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Contributions in computational intelligence with results in functional neuroimaging
Full text linkThis thesis applies computational intelligence methodologies to study functional brain images. It is a state-of-the-art application relative to unsupervised learning domain to functional neuroimaging. There are also contributions related to computational intelligence on topics relative to clustering validation and spatio-temporal clustering analysis. Speci_cally, there are the presentation of a new separation measure based on fuzzy sets theory to establish the validity of the fuzzy clustering outcomes and the presentation of a framework to approach the parcellation of functional neuroimages taking in account both spatial and temporal patterns. These contributions have been applied to neuroimages obtained with functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, using both active and passive paradigm and using both in-house data and fMRI repository. The results obtained shown, globally, an improvement on the quality of the neuroimaging analysis using the methodological contributions proposed
Industria ligeras y aglomeraciones territoriales en Latinoamérica: el caso del clúster textil de Medellín (Colombia).
Full text linkIn globalization, commercial capital has encouraged the relocation of productive activities of light industries. The textile-manufacturing chain of Latin American countries, like that of others that arrived at the global chain in 1980s, has been linked to the basic assembly of imported parts (maquila), through its comparative advantages (low wages, natural resources), being relegated to compete for costs, under the governance of large global buyers.
Although Medellín and the Aburrá Valley textile-manufacturing chain achieved higher productive integration than those of other Latin American regions, its linkage to global trade in the absence of a coherent industrial policy and local capacities for development produced a reduction in its contribution to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and life quality in the territory.
Development policies focused on local productive systems (SPL) have a multidimensional vision that helps to clarify the possible trajectories that clusters could follow in the processes of productive transformation and to improve the governance of competitive strategies; from those based on low costs, to others that may arise from the particularities of the local system and its valuation and can be developed through the action of the actors of the same local system.
Some of Latin American best practices inspired by local /regional development studies have been reviewed in order to identify principles that could help those who are committed to industrial development policies, to lead the way to innovation and creation of dynamic competitive advantages, which could allow small and medium-sized companies in clusters to overcome the vicious circle of cost competitiveness
Employing theoretical methods for chemical prediction: a ticket into copolymerization, metal-organic catalysis and antioxidants.
Full text linkThe thesis shows how ab initio and DFT quantum chemical methods can be useful toward the interpretation and the prediction of chemical properties and reactivities. Well know post-Hartree-Fock quantum chemical methods and stochastic simulation approaches are intermixed, the synergy between them providing all the tools needed to evaluate the impact and validity of reaction mechanisms, for instance helping to rationalize radical and homogeneously catalyzed copolymerizations. The potentially positive impact that theoretical chemistry can have in those contexts was exploited to put the basis of new theoretical protocols able to predict the chemical features, that is still an attractive goal in academic and industrial field.
The first study regards an example of how theoretical chemistry can provide information otherwise not achievable from experimental measurement. Specifically, by means of ab initio perturbation theory, we study novel anion receptors acting via hydrogen-bonding and halogen-bonding: UV-Vis and 1H-NMR titrations show that Iodine on the target receptor enhance the anion binding tendencies and X-ray structures evidenc the formation of halogen-bonding.
The geometries in solution computed via MP2, however, reveal few possible conformers of the proposed molecules: theoretical energies allow the calculation of the ion pair dissociation energy (IPDE) as a way to evaluate the affinity between the molecules and an anion. IPDE values gave the same trend of experimental affinity constants, confirming the experimental constant affinities; moreover, computed chemical shifts of conformers help the interpretation of 1H-NMR titrations, giving the right importance at the HB and XB conformers in solution.
The second topic is the prediction of the antioxidant activity through a theoretical approach, that led to the benchmark of DFT methods. The in depth study of two prototype molecules, edaravone and quercetin, carries out the bond dissociation enthalpy (BDE), the ionization potential (IP) and the proton dissociation enthalpy (PDE); the examination of the cumulative mean absolute error on the three parameters, compared to CBS-Q3 reference values, indicates the most suitable methods (LC-!PDE, M05-2X and M06-2X). Once the method was defined, we have studied 15 antioxidant belonging to the flavonols family, computating BDE, IP, PDE, proton affinity (PA) and electron transfer enthalpy (ETE) in vacuum and in water; these theoretical parameters are then correlated individually to several experimental data set. Among all attempts, the best correlation was found with ETE in vacuum (showing a R2=0.93 on 6 data set), that allows us to suppose that ETE is the theoretical parameter determining for prediction of antioxidant activity.
After the analysis about the properties of a single molecule, DFT is employed to rationalize the products of a chemical reaction. In particular, we study the alkoxyhalogenation of alkynyl ureas and carbamates catalyzed by CuCl2, with the final aim of defining the reactive step that influence the selectivity. First, we propos a mechanism coherent with experimental product, characterizing all the minima and the transition states via DFT vibrational analysis. Studying in depth the equilibria involved at the beginning of the reaction, we characterize the two tautomers and two coordination site of CuCl2, the C-C triple bond and the heteroatom; moreover, we describe the formation of dimers between two urea and the catalyst. Dimers’ stabilization plus the comparison of the energy paths lead to expect the production of the 5-exo-O product, in total accord with experiments. Successively, we attempt to apply the same mechanism on two carbamates, following the same approach than before. The results however rationalize only partially the experiments, in fact, for the phenyl-N-carbamate we observe a strong kinetic competition between two paths, at the same time the experiments carry out a mixture of products; instead, the reaction on tosyl-N-carbamate experimentally leads to a single product, while the theoretical investigation is not able to discriminate between two different products.
In the last Chapter we aim higher, trying to predict the copolymer features boosting the DFT method with stochastic simulations; the ability to predict the microstructure of a copolymer would be a great help during the design process and the set up of a catalyzed copolymerization. In this regards, we decided to study the copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) obtained via atomic-transfer radical-polymerization (ATRP), since the macroscopic properties used in biological fields are strictly related to the microscopic structure. Here we propose a synergistic DFT/kinetic Monte Carlo approach: by means of DFT, we compute the energies of monomers, dimers and transition states, thanks to which e calculate the reactivity ratios r1 and r2; employing the DFT data, we wrote a kMC code that, treating the copolymerization as a Markov chain, carries out the chains’ microstructure, the distributions of monomers, diads and triads along the chains. The results give indication about the presence of a preferential partitioning of one of the two monomers close to each one of the two radicals, known as bootstrap effect. Moreover, the triad distributions along the chain reveal the gradient nature of the copolymer, suggesting different features of the chains at the proximity of the core of PEG and at the end, influencing directly the behavior of the materials in solution. Then, our attention moves on the homogeneous-catalyzed copolymerization. The aim of the investigation pointed the attention on the characterization of copolymerization mechanism and on the effect of penultimate monomers and the counter ion on the reactivity. The synergistic DFT-kMC approach is applied on the ethene/propene copolymerization catalyzed by two C2-symmetric catalyst, carrying out several interesting results; among all simulated systems, we reproduce the experimental data only taking into account specific features. In order to obtain results close to the experiments, the model has to include: the presence of two coordination sites, both giving active paths for the insertion, the coordination preequilibrium as well-defined step, the influence of the counter ion on the coordination barriers. These claim underline the importance of several aspect generally overlooked during the copolymerization; moreover, the ability to reproduce the experimental results can open the way to a theoretical model able to predict the product of a homogeneous catalyzed copolymerization
Bene e male comune tra storia e filosofia. Le donne collaborazioniste processate a Milano dal 1945 al 1947.
No full textLa presente ricerca ha come obiettivo la creazione di nuove categorie interpretative relativamente alle donne collaborazioniste. Esse sono state analizzate non attraverso la storia di genere, ma per il ruolo svolto all’interno del contesto sociale. I fascicoli processuali e la ricostruzione della conseguente verità emersa sono stati i supporti per la riflessione che ha coinvolto storia e filosofia in uno stretto rapporto interpretativo. Il bene e il male sono affiorati attraverso le carte d’archivio. È stato possibile creare diverse tipologie di donne: la donna-ombra, la donna-grigia e la donna-libera.
Si è delineata l’opportunità di muovere la ricerca verso un’interpretazione fenomenologica tendente alla costruzione del bene comune e la definizione del male comune come bene di pochi.
Il male comune non può solo essere giustificato, agostinianamente, come assenza del bene, ma deve essere riconosciuto come libera estrinsecazione della volontà umana. Parafrasando un’espressione di Recalcati, il male comune diviene un “sistema pervasivo” che, gradualmente, si espande penetrando all’interno degli anditi più reconditi della mente umana in grado di pervenire alla fatale e permanente persecuzione dell’altro.
La donna è altresì, per antonomasia, l’estrinsecazione della positività, di colei che genera il buono, cioè il nuovo uomo, la vita, manifestazione di sicuro progresso. L’espressione “terra madre” è la sintomatica esplicitazione di un bene comune da proteggere e da tutelare. Il termine “madre” è non solo “un nome della memoria”, bensì “il” nome che contiene nella memoria ciascun uomo. Esso è l’intrinseca e necessaria volontà di ogni essere umano di possedere le radici della memoria che gli consentano di evolversi e di guardare al di là dell’orizzonte del tempo che ora c’è, ma che già cede il passo a quello che verrà.
This research has as its object the creation of new interpretative categories about the collaborationist women. They have been analysed not through gender history, but for their role performed within the social context. The processual dossier and the reconstruction of the consequent emerged truth have been the supports for critical analysis involving History and Philosophy in a close interpretative relationship. Good and evil have surfaced through archive papers. It has been possible to create different typologies of women: the shadow-woman, the grey-woman and the free-woman.
The research has proceeded toward a phenomenological interpretation which viewed the construction of common good and the definition of common evil as good for few.
The common evil cannot be justified only, in Augustinian way, as absence of good, but it must be recognized as a free expression of the human wish. Common evil, paraphrasing an expression from Recalcati’s, the common evil becomes a “pervasive system” that gradually expands penetrating inside the most secluded passages of human mind able to achieve the fatal and permanent persecution of the other.
The woman is also, utmost, the expression of the positiveness, the one who produces the good, that is the new man, the life, demonstration of sure progress. The expression “mother earth” it is the symptomatic explication of a common good to preserve and to protect. The term “mother” it is not only “a name of the memory”, on the contrary “the” name that contains in the memory every man. This name is the intrinsic and necessary wish of every human being to possess the roots of the memory that allow him to evolve and to look beyond the horizon of this time, but that already gives way to the time that will come
Catalytic materials for biomass-derived secondary raw materials transformations.
Full text linkThe thesis work has been focused on the nanostructuring of heterogeneous catalytic materials for biomass-derived compounds conversion to chemicals and hydrogen. The impact of the nanostructuring is investigated and correlated to the reaction pathways as well. Two biomass-derived model molecules and one by-product of an industrial process were used in as many different catalytic reactions. Acetic acid, as of the most abundant components of the bio-oil derived from the pyrolysis of biomass, and glycerol, as by-product of the emerging biodiesel industry, were used in steam and aqueous phase reforming for hydrogen production. The reduced defectivity of supported Ru nanoparticles, prepared by a novel colloidal method, in the reaction of the steam reforming of acetic acid led in enhanced catalyst stability due to lower coke deposition rates. The addition of Mn as promoter to a Pt-based catalyst was studied and tested in both the steam and aqueous phase reforming reaction of glycerol. The higher hydrogen production shown by the bimetallic catalyst was ascribed to its peculiar acidic surface features. Finally, the direct conversion of cellobiose, a model molecule of the saccharidic-derived biomass, to 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (HMF), which is a platform molecule for the sustainable production of many compounds with high commercial interest, was deeply studied. A series of HCl-treated niobium phosphate catalysts was tested in a recirculating flow reactor. From the complete characterization of the surface acidic features of the catalysts, it appeared that a proper balance of the amount and the nature of the acid sites is fundamental for the catalytic activity toward HMF
UHRF1 coordinates DNA methylation and histone post-translational modifications in colon cancer .
Full text linkIn Colorectal cancer (CRC) genetic and epigenetic alterations are tightly connected, although these interactions on the patient’s outcome are not clearly understood.
A peculiar subclass of sporadic CRC tumors, is characterized by Microsatellite instability (MSI), due to hyper-methylated promoter of MHL1 gene and subsequent inactivation of the mismatch repair (MMR) mechanism, and the hypermethylation of CpG islands phenotype (CIMP), mediated by the hyper-methylation of promoter regions of several tumor suppressor genes (TSGs). This subclass carries a good prognosis and presents an inverse correlation with genomic and chromosome instability (CIN), together with a higher levels of DNA methylation at global level, compared to other CRCs. Among the epigenetic alterations, DNA methylation and histone modifications rearrangements are extremely important steps during tumorigenesis. UHRF1 is a key master epigenetic regulator that couples the maintenance of DNA methylation through the cell cycle with the histone-modification pattern. It monoubiquitinates H3K18/23 enabling the correct localization and activation of DNMT1 on the specific sites. UHRF1 is overexpressed in several cancer types mediating the hypermethylation of promoter regions of the TSGs and coordinating their heterochromatic silencing.
Relying on the idea that UHRF1 could play a crucial role in the modulation of DNA methylation changes, the overall aim of this PhD thesis was to evaluate the role of UHRF1 in the coordination of DNA methylation and histone post-translational modifications both at genome-wide and at locus specific level in CRCs.
Unexpectedly, we found that in CRC tissues UHRF1 was higher in tumors with microsatellite instability (MSI CRC), which have a better prognosis, compared to the stable ones (MSS CRC). MSI tumors were also characterized by higher levels of DNA methylation compared to the MSS. The UHRF1 knock-down in a MSI CRC cell line (RKO cells) induced an overall decrease in DNA methylation (RRB-seq analysis, pyrosequencing and MS-MLPA) both at global level and at gene promoters without affecting DNMTs levels, as observed by WB and RNA-seq analysis. ChIP experiments showed that UHRF1 depletion reduces DNMT1 binding to both repetitive elements (LINE-1) and specific gene promoters (MLH1, CDH1), decreasing H3K9me3 and increasing H3K4me3 on those hypo-methylated loci. RNA-seq data analysis showed that UHRF1 loss interferes with several important pathways, among others cell cycle, growth and proliferation. SILAC LC-MS/MS analysis showed that in RKO cells, UHRF1 loss decreases the overall presence of H3K23ub (» 30%) and H3K18ub (» 8%).
These results, together with the published findings, led us to hypothesize a model in which the loss of UHRF1 directly impairs the DNA methylation maintenance by reducing H3K18/K23ub and consequently DNMT1 activity and, indirectly, impairs the binding of Suv39H1, the histone methyl transferase (HMT) responsible for H3K9me3, to both genome-wide and promoter specific loci. These changes led to a severe chromatin rearrangement of heterochromatic signatures toward a more open and transcriptionally accessible structure, probably due to the disruption of the axis UHRF1-H3ub-DNMT1-HMTs. Our molecular data, together with the analysis performed on CRC samples, led us to speculate that the better prognosis correlated with MSI-CRC model, could reside in the UHRF1-high levels that result in a sort of protective condition for the genome integrity, maintaining the global DNA methylation level closer to the normal mucosae, and probably counteracting the hyper-methylation of TSGs
Critical role of CDKL5 in AMPA receptor composition: underlying mechanism and functional outcome.
Full text linkNeurological disorders associated with the X-linked kinase CDKL5 are characterized by the early onset of seizures, severe cognitive deficits and autistic traits. Loss of Cdkl5 affects spine density and stabilization as well as synaptic activity, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are still far from fully understood. Here we show several pieces of evidence linking Cdkl5-associated synaptic defects to AMPA receptor (R) expression and subunit composition. In particular, primary hippocampal neurons devoid of Cdkl5 have defective GluA2-subunit expression, as well as a hyper-phosphorylation of Serine 880 (S880). Moreover, Cdkl5-downregulation skews the composition of membrane-inserted AMPARs towards the GluA2-depleted calcium-permeable form. The depletion of membrane-inserted GluA2 is likely to rely on defective recycling. Indeed, at the molecular level, we find that CDKL5 interacts with GRASP-1, a neuron-enriched protein that coordinates the endosomal sorting of AMPARs towards the plasma membrane. Against this background, we assume that the resulting alterations can underlie, at least in part, the synaptic dysfunctions and cognitive deficits in CDKL5 disorder. Finally, we provide evidence that tianeptine, a promising drug previously reported to modulate AMPAR-mediated glutamatergic neurotransmission, is capable of restoring GluA2 expression and S880 phosphorylation in neurons devoid of CDKL5. These results places tianeptine as an interesting candidate drug for CDKL5-disorder
Observing neutron stars at the magnetic extremes.
Full text linkThe thesis comprises new results on emission phenomena associated with neutron stars (NSs). It describes the long-term X-ray monitoring campaign of an extremely magnetic NS (magnetar) at the Galactic Centre and its extremely slow flux decay, which is challenging most of NS crustal cooling models. It reports on the identification of a source as the slowest NS ever following its recent outburst and also on the first observational demonstration for the existence of complex magnetic field configurations near the surface of X-ray dim isolated NSs. Results of the first systematic study of 19 magnetar outbursts, including searches for (anti-)correlations among different parameters (energetic, maximum flux increase, decay timescale, quiescent flux) are presented. Another chapter is devoted to the modelling of the multi-wavelength emission properties of the transitional pulsar (TMP) PSR J1023+0038 (J1023), i.e. a NS rotating at a period of a few milliseconds in a binary system showing rapid transitions between a bright X-ray pulsar regime powered by the accretion onto the NS surface of matter transferred by the companion star, a radio pulsar regime powered by the energy loss due to the fast rotation of the NS magnetic field and an intermediate accretion regime in which matter accretes only intermittently onto the NS surface. The thesis presents new observational properties of J1023 in the current state and a novel scenario explaining the observed rapid transitions
Pensare con Socrate. Per una didattica della filosofia con I bambini. Thinking with Socrates.For a didactics of philosophy with children
No full textThe research consists in two sections. The first is of a theoretical nature and is dedicated to the issue of philosophy as a common good. The second concerns the organization of philosophy didactic experimentation in primary school, with reference to the philosophical teaching project of the Giovani Pensatori of the Università dell’Insubria.
Following is an appendix including a number of philosophical paths with children, achieved within the project of Giovani Pensatori at the Università dell’Insubria in the period 2012 - 2016.
The analysis of philosophy as a common good fits in the context of the philosophical heritage of Kantian critical rationalism. Within this approach, the theoretical definition of the common good lies as a historical-critical transcendental idea whose objectivity is assessed within a practical and eschatological point of view.
Immanuel Kant's philosophical thinking allowed this reasoning development. However, it is in Giulio Preti's philosophy that this proposition achieves its highest speculative synthesis.
If philosophy is a common good, philosophizing as an application of historical-critical reason becomes a universal right of mankind that should be protected starting with primary school. This right is practically exemplified in the section dedicated to philosophy with children within the Giovani Pensatori project.
Goals, objectives and methodological-didactic indications of the philosophy with children are developed in this work, recognizing in Socrates and in Socratic dialogue its guiding principle, in order to ensure the exercise of those rational and critical abilities underlying each civilization
Il proprietario "incolpevole" nei procedimenti di bonifica.
Full text linkThis doctoral thesis analyzes – in the light of Constitutional and European principles – the article 253 paragraph 4 of the Environmental Code (d.gls. 152/2006), that, according to the interpretation generally accepted, allows the Public Administration to act against the “innocent” landowner until the amount of the fair value of the site, as it results after the clean-up procedures.
Indeed, the Environmental Code obliges the responsible of the land contamination to the reclamation, but it provides for the reclamation the Administration, if the responsible does not arrange it or he is not identified or the landowner or the other person interested does not arrange it. In this case, the public reclamation costs are secured by a special lien (privilegio speciale immobiare) on the land, that is even burdened (onere reale); therefore the “innocent” landowner – although he was not involved in the contamination – have to refund the Administration for the reclamation costs until the amount of the fair value of the site, as it results after the clean-up (art. 253 par. 4).
The present work is structured in five chapter: the first three chapters have a reconnaissance nature and concern – respectively – the discipline of the “innocent” landowner, the interpretation of the Courts and the Literature, the “polluter pays” principle; the last two chapters have a constructive nature and concern – respectively – the identification of the “innocent” landowner and the interpretation support of the abovementioned art. 253.
The analysis is carried out through two fundamental assumptions, upon which the chosen interpretation is founded.
Firstly, it is underlined that the function of environmental responsibility – and, therefore, of the “polluter pays” principle – is, above all, to prevent polluting phenomena, by exercising a deterrent effect on potential behaviors of contamination; to this function is added (but only in a subsidiary way) the function to allocate the incurred costs to one who actually caused the environmental damage. Therefore, for the existence of the responsibility and for the observance of its specific function, it is required the investigation of the existence of the causation between the agent’s conduct and the event raised.
Secondly, it is pointed out that the “innocent” landowner is the one who have no causal relationship neither subjective nor objective with the pollution; therefore, he is different from the one who contributed to the contamination with a omissive conduct, that increased the pre-existing situation. Indeed, if, in one case, any causation between the agent’s conduct and the event lacks and, so, there is no responsibility, in the other case, instead, there is a causation regarding to the quid of pollution that the owner has added to pre-existing and, so, regarding to this quid, there is responsibility.
In light of the above, it is argued that art. 253 par. 4 should be meant not as a compensation (risarcimento), but as a refund (indennizzo), because it is aimed only to balance the assets involved in the clean-up procedures. After a contamination, in fact, the Administration is obliged to the remediation (imposed by law and previously by primary public need to protect health and environment), that generates a considerable increase in the fair value of the land; as a consequence, there is a profit for the landowner against a loss for the Administration and this economical imbalance is remedied through the lien (onere reale).
Therefore, the thesis proposes to interpret the art. 253 as a particular application of the principle of the unjustified enrichment (principio di ingiustificato arricchimento), according to which every economical transfer should have a right cause, under penalty of its repetition. To support the thesis, this work invokes some arguments, regarding the nature and legislative provisions of the lien (onere reale), the Environmental Code, the UE and the international legislation.
In conclusion, the thesis considers the main difficulty in the reclamation (i.e. the high costs of the procedures) and, consequently, it hypothesizes a solution.
La presente tesi di dottorato analizza, alla luce dei principi costituzionali e comunitari, l’art. 253 comma 4 cod.amb., che, nell’interpretazione generalmente accolta, riconosce all’Amministrazione la facoltà di rivalersi dei costi di bonifica nei confronti del proprietario “incolpevole” fino all’intero ammontare del valore del sito, come risultante all’esito degli interventi.
Invero, il d.lgs. 152/2006 obbliga il responsabile della contaminazione alla bonifica del sito e, qualora questi non provveda o non sia individuabile e non provvedano né il proprietario del sito né altri soggetti interessati, prevede che gli interventi di risanamento siano eseguiti d’ufficio dall’ente territorialmente competente. In questo caso, le spese sostenute sono assistite da un privilegio speciale immobiliare sulle aree e sulle stesse viene iscritto un onere reale, con la conseguenza che il proprietario – c.d. “incolpevole”, in quanto la contaminazione non è ascrivibile ad una sua condotta attiva o omissiva – può essere tenuto a rimborsare i costi di risanamento “soltanto nei limiti del valore di mercato del sito determinato a seguito dell’esecuzione degli interventi medesimi” (art. 253 comma 4 cod.amb.).
Al fine di indagare la legittimità della norma, si è articolato il lavoro in cinque Capitoli: i primi tre a carattere ricognitivo e concernenti, rispettivamente, la disciplina del proprietario “incolpevole”, le interpretazioni della giurisprudenza e della dottrina sul tema, il principio “chi inquina paga”; gli ultimi due a carattere propositivo e concernenti, rispettivamente, l’individuazione del proprietario “incolpevole” e la rilettura proposta dell’art. 253 cod.amb..
L’analisi si svolge attraverso l’affermazione di due fondamentali assunti, su cui poggia il ragionamento a sostegno della tesi prescelta.
In primo luogo, si sottolinea come la funzione della responsabilità ambientale – e, quindi, del “chi inquina paga”, che ne è principio cardine – sia anzitutto quella di prevenire i fenomeni inquinanti, esercitando un effetto deterrente su possibili condotte di contaminazione; a questa funzione si aggiunge (ma solo in una logica sussidiaria) quella di imputazione dei costi di ripristino a chi ha effettivamente causato il danno ambientale. Pertanto, ai fini della sussistenza della responsabilità e del rispetto della sua specifica funzione, è imprescindibile accertare la sussistenza del nesso causale tra la condotta dell’agente e l’evento generato.
In secondo luogo, si precisa che il soggetto in questione – ossia il proprietario “incolpevole” – è colui che non presenta alcun legame né soggettivo né oggettivo con l’inquinamento; egli, dunque, si differenzia da colui che ha concorso alla pregressa contaminazione con una condotta omissiva, che ne ha prodotto un aggravamento. Se, infatti, nell’un caso manca qualsiasi nesso eziologico tra condotta e evento e, dunque, non c’è responsabilità, nell’altro caso, invece, il nesso c’è in riferimento a quel quid di inquinamento che il proprietario ha aggiunto al preesistente e, dunque, in riferimento a questo quid c’è responsabilità.
Alla luce di tali affermazioni, si sostiene che l’art. 253 comma 4 cod.amb. debba essere inteso non in una logica risarcitoria ma compensativa, essendo finalizzato unicamente a riequilibrare le sfere patrimoniali interessate dal fenomeno di recupero ambientale. In ragione dell’inquinamento, infatti, l’Amministrazione è tenuta al risanamento (impostole dalla legge e ancor prima da esigenze di tutela della salute pubblica e dell’ambiente), il che genera un considerevole aumento di valore del fondo; ne consegue un vantaggio economico per il proprietario a fronte di un dispendio economico pubblico e, a tale squilibrio patrimoniale, viene posto rimedio attraverso l’onere reale.
Pertanto, si accoglie la tesi in base alla quale l’art. 253 cod.amb. costituisce un’applicazione particolare del principio dell’ingiustificato arricchimento, in base al quale ogni spostamento patrimoniale deve essere sorretto da una giusta causa, a pena della sua ripetizione. A sostegno di ciò, si invocano una serie di argomentazioni, tratte dalla natura e delle ipotesi legislative di onere reale, dal codice dell’ambiente, dell’ordinamento comunitario e, infine, dal contesto internazionale.
In conclusione, tirando le fila del lavoro svolto, si considera quella che è la maggiore difficoltà in materia di bonifica, ossia gli alti costi degli interventi, e, conseguentemente, si ipotizza una proposta di riforma