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Spatiotemporal analysis of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Palestine and foresight study by projections modelling until 2060 based on climate change prediction
No full textBackground
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a vector-borne parasitic diseases of public health importance that is prevalent in the West Bank but not in the Gaza Strip. The disease caused by parasitic protozoans from the genus Leishmania and it is transmitted by infected phlebotomine sand flies. The aim of our study is to investigate the eco-epidemiological parameters and spatiotemporal projections of CL in Palestine over a 30-years period from 1990 through 2020 and to explore future projections until 2060.
Methodology/Principal findings
This long-term descriptive epidemiological study includes investigation of demographic characteristics of reported patients by the Palestinian Ministry of Health (PMoH). Moreover, we explored spatiotemporal distribution of CL including future projection based on climate change scenarios. The number of CL patients reported during this period was 5855 cases, and the average annual incidence rate (AAIR) was 18.5 cases/105 population. The male to female ratio was 1.25:1. Patients-age ranged from 2 months to 89 years (mean = 22.5, std 18.67, and the median was 18 years). More than 65% of the cases came from three governates in the West Bank; Jenin 29% (1617 cases), Jericho 25% (1403), and Tubas 12% (658) with no cases reported in the Gaza Strip. Seasonal occurrence of CL starts to increase in December and peaked during March and April of the following year. Current distribution of CL indicate that Jericho, Tubas, Jenin and Nablus have the most suitable climatic settings for the sandfly vectors. Future projections until 2060 suggest an increasing incidence from northwest of Jenin down to the southwest of Ramallah, disappearance of the foci in Jericho and Tubas throughout the Jordan Vally, and possible emergence of new foci in Gaza Strip.
Conclusions/Significance
The future projection of CL in Palestine until 2060 show a tendency of increasing incidence in the north western parts of the West Bank, disappearance from Jericho and Tubas throughout the Jordan Vally, and emergence of new CL endemic foci in the Gaza Strip. These results should be considered to implement effective control and surveillance systems to counteract spatial expansion of CL vectors
Modulating the Filamentary-Based Resistive Switching Properties of HfO₂ Memristive Devices by Adding Al₂O₃ Layers
No full textThe resistive switching properties of HfO₂ based 1T-1R memristive devices are electrically modified by adding ultra-thin layers of Al₂O₃ into the memristive device. Three different types of memristive stacks are fabricated in the 130 nm CMOS technology of IHP. The switching properties of the memristive devices are discussed with respect to forming voltages, low resistance state and high resistance state characteristics and their variabilities. The experimental I–V characteristics of set and reset operations are evaluated by using the quantum point contact model. The properties of the conduction filament in the on and off states of the memristive devices are discussed with respect to the model parameters obtained from the QPC fit
Statistical evaluation of fuel values
No full textAviation emissions, domestic and international, account for approximately 2 % of total global CO2 emissions. Fuel consumption for a given route, excluding other factors such as wind, depends largely on the weight of the aircraft. To minimise fuel consumption, it is often most economical to carry only the minimum weight required for the sector. Within the framework of a dissertation, possibilities to reduce the final reserve fuel and thus the amount of fuel required are being researched and evaluated. This paper shows part of the results, as reliability and accuracy of flight planning and actual operations are a necessary basis for a possible reduction. The level of safety in aviation must always be taken into account. To prove this, fuel values are recorded and statistically evaluated, based on real flight and fuel data provided. Analysis, systematization and generalization were used to conduct the study. As a statistical background, extensive fuel data of an airline from a period of about five years were examined. The focus of this paper is on the results for taxi and trip fuel. The result shows that the current requirements for flight planning and the subsequent execution of flights are very reliable and highly accurate today. The results of the study can be used as a basis for a performance-based approach to reduce the final reserve fuel while maintaining the necessary safety level. Reducing the final reserve has a significant impact on reducing overall fuel consumption and emissions. Further research and studies are needed to determine performance indicators
Low-Cost Pipetting Robot Based on a Portal Milling Machine
No full textZur Herstellung von langfristig stabilen Metall-Kautschuk-Verbunden sind chemische Haftvermittler notwendig. Nach Auftrag dieser wird Kautschuk mittels Gummispritzgießen auf die metallischen Grundkörper aufgebracht. In Klein- und Kleinstserien kann der Haftvermittler in präzisen Volumina händisch mit Hilfe eines Fluid-Dispensers aufgetragen werden. Allerdings verhindert dies eine Homogenität und Gleichheit der Schichtdicke, wodurch die Zuverlässigkeit und Stärke der Haftung variieren können. Als technische Lösung wurde ein Pipettierroboter avisiert. Mit Hilfe mehrerer mechanischer und elektrischer Adaptionen – so auch einer neuen Steuerungstechnik – wurden verschiedene Fluid-Dispenser auf 3-Achs-Portalfräsen integriert. Somit konnte die volle Funktionsfähigkeit erreicht werden.Chemical adhesion promoters are necessary for the production of long-term stable metal-rubber composites. After these have been applied, rubber is molded onto the metallic base bodies by rubber injection molding. In (very) small batches, the adhesion promoter can be applied in precise volumes by hand using a fluid dispenser. However, this prevents homogeneity and uniformity of the layer thickness, which can cause variation in the reliability and strength of adhesion. As a technical solution, a pipetting robot has been envisaged. With the aid of several mechanical and electrical adaptations - including a new control technology - various fluid dispensers were integrated on 3-axis portal milling machines. Thus, full functionality could be achieved
Analysis of BTO-on-Si-waveguides for energy-efficient electro-optical modulators
No full textIn this work, we analyze a horizontal slot waveguide configuration, which evaluates the potential for an integration of barium titanate (BTO) based modulators into a photonic integrated circuit (PIC) technology based on siliconon- insulator (SOI) wafer. The waveguide configuration consists of a doped crystal silicon layer, a Ba0:7Sr0:3TiO3 (BST) template layer, a barium titanate (BTO) layer and a doped poly-silicon layer on top. In contrast to current approaches, we analyze the performance of this waveguide-structure by using a vertical electrode configuration that is formed by the doped silicon layer. In this way, the electric field strength is dramatically increased compared to current horizontal electrode configuration
Graph Metrics for Network Robustness—A Survey
No full textResearch on the robustness of networks, and in particular the Internet, has gained critical importance in recent decades because more and more individuals, societies and firms rely on this global network infrastructure for communication, knowledge transfer, business processes and e-commerce. In particular, modeling the structure of the Internet has inspired several novel graph metrics for assessing important topological robustness features of large complex networks. This survey provides a comparative overview of these metrics, presents their strengths and limitations for analyzing the robustness of the Internet topology, and outlines a conceptual tool set in order to facilitate their future adoption by Internet research and practice but also other areas of network science
SiO2 Nanoparticles-Acrylate Formulations for Core and Cladding in Planar Optical Waveguides
No full textA combination of acrylate formulations and SiO2 nanoparticles is investigated with the aim to improve the optical properties of low-refractive index polymers that are used for the fabrication of planar optical waveguides. A decrease in refractive index and also in the thermo-optic coefficient of nanocomposite materials is clearly demonstrated, while some formulations exhibit an increase in the glass transition temperature. The possibility of using these nanocomposite materials to fabricate waveguiding layers with low optical propagation losses at telecommunication wavelengths around 1550 nm is also shown. The nanomaterials can be applied in optical microchips on polymer platforms
Determination of thermo-mechanical properties of recycled polyurethane from glycolysis polyol
No full textPolyurethane foam is one of the most versatile polymers widely used in the automotive industry. However, due to the rising amount of polyurethane foam waste in the environment, there is growing research attention focusing on circular economy solutions to closing the material loop. This study aimed to determine the possible changes in thermo-mechanical properties between rigid polyurethane prepared using polyols derived from depolymerization of commercial polyurethane foam with benchmark rigid polyurethane (Ben PU). Polyurethane foams containing dispersion polyol were reacted with dipropylene glycol (DPG) and diethylene glycol (DEG) with a ratio of DPG: DEG of 1:1 in the presence of a consumable catalyst (Di-n-butyl amine). The recovered polyol was used as a raw material replacing 100% benchmark rigid polyurethane petroleum-based polyester polyol to produce the recycled polyurethane (Rec PU). Thermal analysis was conducted to measure the recycled polyurethane's glass transition temperatures (Tg) using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Tensile strength, elastic modulus, toughness, and hardness test of the recycled polyurethane were conducted under three different temperatures; 24°C, 40°C, and 60°C. From the DSC results, the glass transition temperatures for the recycled and the benchmark rigid polyurethane occurred at 43°C and 50.4°C, respectively. Both polymers showed the brittle-ductile transition from 24°C to 40°C. Tensile strength for recycled polyurethane was lower than that of benchmark rigid polyurethane by 29-43% and a corresponding 24-50% decrease in elastic modulus. Recycled polyurethane recorded lower toughness than petroleum-based pure polyurethane by 13-16%. However, the recycled polymer recorded high shored D values than the benchmark rigid polyurethane by 9-29%. This study reveals that recycled polyol could be used as feedstock for polyurethane production with applications tailored to its mechanical properties
«Work in progress» – Zum erfolgversprechenden Einsatz von KI in Bibliotheken : Diskussionsstand eines White Papers in progress – Teil 1
No full textIst die Suche im Bibliothekskatalog ein Auslaufmodell? Oder die Frage sei erlaubt, unter welchen Bedingungen es Bibliotheken schaffen könnten, dass Nutzer/-innen die Erstsuche nach Informationen über sie laufen lassen? Das sind beispielhafte Fragen, die man sich angesichts gewonnener Erfahrungen aus bisherigen Innovationen stellen kann, aber ebenfalls mit Blick auf das, was Neues an Technologien sich auf dem Markt befindet und zunehmend viele Lebensbereiche durchdringt. Das Forschungsgebiet der Künstlichen Intelligenz (KI) ist in aller Munde und fordert von Informationseinrichtungen eine Antwort darauf, ob der Einsatz von KI-Technologien als weitere Facette der Automatisierung und Digitalisierung von Workflows und Service in Bibliotheken sinnvoll und hilfreich, und ob Engagement auf dieser Linie notwendig ist. Auch wenn sich Bibliotheken in ihrem steten Bemühen um Innovation mit ihrer Belegschaft und Leitungen noch differenziert bis reserviert zu KI bekennen, ist ein weiterer Verlauf der Entwicklungen gemäß dem chinesischen Sprichwort: Was du nicht aufhalten kannst, solltest du begrüßen, absehbar. Was heißt das aber für Bibliotheken, den Wandel zu gestalten bis hin zu dem Moment, wenn ein Dienst über die Pilot-, Prototyp- und damit Projektphase hinaus als fester Bestandteil des Serviceangebots fest etabliert und verstetigt werden soll? Welche Ressourcen und Kompetenzen sind z.B. in der Konsequenz von der Einrichtung selbst vorzuhalten? Weitere Fragen betreffen die Bewältigung der Masse an Daten und ihre Offenheit für die Anwendung von KI-Algorithmen
«Work in progress» – Zum erfolgversprechenden Einsatz von KI in Bibliotheken : Diskussionsstand eines White Papers in progress – Teil 2
No full textIst der Suchschlitz ein Vintage Look&Feel des letzten Jahrhunderts? Oder - die Frage sei erlaubt, - unter welchen Bedingungen es Bibliotheken schaffen könnten, dass Nutzerinnen und Nutzer die Erstsuche nach Informationen über sie laufen lassen? Das sind beispielhafte Fragen, die man sich angesichts gewonnener Erfahrungen aus bisherigen Innovationen stellen kann, aber ebenfalls mit Blick auf das, was Neues an Technologien sich auf dem Markt befindet und zunehmend viele Lebensbereiche durchdringt. Das Forschungsgebiet der Künstlichen Intelligenz (KI) ist in aller Munde und fordert von Informationseinrichtungen eine Antwort darauf, ob der Einsatz von KI-Technologien als weitere Facette der Automatisierung und Digitalisierung von Workflows und Service in Bibliotheken sinnvoll und hilfreich, und ob Engagement auf dieser Linie notwendig ist. Auch wenn sich Bibliotheken in ihrem steten Bemühen um Innovation mit ihrer Belegschaft und Leitungen noch differenziert bis reserviert zu KI bekennen, ist ein weiterer Verlauf der Entwicklungen gemäß dem chinesischen Sprichwort "Was du nicht aufhalten kannst, solltest du begrüßen", absehbar. Was heißt das aber für Bibliotheken, den Wandel zu gestalten bis hin zu dem Moment, wenn ein Dienst über die Pilot-, Prototyp- und damit Projektphase hinaus als fester Bestandteil des Serviceangebots fest etabliert und verstetigt werden soll? Welche Ressourcen und Kompetenzen sind z.B. in der Konsequenz von der Einrichtung selbst vorzuhalten? Weitere Fragen betreffen die Bewältigung der Masse an Daten und ihre Offenheit für die Anwendung von KI-Algorithmen