects on orchid conservation. Conservation Biology. 2007, 21, 263265.Thengane, S. R.; Deodhar, S. R.; Bhosle, S. V.; Rawal, S. K. Direct somatic embryogenesis and plant regenaration in Garciniaindica Chois. Current Science. 2006, 91(8), 1074-1078.Yuswanti, H.; Dharma, I. P.; Utama. ; Wiraatmaja, I. W. Mikropropagasi anggrek Phalaenopsis dengan menggunakan eksplan tangkai bunga. AGROTROP. 2015, 5(2): 161-166.Raynalta, E.; Sukma, D. Pengaruh komposisi media dalam perbanyakan protocorm like bodies, pertumbuhan plantlet, dan aklimatisasi Phalaenopsis amabilis. J. Hort. Indonesia. 2013, 4(3): 131-139.Kosir, P.; Skof, S.; Luthar, Z. Direct Shoot Regeneration from Nodes of Phalaenopsis of Orchids. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica. 2004, 83, 233242.Arditti, J. R. ; Ernst. Micropropagation of Orchids. Wiley-Interscience. New York, 1993.Park, Y. S.;Kakuta, S.; Kano, A.; Okabe, M.Efficient propagation of protocorm-like bodies of Phalaenopsis in liquid medium. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. 1996, 45, 7985.Park, S. Y. ; Yeung, E. C.; Chakrabarty, D. ; Paek, K. Y. An efficient direct induction of protocorm-like bodies from leaf subepidermal cells of Doritaenopsis hybrid using thin-section culture. Plant Cell Reports. 2002, 21, 4651.Zahara, M.; Datta, A.; Boonkorkaew, P. Effects of sucrose, carrot juice and culture media on growth and net CO2 exchange rate in Phalaenopsis hybrid Pink. ScientiaHorticulturae. 2016,205, 1724.Hee, K. H.; Loh, C. S.; Yeoh, H. H. In vitro flowering and rapid in vitro embryo production in Dendrobium Chao Praya Smile (Orchidaceae). Plant Cell Reports. 2007, 26, 20552062.Kannan, N. An in vitro study on micropropagation of Cymbidium orchids. Current Biotica. 2009, 3, 244250.Steward, Jr. N. C. Plant Biotechnology and Genetics. Willey, A john Willey Sons, INC., Publication. 2008.George, E. F.; Sherington, P. D.Biotechnology by tissue culture. Exegetics Ltd. 1994.Nursyamsi. Teknik kultur jaringan sebagai alternatif perbanyakan tanaman untuk mendukung rehabilitasi lahan. Makalah pada ekspose hasil-hasil penelitian balai penelitian kehutanan makasar. Makasar, 2010.Aditi, J. F. L. S.; Krikorian, A. D. Orchid mircropropagation: the path from laboratory to commercialization and an account of several unappreciated investigators. Botanical Journal of of the Linnean Society. 1996, 122: 183-241.Gunawan, L. W. Teknik Kultur Jaringan Tanaman. Pusat Antar Universitas (PAU) Bioteknologi IPB. 1998. Bogor.Chugh, S. Guha, S.; Rao, I. U. Micropropagation of orchids: A review on the potential of different explants. Scientia Horticulturae. 2009, 122, 507520.Ramdan. Kultur daun dan pangkal batang in vitro anggrek bulan raksasa (Phalaenopsis gigantea J.J.Smith) pada beberapa media kultur jaringan. Departemen agronomi dan hortikultura, Fakultas pertanian IPB. 2011.Latip, M. A. R.; Murdad, Z. A.; Aziz, L. H.; Ting, L. M.; Govindasamy.; R. Pipin. Effects of N6-Benzyladenine and Thidiazuron on Poliferation of Phalaenopsis gigantea Protocorm. AsPac J. Mol. Biol. Biotechnol. 2010, 18(1): 217-220 p.Niknejad, A.; Kadir, M. A.; Kadzimin, B. S. In vitro plant regeneration from protocorms-like bodies (PLBs) and callus of Phalaenopsis gigantea (Epidendroidaceae: Orchidaceae). African Journal of Biotechnology.2010, 10, 1180811816.Chen, J. T.; Chang, W. C. Direct somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from leaf explants of Phalaenopsis amabilis. Biologia Plantarum. 2006, 50, 169173.Zahara, M. Disertasi doktor: The Effects of Plant Growth Regulators and Natural Additives on Direct Shoot Regeneration and Plantlet Growth of Phalaenopsis hybrid Pink. Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani. Thailand. 2016.Xu, C. J.; Li, H.; Zhang, M. G. Preliminary studies on the elements of browning and the changes in cellular texture of leaf explant browning in Phalaenopsis. Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 2005, 32, 11111113.Tokuhara, K; Mii, M. Induction of embryonic callus and cell suspension culture from shoot tips excised from flower stalk buds of Phalaenopsis (Orchidaceae). In Vitro Cellular Developmental BiologyPlant. 2001, 37, 457461Balilashaki, K.; Naderi, R.; Kalantari, S.; Soorni, A. Mircropropagation of Phalaenopsis amabilis cv Cool Breeze with using flower stakl nodes and leaves of sterile obtained from node cultures. IJFAS, 2014.Semiarti, E.; Indrianto, A.; Purwanto, A. Agrobacterium-Mediated transformation of Indonesian orchids for micropropagation, genetic transformation, Prof. Mara Alvarez (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-307-364-4, InTech, 2011. Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/ genetic-transformation/agrobacterium-mediated-transformation-ofindonesian-orchids-for-micropropagation
DETERMINATION OF RADON CONCENTRATIONS IN DWELLING IN ACEH
Get PDFAbstract. Determination of radon concentrations in dwelling in Aceh region by using a passive method has been conducted. In this research, area considered was divided into several sections called grid. Each grid represents an area of 60 km x 60 km in which, depend on public response, 6-10 passive radon monitors were installed. The number of passive radon monitors installed in Aceh is 200 units, and they can be taken back as many as 191 units or 95.50 %. The passive radon monitors have stayed in dwelling for 3-4 months and after period of the exposure, those radon monitors were taken back and brought to laboratory for further process, and then the track were read and the radon concentrations were calculated. Furthermore, data of radon concentration in dwelling and GPS location were put into MapInfo Software v.10.5 to create a map of radon concentration. The results of the analysis of the radon concentration in dwelling in Aceh demonstrate that the concentrations are in the range of 3.32 0.23 Bq/m3 up to 68.30 4.83 Bq/m3. This result was lower than the radon reference level determined by UNSCEAR, which was 300 Bq/m3. The data are useful in the regional extension and development plans, as well as the basis for health policy analysis due to the existence of radon in Indonesia. Furthermore, these data will become the contribution of Indonesia in the international world through UNSCEAR, IAEA and WHO. The data obtained can be used as partial data in creating a map of radon concentration in residents houses in Aceh, as a part of the map of radon concentration in Indonesia.Keywords: radon concentration, dwelling, Aceh, passive methodREFERENSIUNSCEAR, 1996, Natural Radiation Exposures, Forty Fifth Session, VienaIAEA, 2005, Radiation, People and the Environment, Viena.Bunawas, Emlinarti, M. Affandi, 1996, Penentuan laju lepasan radon dari bahan bangunan menggunakan metode pasip dengan metode jejak nuklir, Prosiding PPIKRL, PSPKR-BATAN, 20-21 Agustus 1996, pp. 16-21.Sutarman, L. Nirwani, Emlinarti dan A. Warsona, 2005, Penentuan konsentrasi gas radon dan thoron menggunakan detektor film LR-115 di DKI Jakarta dan sekitarnya, Prosiding PPIPDIPTN P3TM-BATAN, Jogjakarta, p. 212-221.M. Affandi, D. Iskandar, dan Bunawas, 1996, Radon di Kompleks Perumahan BATAN, Presiding PIKRL, PSPKR-BATAN, p. 262-265Wahyudi, Kusdiana and D. Iskandar, 2016, Mapping of Indoor Radon Concentration in Houses Located in South Sulawesi Province, 2nd International Conference on the SERIR2 14th Biennial Conference of the SPERA, Bali, CTRSM-BATAN, p. 35-38.E. Pudjadi, Wahyudi, A. Warsona and Syarbaini, 2016, Measurement of Indoor Radon-Thoron Concentration in Dwellings of Bali Island, Indonesia, 2nd International Conference on the SERIR2 14th Biennial Conference of the SPERA, Bali, CTRSM-BATAN, p. 186-192.M.H.Magalhes, et al., 2003. Radon-222 in Brazil: an outline of indoor and outdoor measurements. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 67(2), pp.131143.F.S. Al-Saleh, 2007. Measurements of indoor gamma radiation and radon concentrations in dwellings of Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 65(7), pp.843848
KAJIAN STATISTIK SEISMISITAS KAWASAN SUMATERA
Get PDFThe research was conducted in order to identify the distribution of seismicity, repeated periods of earthquakes and the probability of earthquake in Sumatra using Likelihood Maximum methods. Earthquake data from the ISC and USGS catalogue were used. Earthquake data from 1914-2014 (100 year span) with magnitude of (M)5 SR and depth (h)100 km that is located at 60LS 100LU and 920BT 1080BT. The latitude and longitude coordinates were divided into 21 regions. The results showed distribution of seismicity in Sumatran as much as 3634 events of earthquake during the 100 last years. The distribution of seismicity in Sumatra is quite high. From data shown, there was value a, which is between 4.81 - 9.94 and value b which is between 0.54 - 1.32. This condition indicated an index value of M5 SR, which is between 0.006 - 0.076 and repeated periods between 13 - 175 years with the probability of earthquake M5 SR between 5.6% - 99.9% for T (time) = 10, 50 and 100 years
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY TEST OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF WHITE AND RED FLESH FROM GUAVA LEAF ( Psidium guajava. L) AGAINTS Staphylococcus aureus AND Escherichia coli
Get PDFAn antibacterial activity test of ethanol extract of white and red flesh from guava leaf (Psidium guajava. L) against S.aureus and E.coli; using agar diffusion method was carried out in order to produce the extract. The extract was collected using maceration method. The concentration of extract was 7,8125; 6,1035; 5,00; 4,8828; 4,3944; and 3,90625 mg/mL. The results showed that both of extracts had antibacterial activities. Ethanol extract of white flesh of fruit guava leaf had (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) MIC value at 5.000 mg/mL against S.aureus and 4.8828 mg/mL against E.coli. Whereas ethanol extract of red flesh of fruit guava leaf had MIC value at 4.3944 mg/mL against S.aureus and E.coli. MIC value of ethanol extract of white flesh of fruit guava leaf is equal with MIC value of clindamicin concentration at 3.00 g/mL against S.aureus, and 1.00 g/mL against E.coli. The MIC value of red flesh of fruit guava leaf is equal to the MIC value of clindamicin concentration at 3.00 g/mL against S.aureus, and 1.00 g/mL against E.coli
PENGARUH KOMBINASI EKSTRAK PETROLEUM ETER BAWANG PUTIH (Allium sativum Linn) DENGAN VITAMIN C TERHADAP AKTIVITAS Candida albicans
Get PDFGarlic (Allium sativum) contains organosulfur compound that plays an important role as an antibacterial and antifungal activities. Ascorbic acid or vitamine C also has been show has a good activity as an antioxidant and as an antifungal. The aims of the research is to determine the effect of the combination of petroleum ether garlic extract with vitamin C against Candida albicans. Zone of inhibition testing done by Kirby-Bauer method. The results showed that the combination of petroleum ether garlic extract with vitamin C in concentration of 50% did not show an activity significantly. Meanwhile, the activity of petroleum ether garlic extract alone at concentration of 50 and 75% showed activities towards Candida albicans with a diameter of inhibition zone are 19.46 and 27.46 mm respectively
SOLUSI PERMASALAHAN KOMPUTASI SKALA BESAR PADA SOFTWARE ADOBE FLASH DALAM PERANCANGAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN PENCARIAN EULERIAN CIRCUIT
Get PDFAdobe Flash is a software that is used to build an interactive contents that can be attached in other things, such as presentations, games and e-learning. The Eulerian Circuit Search Instructional Media is one of examples in using Adobe Flash in building an interactive instructional media to solve graph theory problems. Visually, Adobe Flash is better than other programming software in general and it is the most suitable one for graph theory, as it uses graphics and visuals to solve problems. The weakness of Adobe Flash is when doing large scale calculations; such as when testing algorithms to find Eulerian circuits. Then an idea came about to complete the large scale calculations in Adobe Flash, which is commonly known as script time limit, with using other methodologies by changing script time limit on the settings, algorithms, partition the processes, and utulize the timers within the objects in the actionscript that handles the search algorithms of searching Eulerian circuit