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Environmental Regulation, Eco-innovation and Business Competitiveness
No full textThe relationship between environmental regulation and environmental innovation and business competitiveness is studied using a pluralist research strategy and a multi-level analysis based on size, sectoral and regional dimensions. Three theoretical approaches are used: neoclassical, evolutionary and induced innovation. The relationship is tested using a German firm-based panel and a count data model estimating the propensity of firms to innovate in response to five initiating factors. The relevance of the interactions between policy instruments as well as the influence of internal factors and path dependency is also tested. While the results do not allow to confirm the Porter hypothesis, they offer a refined version, emphasizing the nuances that apply to the conception of "regulation". In addition to the fact that not all types of regulation trigger eco-innovation, the results show that although necessary, environmental regulation is certainly not a sufficient condition for eco-innovation. On the other hand, the so-called "Strong" Porter Hypothesis linking eco-innovation to business competitiveness is tested using a firm-based German panel data and a dynamic limited dependent variable model. While the lack of dynamics has been one of the recurrent shortcomings in testing the Porter Hypothesis, excluding some time-invariant factors could also lead to omitted-variable bias. The results show that if businesses are to expect improved economic performance when engaging in eco-innovation, they need to signal their activities to the various stakeholders
L’article 10 de la loi spéciale de réformes institutionnelles, expression d’un principe général de droit ?
No full textEnvironmental regulation and eco-innovation: the Porter Hypothesis refined
No full textThe paper analyses the relationship between environmental regulation and environmental innovation with insights from the diffusion of innovations theory. The analysis is based on three theoretical approaches: neoclassical, evolutionary and induced innovation. The relationship is tested using a German firm-based panel and a count data model estimating the propensity of firms to innovate in response to five initiating factors, namely the fulfillment of existing legal requirements, expectations towards future legal requirements, financial incentives, demand for environmental innovations and self-commitment. The relevance of the interactions between policy instruments as well as the influence of internal factors and path dependency is also tested. In addition, R&D intensity, the region, the sector of the company are controlled for and a filter for companies that account for their environmental impact is applied. The results answer the central question concerning the design of environmental policies in order to foster innovation. Comparing a static model to a dynamic one shows that only long term objectives and market incentives are positively associated with environmental innovation. Conventional regulatory tools, namely legally binding instruments, are not effective for triggering innovative behaviour at the firm level. Lastly, the results show that the threat of future environmental regulation is a necessary condition for self-regulation. The results do not allow to confirm the Porter hypothesis but rather offer a refined version, emphasizing the nuances that apply to the conception of "regulation". In addition to the fact that not all types of regulation trigger eco-innovation, the results show that although necessary, environmental regulation is certainly not a sufficient condition for eco-innovation
Avant-propos : La théorie relationnelle de l’échange de Ian R Macneil : regards privatistes
No full textL’internationalisation des droits sociaux fondamentaux. De la paix mondiale à la justice sociale : les origines des la Charte sociale européenne
No full textL'article présente une histoire de l'émergence des droits sociaux fondamentaux sur la scène internationale, depuis ses balbutiements à la fin du 19e siècle, en passant par leur consécration dans le Traité de Versailles en 1919 et leur développement par l'Organisation internationale du travail durant l'entre-deux-guerres, puis par leur intégration au concept des droits de l'homme à la faveur de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, pour finir par la polarisation des droits civils et politiques, d'une part, et des droits économiques, sociaux et culturels, d'autre part, due au contexte de la Guerre froide. Il permet ainsi d'interroger quelques unes des idées préconçues que génèrent l'histoire des droits de l'homme et de revaloriser la place des droits sociaux fondamentaux dans cette évolution
Environmental regulation and eco-innovation: the Porter Hypothesis refined
No full textThe paper analyses the relationship between environmental regulation and environmental innovation. The analysis is based on three theoretical approaches: neoclassical, evolutionary and induced innovation. The relationship is tested using a German firm based panel and a count data model estimating the propensity of firms to innovate in response to five initiating factors, namely the fulfilment of existing legal requirements, expectations towards future legal requirements, financial incentives, demand for environmental innovations and self-commitment. The relevance of the interactions between policy instruments as well as the influence of internal factors and path dependency is also tested. In addition, R&D intensity, the region, the sector of the company are controlled for and a filter for companies that account for their environmental impact is applied. The results answer the central question concerning the design of environmental policies in order to foster innovation. Comparing a static model to a dynamic one shows that only long-term objectives and market incentives are positively associated with environmental innovation. Conventional regulatory tools, namely legally binding instruments, are not effective for triggering innovative behaviour at the firm level. Lastly, the results show that the threat of future environmental regulation is a necessary condition for self-regulation. The results do not allow to confirm the Porter hypothesis but rather offer a refined version, emphasising the nuances that apply to the conception of "regulation". In addition to the fact that not all types of regulation trigger eco-innovation, the results show that although necessary, environmental regulation is certainly not a sufficient condition for eco-innovation
The Mobilities Paradigm: Discourses and Ideologies
No full textOver the last two decades, the conceptualisation and empirical analysis of mobilities of people, objects and symbols has become an important strand of social science. Yet, the increasing importance of mobilities in all parts of the social does not only happen as observable practices in the material world but also takes place against the background of changing discourses, scientific theories and conceptualisations and knowledge. Within the formation of these mobilities discourses, the social sciences constitute a relevant actor. Focussing on mobility as an object of knowledge from a Foucauldian perspective rather than a given entity within the historical contingency of movement, this book asks: How do discourses and ideologies structure the normative substance, social meanings, and the lived reality of mobilities? What are the real world effects of/on the will and the ability to be mobile? And, how do these lived realities, in turn, invigorate or interfere with certain discourses and ideologies of mobility
