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    Meccanismi cellulari coinvolti nell’effetto anti-proliferativo ed anti-invasivo del cannabidiolo in cellule di glioma umano U87.

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    Il nostro gruppo di ricerca ha recentemente dimostrato che il Cannabidiolo (CBD), costituente non psicoattivo della marijuana, possiede un effetto anti-proliferativo sia in vitro che in vivo su cellule di glioma umano U373 e U87 con un meccanismo indipendente dall’attivazione dei recettori cannabici CB1 e CB2 e del recettore dei vanilloidi TRPV1 (Massi P et al. 2004). Abbiamo inoltre dimostrato che alla base dell’effetto anti-tumorale del CDB vi è l’attivazione del processo apoptotico, tramite attivazione delle caspasi, e dei meccanismi di stress ossidativo, tramite l’aumento della produzione di ROS e decremento dei livelli di glutatione (Massi P. et al. 2006). Poiché i meccanismi biochimici alla base dell’effetto anti-proliferativo del CBD rimangono ancora da chiarire, nel presente lavoro di tesi abbiamo condotto saggi biochimici sia su tessuti tumorali excisi da topi nude immunodeficienti trattati in vivo con CBD che su cellule di glioma U87 trattate in vitro con CBD, al fine di valutare il possibile coinvolgimento del pathway delle lipoossigenasi e delle ciclo ossigenasi o del sistema endocannabinoide nell’effetto anti-tumorale di tale farmaco. I nostri risultati evidenziano che l’esposizione in vivo con CBD decrementa significativamente l’attività ed il contenuto della 5-LOX, mentre non si osserva nessuna variazione a carico della COX-2. Parallelamente risultano diminuiti i livelli di LTB4 ed inalterati i livelli di PGE2, rispettivamente i prodotti finali della 5-LOX e della COX-2. Il coinvolgimento della via lipoossigenasica è ulteriormente confermato dai dati ottenuti in vitro dove abbiamo dimostrato che l’inibitore selettivo per la 5-LOX, MK-886, utilizzato a concentrazioni subottimali, potenzia l’effetto anti-proliferativo del CBD. Contrariamente, né l’inibitore selettivo per la COX-2 celecoxib, né l’inibitore non selettivo per le COX indometacina, influenzano l’effetto anti-proliferativo del farmaco. Inoltre, il trattamento in vivo con CBD stimola in modo marcato l’attività dell’enzima principalmente coinvolto nell’idrolisi dell’endocannabinoide anandamide, la fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) senza però alterare il suo contenuto proteico. Negli stessi tessuti tumorali exici abbiamo riscontrato una diminuzione significativa dei livelli di anandamide e della densità dei recettori cannabici. Esperimenti condotti da noi in vitro, hanno rivelato che il CBD induce un incremento dose-dipendente dell’attività della FAAH in cellule U87 ed, inoltre, cellule U87 overesprimenti la FAAH sono caratterizzate da una ridotta crescita nel tempo rispetto alle cellule controllo. Un secondo aspetto che abbiamo analizzato in questa tesi parte dall’evidenza che, durante la progressione tumorale, alcune cellule cancerose acquistano la capacità di staccarsi dalla massa primaria invadendo i tessuti circostanti sani e migrando così verso siti adiacenti dove formano nuove colonie. Recentemente, utilizzando il test della camera di Boyden, abbiamo dimostrato che il CBD inibisce la migrazione di cellule di glioma U87 a concentrazione non tossiche per le cellule stesse e attraverso un meccanismo indipendente dall’attivazione dei recettori cannabici e/o del recettore dei vanilloidi (Vaccani A. et al. 2005). Poiché la migrazione cellulare rappresenta un aspetto fondamentale nell’invasione tumorale, nella presente tesi abbiamo ulteriormente dimostrato, attraverso il wounding test, che il CBD inibisce la migrazione di cellule U87 già dopo 16h dall’inizio del trattamento. Inoltre, visto l’importante ruolo giocato dalle metalloproteinasi (MMP), enzimi rilasciati dalle cellule tumorali, nella degradazione della matrice extracellulare, abbiamo studiato il possibile coinvolgimento della MMP-2 nell’effetto anti-invasivo del CBD. I nostri risultati dimostrano che il CBD inibisce l’attività gelatino-litica delle forme attive della MMP-2 lasciando inalterata l’attività della pro-MMP-2. Successivamente, partendo dall’osservazione che nel nostro modello sperimentale di tumori excisi da topi nude immonodeficienti il CBD causa non solo una diminuzione della massa tumorale ma anche della vascolarizzazione della stessa, e visto che la proliferazione e la migrazione delle cellule endoteliali verso la massa tumorale sono due importanti step nello sviluppo dell’angiogenesi tumorale, il nostro studio si è esteso a verificare un possibile coinvolgimento del CBD in questi processi. In particolare, i risultati ottenuti attraverso il test di vitalità cellulare (MTT) condotto su cellule endoteliali HUVEC trattate per 24 ore con CBD, hanno messo in luce la capacità di questo composto di inibire in maniera dose-dipendente la proliferazione di tali cellule. Inoltre, attraverso il test del wounding, abbiamo dimostrano che il CBD influenza in maniera dose-dipendente la capacità migratoria delle cellule HUVEC causando un significativo decremento del numero di cellule che invadono la fessura da noi creata artificialmente. A tal proposito è stato importante notare che tale effetto è esplicato alle stesse concentrazioni efficaci negli esperimenti condotti sulle cellule di glioma U87 e permane anche dopo 24 ore dopo il trattamento. In conclusione, i dati riportati nella presente tesi ampliano i risultati già ottenuti precedentemente e contribuiscono a chiarire le proprietà biochimiche e cellulari, sia in vivo che in vitro, del CANNABIDIOLO. In particolare, il sinergismo dimostrato con gli inibitori della 5-LOX, il coinvolgimento del sistema endocannabinoide e l’esistenza di un duplice effetto sia su cellule tumorali che endoteliali, rafforzano l’ipotesi che il CBD possa rappresentare un importante tool nella terapia dei gliomi

    A SysML-based approach to requirements analysis and specification of real-time systems.

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    Model-based development is particularly promising in the area of real-time and embedded systems, since it potentially increases the level of automatism and decreases the possible defects, improving the e_ciency of the process and the quality of the product. Model based approaches are e_ectively supported by notations such as SysML, a modeling language for Systems Engineering that has been recently adopted by the Object Management Group (OMG). SysML is of industrial origin, and it is likely that it will be widely adopted in industry for the development of real-time and embedded systems. Potential obstacles to the adoption of the language on a large scale are the lack of a methodology that drives the modeling activities and the full support for the de_nition of temporal aspects. The main goal of this PhD work concerns the de_nition of model-based methodological guidelines to the usage of SysML for the analysis and specification of requirements and the early modeling of real-time systems

    Crustal deformation of a sector of the southern Alps adjacent to the Po plain (Northern Italy): an integrated study.

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    The zone of deformation of the central-eastern Southern Alps and their adjacent Po plain sector (Giudicarie sensu lato) represents the tectonic divide between the Central and the Eastern Alps. Its role in accommodating crustal scale deformation was investigated, through the analysis of the effects of past (pseudotachylytes) and present-day (earthquakes) deformations, and thermal/rheological modelling. The Palaeogene-Neogene tectonic activity of the Tonale nappe, pertaining to the Giudicarie fault system in the internal Alpine chain, is testified by both ductile (mylonites) and brittle (pseudotachylytes) indicators. The present-day seismotectonic activity of the Giudicarie-Lessini region (Southern Alps) was highlighted by seismicity, focal mechanisms, and directions of principal stress and strain axes. In this region a significant change of kinematic regimes and maximum horizontal compressive stress directions is observed (seismotectonic zones G and L). The crust thermal/rheological setting of the Po plain sector adjacent to the Giudicarie-Lessini region was characterized for two different contiguous domains (zones W and E). The crustal thickness of the western domain is hotter (modelled temperature) and less resistant (calculated total strength of the crust) than the eastern domain. Different-type geological-geophysical results demonstrate the presence of the still active Giudicarie sensu lato tectonic divide, which may be interpreted also in the light of active deformation along the Eastern Alps and the Northern Apennines

    The c-terminal tail and the catalytic activity of cdkl5 are fine regulators of its nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling.

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    Rett syndrome (RTT) is an X-linked neurological disorder affecting mainly females. In the classical form, patients have a normal period of development of 6-18 months whereafter they display developmental arrest and a progressive regression leading to the loss of speech and purposeful movements with the appearance of a severe mental retardation. Several RTT variants have been described ranging from milder forms with a later age of onset to more severe manifestations. Mutations in the methyl-CpG-binding protein (MECP2) gene, located on Xq28, cause the majority of RTT cases but have been found in less than 50% of patients affected by the variant forms. Recently, mutations in the cyclindependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) gene, on Xp22, have been found in some RTT patients with the Hanefeld variant, characterized by the onset of seizures in the very first months of life. Furthermore, mutations in CDKL5 have been found in girls with infantile spasms and mental retardation, suggesting an important role of this gene for neuronal function. Nevertheless, the role of this kinase in the nervous system remain almost completely uncharacterized. We are characterizing the role of CDKL5 in the nervous system in order to clarify the molecular mechanisms involved in disease onset. We have previously shown that CDKL5 and MeCP2 function in a common pathway in accordance with the fact that mutations in the two genes cause a similar phenotype. In fact, besides sharing an overlapping expression pattern, correlating with neuronal maturation and synaptogenesis, CDKL5 and MeCP2 associate and in vitro the kinase is capable of mediating the phosphorylation of the methyl-CpG-binding protein. These results have led to the current model assuming that CDKL5 works upstream of MeCP2 and influences directly or indirectly its phosphorylation and functions. Albeit CDKL5 remains largely uncharacterized, our experiments in cultured cells show that CDKL5 shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm and that an active nuclear export mechanism is involved in regulating its localization. Our analysis suggests that the C-terminal tail of the kinase as well as its catalytic activity are responsible for the cytoplasmic localization. The relevance of this seems to be demonstrated by the fact that several RTT missense mutations within the catalytic domain generate kinase dead mutants or hypomorphic derivatives. Conversely, CDKL5 mutants carrying disease causing mutations truncating the protein in the C-terminus have increased catalytic activity and are costitutively mislocalized to the cell nucleus. Altogether these data suggest that not only loss of CDKL5 but also its gain of function is detrimental for nervous system functions and is involved in mental retardation/early seizure disorders including some cases of the RTT Hanefeld variant. Moreover, we believe that this analysis will contribute in drawing a phenotype-genotype correlation. Finally, in order to understand if MeCP2 is also an in vivo target of CDKL5 we performe in vitro phosphorylation assays and mass spectrometry to discover which residue(s) of the methyl-CpG-binding protein is phosphorylated by CDKL5

    Functional evolution of glycine oxidase for biotechnological applications.

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    Synthesis and biological evaluation of new inhibitors of HIV-1 protease dimerization and αVβ3-integrin atagonists with pptidomimetic Structures.

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    Despite the versatile and interesting function of peptides in biological systems, metabolic instability and poor bioavailability make them ineffective as orally administered drugs. Due to these limitations, peptidomimetic compounds are preferred as drug candidates. This thesis deals with the design and the synthesis of peptidomimetics. In the Chapter I, peptidomimetics were introduced in molecular tongs as dimerization inhibitors of wild-type and mutated HIV-1 Proteases. HIV-1 protease (PR) is a homodimer of two identical 99-amino acid subunits in which the active site is generated by self-assembly of these subunits. Remarkably, the antiparallel ßsheet formed by interdigitation of N- and C-terminal strands of each protease monomer, which contributes over 75 % to the stabilizing force of the dimer, is found relatively free of mutations. By targeting this highly conserved dimerization interface, we demonstrated that HIV-1 protease dimer is disrupted with loss of activity by constrained molecular tongs based on naphthalene scaffold. We describe here the synthesis, the enzyme inhibitory activity against wild-type and mutated HIV-1 PR, of new molecular tongs containing amino acid mimetic fragments in one or two strands. In the Chapter II, diketopiperazine scaffold was introduced in cyclic RGD peptidomimetics, as new integrin inhibitors. Synthetic peptides and peptidomimetics, containing the arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) motif, have been widely used as inhibitors of integrin-ligand interactions to study cell growth, adhesion, migration and differentiation. In many cases, the RGD sequence is combined with a secondary structure inducing element to form cyclic peptidomimetics. In this project, a few cyclic peptidomimetics containing a bifunctional diketopiperazine (DKP) unit (cis and trans) and the RGD sequence, were prepared by solution phase peptide synthesis, and tested as selective ligands for the integrins αvβ3 and αvβ

    Profili clinico-patologici e molecolari del carcinoma colorettale.

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