Indonesian Journal of Geography
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Learning from the past: Vulnerability analysis and cascading hazard classification of the three major volcanic eruptions in Indonesia
Full text linkThis research addresses a significant gap in understanding the social impacts of three major volcanic eruptions in Indonesia: Samalas in 1257, Tambora in 1815, and Krakatau in 1883. While these events have been widely studied in geological and volcanic contexts, their societal impacts and the associated cascading hazards have not been thoroughly compared. Utilizing historical documents that reflect societal memories, including Babad Lombok, Babad Sembalun, Babad Suwung, Syair Kerajaan Bima, and Syair Lampung Karam alongside records from the Dutch East Indies period, this study investigates the community responses and impacts of these catastrophic events. The findings reveal that all documented social memories articulate the communities' reactions and the resultant consequences of these eruptions. Additionally, geological and volcanological data from prior studies were employed to describe the characteristics of past vulnerabilities. Notably, Samalas exhibited the longest recovery process, whereas Krakatau resulted in the highest number of casualties due to its cascading hazards. All events are categorized within the M4 scale of cascading hazards, emphasizing the complexity of these disasters. This research offers critical insights into Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) programs, highlighting the necessity of integrating historical social memory into modern risk management strategies. By understanding past community responses, DRR initiatives can better prepare for future volcanic events, ensuring a more resilient society. Received: 2024-12-03 Revised: 2025-04-30 Accepted: 2025-08-06 Published: 2025-08-20
Assesssment Of Heavy Metals in Sedimentary Formation of Kogi State, Nigeria
Full text linkContamination of water resources by heavy metals poses significant environmental and public health challenges worldwide, especially in developing regions like Nigeria. This study investigated the concentration levels of heavy metals in sedimentary formations across selected local government areas in Kogi State, Nigeria, with the aim of assessing seasonal variations and potential health risks. Four local government areas were strategically chosen to represent major sedimentary formations in the state. Water samples were systematically collected during both dry and wet seasons, yielding a total of 60 samples per season for laboratory analysis. The samples were analyzed for 10 physico-chemical parameters, 3 biological indicators, and 10 heavy metals using standard laboratory procedures. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 for descriptive statistics and further subjected to inferential statistics, including Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Student t-test, to assess variations across seasons and formations. Results revealed that concentrations of heavy metals such as zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), and magnesium (Mg) exceeded both WHO and Nigerian Standards for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) limits, particularly during the wet season, indicating significant seasonal variability and potential ecological risks. The findings highlight the critical need for effective environmental management and pollution control measures in the study area. The study's novelty lies in its comprehensive seasonal and spatial assessment of heavy metals across sedimentary formations, providing baseline data for policymakers. In comparison with similar studies in Nigeria and globally, these results emphasize the urgent need to improve waste management practices and strengthen water quality monitoring systems. Received: 2023-07-16 Revised: 2025-01-16 Accepted: 2025-08-05 Published: 2025-08-19
Evacuation Model of Earthquake in Multi-Storey Building using 3D GIS and Agent-Based Model
No full textEvacuation simulations in multi-storey building using 3D GIS and ABM require further study. Existing models lack comprehensive input on various building attributes. This research aims to develop a model for simulating earthquake evacuations in multi-storey buildings. The building and its occupants (agents) are modeled in detail, with building dimensions and designs obtained through measurements and field surveys. A field observation was conducted to determine agent's distribution. Agents placed in the building model are given certain behaviors once evacuation begins. The research focuses on a multi-storey building at Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM). The model can assess the effectiveness of current evacuation facilities. Computer simulation results show that 266 agents require 140.8 seconds to evacuate, with no bottleneck observed at any location. A guest agent, assumed to lack knowledge of the building’s emergency information, is observed to exit last. In contrast, the fastest evacuation is achieved by agents familiar with the building, represented by a group of lecturers/staff. Model validation, through comparison with a drill simulation, shows a time difference of 0.45 seconds. Findings indicate that, under current scenarios, the building’s evacuation facilities have adequate capacity. Evacuation simulations in multi-storey building by utilizing 3D GIS and ABM still needs to be studied further. Various attributes that exist in a building have not become a complete input on existing models. The research aims to create a model which can be used for evacuation simulation of earthquakes in multi-storey buildings. A multi-storey building is modeled in detail along with the individuals inside called agents. Measurement of building dimensions and field survey is performed to obtain the building design. Field observation is carried out to find out the agent's distribution. Agents placed in a building model are given certain behaviors when the evacuation process begins. The object of the research is a multi-storey building at UGM. The model produced in this study can be used to test the effectiveness of existing evacuation facilities. The evacuation time needed by 266 agents is 140.8 seconds which is calculated from computer simulation. The model does not indicate a bottleneck in a particular location. A guest agent who is assumed to have no knowledge of emergency information in the building, is observed to be able to leave the last. While the fastest agent is experienced by the one who is very familiar with the building, represented by a group of lecturers/staff. Model validation through comparison towards drill simulation shows a time difference of 0,45 seconds. Research shows that with existing scenarios, the building has sufficient capacity in terms of the evacuation facility designs.
Smart Cities and Environmental Sustainability: Evaluating the Nexus in South-West Nigeria
Full text linkSmart cities leverage advanced technologies like Internet of Things (IoT) devices, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and large-scale data analytics for gathering and interpreting data for informed decision-making and improved service delivery. This study focuses on the nexus between smart city development initiatives and environmental sustainability geared towards enhancing a better human settlement in the South-west region, of Nigeria. One of the objectives is to identify and evaluate the factors contributing to the development of smart city initiatives and to evaluate their contributions towards environmental sustainability. An empirical Quantitative approach method comprising Questionnaires was used. A total of three hundred (300) sample Questionnaires were administered and two hundred and eighty-six (286) questionnaires were retrieved and used for analysis. The distribution of Questionnaires cut across professional experts within the built environment and relevant stakeholders. Analysis was done, using the regression technique of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software, Version 22. Some of the results included the following: smart economic factors such as Entrepreneurship and Innovation (B = 0.899, sig. = 0.001) Productivity, (B = 0.794, sig. = 0.001) Local and global interconnectivity (B = 0.713, sig. = 0.001). Similarly, the smart mobility factors, have mixed and modal access (B = 0.632, sig. = 0.001); Prioritized clean and non-motorized options (B = 0.604, sig. = 0.001); Integrated ICT (B = 0.656, sig. = 0.001). Generally, the study revealed that smart economy, smart mobility, and smart environment have the most influence on the achievement of environmental sustainability in South-west, Nigeria.Received: 2024-01-23 Revised: 2024-08-02 Accepted: 2025-01-24 Published: 2025-02-12
Seismic Vulnerability of Semarang, Indonesia for Shallow Crustal Fault Earthquake
Full text linkIn 2017, the National Centre for Earthquake Studies of Indonesia released the distribution of 25 shallow crustal fault lines throughout the island of Java in Indonesia and four of them (Semarang, Demak, Rawapening and Weleri fault lines) are located around the city of Semarang. The presence of four shallow crustal fault earthquake sources, has led to the need to understand the potential earthquake hazards of Semarang through the development of earthquake-microzoning maps. Earthquake-microzoning maps of Semarang should be developed with reference to the Indonesian earthquake hazard maps and based on the deterministic and probabilistic seismic hazard approaches. Through the development of earthquake-microzoning maps, it is possible to estimate the areas with the highest and lowest surface-shaking (peak ground acceleration). The earthquake-microzoning maps based on the Semarang and Demak fault earthquake scenarios provide a preliminary indication that buildings constructed using the Indonesian Seismic Code (SNI 1726:2002) will experience stronger surface-shaking if the earthquake magnitude from both sources is at least M5.5. The results of the analysis for the creation of earthquake-microzoning maps based on the Rawapening and Weleri fault earthquake scenarios provide a preliminary indication that buildings constructed using SNI 1726:2002 are expected to experience slightly weaker ground-shaking if the earthquake magnitude from both sources reaches a maximum of M6.5. All buildings constructed in this area using SNI 1726:2012 and SNI 1726:2019 are expected to experience weaker surface-shaking due to the four earthquake source scenarios with a maximum magnitude of M6.5
Temperature and Climate Dynamics in National Capital Region of India
Full text linkClimate change and increase in global surface temperature are growing concerns worldwide, especially big urban agglomerations like National Capital Region of India, New Delhi and surrounding region have experienced exponential urbanization paving way to horizontal spilling of urban built-up areas, which consequently amplifid the climate variability and surface temperature change over the past few decades. Threfore, the city is highly susceptible to several climate extremes, including heat waves, cold waves, droughts, and flods, impacting socioeconomic lives of over 20 million population. In this study, we applied remote sensing and GIS approaches to study climate variability and its impacts on urban areas. Indicators such as the Land Surface Temperature (LST), Urban Heat Islands (UHI), Normalized Diffrence Vegetation Index (NDVI), and Land Use Land Cover (LULC), were calculated using satellite data for the years 1993, 2000, 2010, and 2020. Th result shows that LST values sharply rose as the maximum value reached 6.9°C in the last three decades (1993-2020), and UHIs maximum values reached 1.76, indicating a clear warming trend in the study area. During this period, the NDVI levels have decreased considerably, going from 0.59 to 0.21, which can be attributed to the expanding urbanization and the decreased green area. Th LULC loss and gain analysis revealed that the urban area has rapidly expanded. In contrast, it resulted in loss of agricultural land, barren and scrubs, water bodies and forest area. Th results show vast climate variability in the region posing threat to environment and socio-economic livelihood of the population
Comparative Analysis of HAND with TWI Flood-Prone Mapping Models in Data-Scarce Areas
Full text linkFlood is one of the most frequent natural disasters in Indonesia and worldwide. Therefore, this study aimed to compare and evaluate flood-prone mapping model using Height Above Nearest Drainage (HAND) and Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) model in data-scarce areas. HAND and TWI models were used to estimate flood-prone level, with field survey and image interpretation as primary methodologies. The data used was Digital Elevation Model (DEM) imagery with a resolution of 10 meters, incorporating elevation, slope, and hydrological parameters namely flow accumulation, direction, and distance. The mapping flood-prone areas were categorized as very prone, prone, moderate, not prone, and very not prone. The results showed that there were differences between HAND and TWI models in terms of area and percentage. The differences in flood inundation characteristics produced by HAND model were mainly due to variations in elevation and proximity to drainage channels. In contrast, TWI model focused on topography, soil moisture, and runoff potential. The differences between the two models also emphasized the importance of terrain characteristics in model predictions. The comparable predictive ability of HAND and TWI models presents an alterReceived: 2024-08-15 Revised: 2 024-09-12Accepted: 2025-03-22 Published: 2025-05-26
Socio-economic Transformation and Agrarian Adaptation: Mahaweli System H, Sri Lanka
Full text linkThe global agricultural transition has created class divisions between the wealthy bourgeoisie and the laboring proletariat, thereby strengthening capitalist structures. Sri Lanka reflects this shift as it moves from subsistence to market-driven farming through policy and technological changes. The Mahaweli System H Area shows this transformation in land ownership, income, and livelihoods. Through a comprehensive investigation into the socio-economic changes in System H, this study examines the adaptive strategies employed by settlers to navigate these shifts. The mixed-method approach using the Convergent Parallel Design was applied, including semi-structured questionnaire survey and field observations. The survey was conducted with 40 settlers selected using a stratified random sample, with the consultation of the Mahaweli Residential Project Manager’s Office. The sample size was determined using a Standard Proportion-based formula with an 80% confidence level and 10% margin of error. The research identified four income categories: Higher Income (HI), Medium Lower Income (MLI), Lower Higher Income (LHI), and Lower Income (LI), illustrating the bourgeoisie and proletariat classes. Dynamic settlers expose adaptability and innovation, while conventional settlers maintain traditional practices, highlighting a socio-economic landscape. The study highlights the ongoing struggle of marginalized settlers and the complex interplay among socio-economic structures, government interventions, and individual resilience. While socio-economic dynamics persist within the framework of the bourgeoisie and proletariat, immediate radical transformations appear unlikely. The findings shed light on the difficulties of agrarian societies and offer insights into addressing vicious poverty in agrarian communities
Bibliometric Analysis of Indonesian Journal of Geography from 2015-2022
Full text linkThis bibliometric analysis aimed to determine the growth trend of document publications, the development of journal citations, the distribution of author countries, the most influential documents, and the dominant research topics in the Indonesian Journal of Geography from 2015 to 2022. The data used were extracted from the Scopus database, comprising a total of 280 documents. A bibliographic data mapping was conducted using the VOSviewer version 1.6.18 and Analyze Search Results tools on the Scopus database. The results showed that the number of documents published in the Indonesian Journal of Geography has been increasing over time. Furthermore, journal impact on scientific development has also increased. The authors of the documents included originate from 29 countries. The most influential document addressed the topic of urban research, while key topics developed from 2015 to 2022 included remote sensing and GIS used as main support and technology for understanding and analyzing various geographical phenomena. This research serves as a reference material for prospective authors and also provides an evaluation of Indonesian Journal of Geography in the future.Received: 2024-09-15 Revised: 2025-01-31 Accepted: 2025-03-19 Published: 2025-04-2
Climate Change Scenarios for Central Iran (2030-2100)
Full text linkThis study examines the impact of climate change on key climatic parameters—temperature, rainfall, and wind speed—in Iran’s central plateau, a region highly vulnerable to climate variability. Long-term data from major synoptic stations in Isfahan, Kerman, Yazd, and Semnan were analyzed using the Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM) with the CanESM2 model. Future climate conditions were projected for the mid-century (2030–2060) and end-century (2070–2100) periods under RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 scenarios. The analysis indicates a general warming trend across all stations, with changes in precipitation and wind speed that vary spatially. In the near future, some stations are expected to experience reduced rainfall and an average temperature increase of 1–2°C, while others may see slight precipitation increases. Wind speed trends also vary regionally. This study provides a comprehensive multi-variable assessment for a region with limited prior analysis, integrating projections for temperature, rainfall, and wind speed under multiple scenarios. Furthermore, this study is among the first to combine the SDSM and CanESM2 models to assess multi-variable climate change impacts in Iran’s arid central plateau. The results offer a concise summary of anticipated climate changes, without providing detailed interpretation or policy recommendations, thereby establishing a solid foundation for further research and planning.Received: 2024-10-30 Revised: 2025-09-17 Accepted: 2025-11-16 Published: 2025-11-1