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La responsabilité centrale de l'hôpital : de sa genèse au régime actuel
No full textDissimulée dans une législation particulière et aux implications difficiles à percevoir, la responsabilité centrale de l'hôpital fut, dans un premier temps, peu usitée par les praticiens du droit de la responsabilité médicale. Ce n’est que depuis 2019 qu’on assiste à un véritable essor du recours à ce fondement. Les décisions de plus en plus nombreuses rendues par les cours et tribunaux ces cinq dernières années, nourries par l’imagination des plaideurs, contribuent progressivement à la construction de ce régime et permettent de mieux en mieux d’en cerner les contours. Considéré au départ comme une « réalité méconnue », l’article 30 de la loi du 10 juillet 20084 (ex-article 17novies de la loi coordonnée du 7 août 19875) semble progressivement devenir un fondement incontournable du droit de la responsabilité médicale. La présente contribution se divisera en trois parties. Dans un premier temps, il nous semble indispensable de revenir sur la genèse de la responsabilité centrale afin de bien percevoir les intentions qui étaient celles du législateur à l’occasion de sa création (section 1). Dans un second temps, nous nous emploierons à « décortiquer » le régime actuel pour permettre à chacun d’identifier l’opportunité de recourir à ce fondement légal, de connaître ses conditions d’application et de prendre conscience de ses limites (section 2). Enfin, dans un dernier temps, nous épinglerons une série de points qui questionnent la façon dont ce régime a vocation à s’insérer dans le droit existant (section 3)
Rethinking Competence Frameworks in Sustainable Entrepreneurship Education: A Critical Educational Perspective
No full textThis conceptual paper offers a critical analysis of existing competence frameworks in sustainable entrepreneurship education through the lens of educational sciences. It highlights key limitations related to the construction, structure, and operationalization of these frameworks. Four critical issues are discussed: a lack of alignment with integrative competence approaches, the use of methodologies that neglect the specific nature of entrepreneurial practice, limited consideration of pedagogical and assessment coherence, and the absence of value- and motivation-based dimensions essential to entrepreneurial engagement. The paper opens avenues to support more effective and reflective competence development in sustainable entrepreneurship programs
Sait-on vraiment comment former les enseignants afin de favoriser les apprentissages des élèves ?
No full textUne des recommandations les plus courantes des recherches, conférences, congrès et rapports en éducation est qu'il faut améliorer la formation des enseignants. Ces recommandations restent néanmoins assez vagues concernant le contenu, mais surtout la forme que devraient avoir cette formation en vue d'améliorer l'expérience scolaire des élèves et leurs apprentissages. Cette contribution vise à faire une synthèse des recherches empiriques disponibles qui mettent en relation le contenu et le format des dispositifs de formation des enseignants, avec l'évolution des acquis scolaires des élèves. Les recherches à propos des activités visant la formation des enseignants sont nombreuses et diversifiées. Des synthèses de ce domaine de recherche sont régulièrement proposées dans la littérature internationale. Nombre de ces travaux présentent une série d'éléments comme faisant consensus si l'on veut accroître la probabilité d'aboutir à des changements de pratiques d'enseignement et à une amélioration des acquis des élèves : une centration sur une meilleure connaissance des contenus spécifiques à enseigner et sur la manière de les enseigner, une participation collective et collaborative, une durée et une intensité suffisante (en termes de nombre d'heures de contact) et la présence d'un accompagnateur (conseiller, coach, etc.). Cependant, on peut se demander sur quelles bases empiriques sont formulées ces recommandations, en particulier concernant les effets des activités de formation sur les apprentissages des élèves. Étonnamment, l'analyse montre que seul un petit nombre d'études évaluent les effets des formations sur les pratiques pédagogiques réelles des enseignants (et pas seulement les pratiques déclarées) ou sur les apprentissages des élèves. Et les rares études disponibles montrent que les effets sur les apprentissages des élèves ne sont pas nécessairement cohérents avec les recommandations issues des autres travaux sur la formation professionnelle. Au final, nous connaissons peu de choses des effets de la formation des enseignants sur les progrès des élèves quand un dispositif est déployé dans une diversité de contextes et d'établissements par une pluralité de professionnels. Cette situation semble en partie lié à plusieurs limites actuelles des recherches sur la formation des enseignants
Learning and practicing sustainability : an ethnographic study of an inter-organizational community of practice of executives
No full textThis thesis outlines how communities of practice can be mobilized to tackle sustainability as a grand challenge. This four-year ethnographic study investigates how sustainability is learned and practiced in an inter-organizational community of practice made of executives, focused on the sustainable development goals. First, we explore how negotiation processes shape how communities of practice strategize and organize as support systems, learning places, and conduits to action for grand challenges. Second, we examine how leaders’ identities are reconfigured through their participation in the community, and how they envisage their influence on their organizations' corporate social responsibility accordingly. Third, we discuss how collectives can help organizational actors comprehend radical business and society oppositions over time, through social practice and discourse. This thesis contributes to the community of practice literature by advancing the understanding of issues of participation, identity, and oppositions. It highlights managerial and societal implications related to the roles of collectives in tackling sustainability, putting forward a situated and relational perspective.(ECGE - Sciences économiques et de gestion) -- UCL, 202
Mitochondrial ROS inhibition prevents doxorubicin-induced breast cancer cell migration and invasion
No full textFor cancer patients, metastasis is a life-threatening event limiting therapeutic options. Molecularly, the metastatic phenotype can be conferred by mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) generated upon metabolic stress. Mitochondrial damage can also trigger mtROS production, which is particularly well illustrated for anthracyclines. Here, we tested in mouse models of murine and human breast cancer whether this type of chemotherapy can trigger metastasis. We report that subcytotoxic doses of doxorubicin mimicking the clinical situation in poorly perfused tumor areas sequential trigger mtROS production, activate TGFβ pathway effector Pyk2, and increase cancer cell migration and invasion. Fortunately, the metastatic switch was incompletely induced, and doxorubicin did not promote breast cancer metastasis in immunocompetent mice. Yet, MitoTEMPO fully prevented metastatic dissemination and did not interfere with doxorubicin cytotoxicity, making it attractive to combine anthracyclines with mitochondria-targeted antioxidants
A Tale of Many Streams: Characterizing a Hybrid Batch-Stream Production Workload in Digazu, a Data Lake supported by Apache Kafka and Flink
No full textMany industries rely on analyzing large volumes of combined historical and live data. A data lake facilitates these operations by supporting an integrated data ingestion, storage, replay, and analysis workflow. A modern data lake is distributed and combines a processing engine, able to seamlessly process large volumes of existing data as well as continuous flows of new data, such as Apache Flink, with a storage infrastructure able to ingest and replay this data, such as Apache Kafka. This use of Flink in this setting departs from the commonly agreed model of stream processing queries operating over windows of events, maintaining a bounded and relatively small state per operator. Instead, hybrid batch-stream queries typically process an existing data set in its entirety before updating results with incoming stream data, leading to a large accumulated state. Given the industry’s importance of such usages, understanding their characteristics and how they differ from common assumptions in designing and evaluating stream processing systems is of utmost importance. We present in this paper the analysis of a large-scale hybrid batch-stream workload collected from a production deployment of Digazu, a modern data lake building upon Kafka and Flink. We characterize 142 different sources of data and 129 hybrid batch-stream queries. Our analysis offers valuable insights into the nature of data and queries in typical data lake deployment, which will assist designers of such systems and associated benchmarks
Rethinking Computing Systems in the Era of Climate Crisis: A Call for a Sustainable Computing Continuum
No full textThe advancement and widespread adoption of computing technology has yielded services that could help mitigate the climate crisis. However, the retirement of obsolete equipment, the consumption of rare earth materials, and the escalating energy demands associated with massive data processing and cloud infrastructures have raised new environmental dilemmas. Existing design and development methodologies primarily focus on fulfilling functional requirements and improving performance. In this article, we argue that these methodologies must be augmented with sustainability considerations encompassing energy efficiency, material usage, longevity, and upgradability. Solutions at different layers of the system stack, from the physical to the application layer, must be integrated. Moreover, there should be a strong focus on the transparency of sustainability metrics across the whole computing continuum. Building on fruitful discussions at the International Lorentz Workshop on Future Computing for Digital Infrastructures, we advocate novel approaches in the design, development, and operation of the computing continuum
Biological, experimental and analytical determinants influencing bile acids concentrations in human blood: a review and meta-analysis
No full textBackground Despite over three decades of research, the use of peripheral bile acid concentrations or proportions as biomarkers for human liver injury remain inconclusive due to variable and inconsistent findings. Objective The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to identify factors contributing to the variability in published bile acid research and propose recommendations to enhance the robustness and reproducibility of future studies. Methods A search of the PubMed database and a systematic manual screening of references until May 2024 for studies reporting peripheral bile acid concentrations in humans was conducted. English-language studies reporting mean or median concentrations of at least one of 15 predetermined circulating bile acids in human cohorts were included. The exclusion criteria were editorials, commentaries, letters to the editor, conference proceedings, abstracts, and monographs. Raw bile acid concentrations, subject demographics (number, average age, sex distribution, health status, fasted/fed status), the blood matrix analysed, the matrix volume analysed, the bile acid extraction process, and analytical technique when available were extracted by a single observer. Results 65 studies involving 215 cohorts were selected. Bile acid concentrations in normal cohorts exhibit large intervariability. The analytical technique used to measure bile acid concentrations, the fasted/fed status of patients at the time of sampling, the choice of blood collection matrix, the starting volume of this matrix, and the choice of protein precipitation solvent are found to be determinants of this variability. Limitations Only mean or median bile acid concentrations in study cohorts were extracted from studies and compared since bile acid concentrations are rarely reported in individual subjects. Analysing mean or median bile acid concentrations in study cohorts may not give a true sense of bile acid concentrations and therefore their determinants. Discussion Experimental, analytical and biological sources of mean peripheral bile acid concentration variability were identified. These must be standardised across future studies to clarify the potential of peripheral bile acids as biomarkers
Sharing Economy Platforms in the Face of Crises: A Conceptual Framework
No full textWe propose a conceptual framework to analyze how crises dynamically affect the operations, performance, and strategic choices of digital platforms and how these effects impact their sustainability. Drawing on the theory of two-sided platforms, we propose a framework that considers two key dimensions: (1) the nature of shocks affecting each side of the platform and (2) the time horizon of their impact. We apply this framework to evaluate how sharing-economy platforms responded to the COVID-19 crisis, focusing on Airbnb, Uber Eats, and Prosper as illustrative cases