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Energy recovery from sewage sludge and fermentable fractions of solid waste from the city of Sokode by co-digestion
No full textOne of the consequences of the improvement of the living conditions of the populations is the strong demand in thermal energy for the households whereas in the developing countries, the cost of living is a brake with all the social layers to reach supply of butane gas for their energy needs. This study takes place in the context of energy, environmental and sanitation challenges in the city of Sokodé. Indeed, we are witnessing more and more growing needs for butane gas, firewood or charcoal for cooking or lighting in the city of Sokodé as everywhere in other cities of the same size. Thus by the production of energy in situ, the condition of the populations will be able to improve significantly thanks to the recovery of sludge and fermentable fractions of solid waste into biogas. The objective of this work is to produce and recover methane from fermentable waste produced in the city of Sokodé. The methane or biogas recovered will be used as fuel to fuel kitchens in households. The resulting digestate will serve as an organic amendment to agricultural soils in the commune of Sokodé. Laboratory scale tests have been carried out to validate the value of co-digestion of sewage sludge with fermentable solid waste. The results obtained have shown that the methanogenic potential of sewage sludge is low compared to that of fermentable solid waste. The co-digestion of the two products allows a greater production of methane representing an energy gain compared to the methanisation of the sewage sludge alone. This study shows that waste (sludge from public septic tanks, waste from markets, hotels and fermentable households) can be considered an appreciable energy resource. Their Co-treatment would, while reducing the nuisance associated with this waste, produce valuable energy
Kommunale Finanzen in der Corona-Krise: Effekte und Reaktionen
No full textDie kommende Rezession hat über die Gewerbe- und Einkommensteuer direkte Auswirkungen auf die Gemeindefinanzen. Infolge der unterjährigen Vorauszahlungen werden diese Rückgänge bereits kurzfristig wirksam. Die Autoren schätzen die finanziellen Effekte unter Berücksichtigung von Änderungen der Gewerbesteuerumlage und regional unterschiedlicher Wirtschaftskraft. Die Länder sollten bestimmte Regelungen des Haushaltsrechts befristet aussetzen, um finanzielle Blockaden und prozyklische Haushaltspolitik der Kommunen zu verhindern, sie sollten die Ausfälle der Gewerbesteuer ausgleichen und somit verlässliche Haushaltsplanungen ermöglichen. Da die Wirtschaftskrise unterschiedlich wirkt und die Kommunen über unterschiedliche Rücklagen verfügen, sind regionale Differenzierungen der Hilfen angebracht
CMOS-Compatible Silicon Photonic Sensor for Refractive Index Sensing Using Local Back-Side Release
No full textSilicon photonic sensors are promising candidates for lab-on-a-chip solutions with versatile applications and scalable production prospects using complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) fabrication methods. However, the widespread use has been hindered because the sensing area adjoins optical and electrical components making packaging and sensor handling challenging. In this work, a local back-side release of the photonic sensor is employed, enabling a separation of the sensing area from the rest of the chip. This approach allows preserving the compatibility of photonic integrated circuits in the front-end of line and metal interconnects in the back-end of line. The sensor is based on a micro-ring resonator and is fabricated on wafer-level using a CMOS technology. We revealed a ring resonator sensitivity for homogeneous sensing of 106 nm/RIU
Conception and prototypical implementation of a hybrid algorithm for emotion recognition with humanoid robots
No full textDiese Masterarbeit befasst sich mit der Recherche zum Thema Emotionserkennung, der Konzeption einer hybriden Emotionserkennung und der prototypischen Implementierung des Konzepts für den Tischroboter ROS-E.
Die Recherche zeigt, dass die Emotionserkennung auf Basis von verschiedenen Eingaben erfolgen kann. Es wurde sich auf die drei Eingabeströme Bild, Ton und Text konzentriert, da diese praktikabel für die Implementierung auf einen humanoiden Roboter sind. Zu jedem dieser Eingabeströme wurden Dienste, Open-Source-Software und Ansätze untersucht.
Aufgrund dieser Erkenntnisse wurde eine Anwendung entwickelt, welche ein hybride Emotionserkennung durch die Eingabe eines Textes und einer Bild-Datei durchführt. Hierzu wurden die Dienste zur Emotionserkennung von Microsoft Azure und IBM Watson genutzt. Die Anwendung wurde in Python implementiert.This master thesis deals with the research of emotion recognition, the conception of a hybrid emotion recognition and and prototypical implementation of the concept for the robot ROS-E.
The research has shown, that emotion recognition can be performed based on different types of inputs. It has been focused on the input streams image, audio and text, since they are the most practical for the implementation on a humanoid robot. Different services, open source software and approaches have been researched for each of these input streams.
Based on these knowledges an application was developed, which executes hybrid emotion recognition through the input of a text and an image. The application implements the emotion recognition services of Microsoft Azure and IBM Watson. Furthermore the application was implemented in Python
Konzeption und prototypische Entwicklung eines Interaktions-Systems für Neuerwerbungen in Bibliotheken – am Beispiel der Hochschulbibliothek der Technischen Hochschule Mittelhessen
No full textArbeitsabläufe in Bibliotheken werden seit vielen Jahren technisch unterstützt, wohingegen die Übermittlung und Verarbeitung von Bestellwünschen für den Bestandsaufbau vor ihrer Erfassung in Erwerbungssystemen bis heute auf vielfältige Art und Weise und selten systemgesteuert erfolgt. Ziel der vorliegenden Masterarbeit ist es, in der Hochschulbibliothek der Technischen Hochschule Mittelhessen den diesbezüglichen Workflow zu verbessern und die Prozesse in einem einheitlichen System zusammenzuführen.
Dazu wird zunächst der Ist-Zustand des Workflows beleuchtet und eine Marktbetrachtung durchgeführt. Anschließend werden in einer Anforderungsanalyse die notwendigen funktionalen und nicht-funktionalen Anforderungen an ein zu entwickelndes Interaktions-System ermittelt. In der Konzeption des Systems werden Datenmodellierung sowie graphische Oberfläche und Funktionsweise beschrieben und in der praktischen Umsetzung programmtechnisch realisiert.
Ergebnis ist der Prototyp eines Systems, das die Übermittlung und Verarbeitung von Bestellwünschen innerhalb einer Webanwendung integriert und die Interaktion und Kommunikation zwischen den Anwendern steuert. Abschließend wird die Umsetzung kritisch bewertet und ein Ausblick auf mögliche Weiterentwicklungen gegeben.Workflows in libraries have been technically supported for many years, whereas the transmission and processing of order requests for stock build-up prior to their inclusion in acquisition systems is still done in a variety of ways and rarely system-controlled. The aim of this master thesis is to improve the relevant workflow in the Library of the University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen and to merge the processes in a unified system.
For this purpose, the current status of the workflow is first examined and a market analysis is carried out. Subsequently, the necessary functional and non-functional requirements for an interaction system to be developed are determined in a requirements analysis. In the conception of the system, data modelling as well as graphical user interface and functionality are described and realized in the practical implementation in terms of programming.
The result is the prototype of a system that integrates the transmission and processing of order requests within a web application and controls interaction and communication between users. Finally, the implementation is critically assessed and an outlook on possible further developments is given
Review of Condition Based Maintenance approaches for vapor compression refrigeration systems
No full textVapor compression refrigeration systems are subject to performance degradation over time due to the presence of faults. However, latest work in the field of condition-based maintenance shows promising results in the automatic early detection of anomalous behaviour as well as in accurate machine diagnostics and can, therefore, increase the overall system reliability by simultaneously preventing machine downtimes. In this paper, the latest research works carried out within the last decade are reviewed and the approaches are classified regarding their working principles. Furthermore, the work at hand depicts the current research trend in this field and outlines current obstacles
Construction of PV Systems for Elementary Schools in the Savannah of Togo
No full textThe savannah region in northern Togo borders on Ghana, Burkina Faso and Benin (Figure 1). It covers 8,596 km2, which is 15% of the total area of Togo. The regional capital Dapaong has about 100,000 inhabitants. The savannah region consists of 5 prefectures, 70 cantons, 1,073 villages and 451 hamlets. The number of inhabitants is growing rapidly. The population figures were 828,224 in 2010 and 890,403 in 2013, a growth rate of 8.2% in only 3 years. With 105 inhabitants per km2 the savannah region is more densely populated than German Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (69 inhabitants per km2).
The savannah region is the poorest region in the country. In the villages, subsistence farming prevails. Surpluses are sold at village markets or nearby city markets with little profit, since raw products are rarely processed and certainly not processed and the purchasing power in the region is low. The sensitive savannah floors are overused. During the long dry season (October to May) there is a lack of artificial irrigation. The climate change affects the savannah region through shorter and irregular rainy seasons. Deforestation leads to further drying out of the soil. The population is increasing, becoming poorer and poorer and uses almost exclusively wood for cooking in the villages. This leads to further deterioration of the arable land. Harvest yields are falling because improved seeds and fertilisers are also lacking. The infrastructure in the region is at an extremely low level. There are no industrial enterprises in the savannah region. There is an almost complete lack of companies that process and refine agricultural products. There is a lack of storage facilities and cold chains for agricultural products. Only for wood and charcoal there are transport routes from the international highway to regions with better purchasing power. A major obstacle to the establishment of small businesses is the lack of electricity
Novel UV-transparent 2-component polyurethane resin for chip-on-board LED micro lenses
No full textIn this work we present a novel optical polymer system based on polyurethane elastomer components, which combines excellent UV transparency with high thermal stability, good hardness, high surface tension and long pot life. The material looks very promising for encapsulation and microlensing applications for chip-on-board (CoB) light-emitting diodes (LED). The extinction coefficient k, refractive index n, and bandgap parameters were derived from transmission and reflection measurements in a wavelength range of 200-890 nm. Thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry were used to provide glass transition and degradation temperatures. The surface tension was determined by means of contact angle measurements. As proof of concept, a commercial InGaN-CoB-LED is used to demonstrate the suitability of the new material for the production of microlenses
Coupling biology to electrochemistry—future trends and needs
No full textThe coupling of biological entities with electrodes has already quite some history and has reached a status which is not only based on phenomenological descriptions. Nowadays, we are able to effectively couple redox centres within protein molecules to electrochemical transducers. This allows the transduction of a biochemical reaction into an electrode signal with applications mainly in sensing and bioenergetics [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. However, in most cases, this coupling is not direct, and shuttle molecules or side products of the reaction are used. But also for the direct coupling, significant progress has been made, and several enzymes and redox proteins can be addressed directly by electrodes [8,9,10,11,12,13]. The understanding of the functioning of developed systems is, however, in its infancy. Charge and electrostatic interactions have been mostly studied, and for small dipole molecules such as cytochrome c, the situation can be well described [14]. There is a lack of understanding for more complex enzyme molecules which brings a lot of trial and error into research
Characterization and Tests of Different Mach-Zehnder Silicon Photonic Modulator Configurations
No full textWe designed and produced an integrated silicon photonic circuit, in a single chip with IHP SG25H4_EPIC 0.25 µm technology. A Mach-Zehnder interferometer with an alternative shape for better integration, together with a standard-shape Mach-Zehnder interferometer have been realized. In this work, preliminary results of comparative performance measurements between the two Mach-Zehnder interferometer are shown