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La reputazione della Pubblica Amministrazione come bene comune: definizione, declinazione e tutela.
Full text linkThe present thesis deals with the reputation of the Public Administration as an intangible common good, analyzing its relevance in the Italian legal system and investigating the forms of protection.
After reviewing the attempts to define the concepts of reputation and the common good, both in economic sciences and in legal sciences, the reasons that lead to qualifying public reputation as an intangible common good, bringing a series of advantages in the public interest, are illustrated.
The research then takes shape with the illustration of two reputational systems pertaining to the public administration: the Evaluation of the quality of Italian research (VQR) and the qualification of the procuring entities, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses.
The research ends with the analysis of the forms of protection of public reputation as a common good, analyzing, in particular, the damage to the image of the P.A. and the administrative class action
Politiche rurali e disparità territoriali in Italia: una valutazione di impatto sulle aree interne.
Full text linkThis work focuses on the role that rural policies had in targeting territorial disparities between rural areas and non-rural areas. In particular, we emphasize the so-called inner areas, recently assumed as objectives of policy in Italy. This work presents a new integrated national policy implemented in Italy in the 2014-2020 programming period. This policy, applicable to every region and macro-area of Italy, is named National Strategy for Inner Areas (NSIA) and aims to contribute to the country’s economic and social recovery, creating jobs, fostering social inclusion and reversing the demographic decline of Inner Areas, both in terms of resident numbers and in terms of age and birth group. This Strategy is implemented by capitalising on countrywide experiences of local development of the past years and supported by the EU programme, along with the dedicated funding provided for under the Stability Law (national funds).
This work is presented in five main chapters:
- Chapter 1 describes the evolution of rural policies in Europe and the diverse phases of this evolution;
- Chapter 2 presents some relevant cases of innovative interplay between rural policies, local governance and market forces;
- Chapter 3 illustrates how NSIA has been facing main challenges of rural areas, what are the main novelties of this policy within the EU context and potentials and obstacles which emerged throughout the implementation process;
- Chapter 4 provide insights on the employment impacts of CAP measures in Italian agriculture over the period 2007-14, and explores the diversity of these impacts in four types of area, including Inner areas;
- Chapter 5 presents main conclusions of the work.
The national policy in favour of rural areas (national strategy for inner areas)
Italy’s Inner Areas are those rural areas characterised by significant distance from the main essential service centres (education, health and mobility)1. Inner Areas make up 53 % of the Italian municipalities (4.261) and are home to 23 % of the Italian population, 1 according to the latest census, equal to more than 13.540.000 inhabitants resident in over 60 % of the national territory. There are strong differences even within Inner Areas, especially when we focus on the peripheral and ultra-peripheral areas, which are considered as priority focus area for policy interventions.
The demographic and agricultural profile of Inner Areas is notably different form the average profile emerging at the national level. Demographic decline and ageing of population is more relevant in Inner Areas than in the rest of Italian territory, although is counterbalanced by a stronger contribution of new population by immigrants (which doubled in the last decade across all regions). Farming abandonment and waste land have been more frequent in Inner Areas than elsewhere, as effect of lower farm land productivity in these areas. Economic productivity and quality of services are strongly affected in these areas by high digital divide.
The national strategy is based on four main innovations, which make this policy a further step in promoting and developing more effective and participatory processes in rural areas.
The first policy innovation is in the mix of interventions to enhance the provision of essential services (primary and secondary school and vocational training, local mobility and transports, health care and medical services) and – at the same time- in promoting local development initiatives. These initiatives are based on local resources and in particular in five key potentials: a) land management and forests; b) local food products; c) renewable energy; d) natural and cultural heritage; d) traditional handicraft and SMEs.
Inner Areas are assumed as a national priority, but the strategy conceived and implemented within a multi-level framework, involving national, regional and local tiers. Local communities are essential in this process: they can interpret the variety and complexity of the local society and territorial capital and turn them into projects, by stimulating innovators that already exist in some Inner Areas. Removing the obstacles to access to essential services and to local development, however, can only arise from an effective integration between national and local action.
Third innovation is the multi-fund approach: the local development interventions in the selected project areas will be financed by all the available European Structural and Investment funds (ERDF, ESF, EAFRD, EMFF), through the regional programmes, and by the National Stability Fund. The participation of European Funds is mandatory for the approval of the local strategy.
The last innovation is local participation: the local strategy is elaborated by a group of mayors and is based on the pre-requisite of the cooperation between the municipalities involved in the project area. They have to work together in managing services for the community life, and also in designing and managing the strategy.
Agricultural and rural development initiatives are always relevant components of the local strategies, due to the predominant rural characteristics of project areas.
Rural Development Plans (RDPs) can contribute to Inner Areas Strategy in three ways: a) the Leader approach; b) the single measures; c) a mix of Leader approach and single measures. The choice of the method and financial resources allocated to Inner Areas are set in regional RDPs. Given the low adoption of the CLLD method (multi-fund), the Leader approach is generally funded only by EAFRD.
Pre-existing capacity building in Local Action Groups (LAGs) was a key element in designing good quality strategies in Inner areas. Many local experts involved in the process of strategy design come from the Leader experience in the field of local development. Moreover, more targeted and non-blind approach, typical of the Leader, is very helpful to build up pilot projects in Inner areas. Broader and more innovative impact on the territories can derive from the integration between Inner areas strategies and Leader local plans. There is also a more efficient division of work: Inner Areas partnerships are oriented to promote effective interventions on access to services, while LAGs are well-experienced in local development initiatives. The number of pilot areas selected until April 2017 is 71 (1.066 municipalities, 2,1 million inhabitants, 3,5% of the national population, 16,7% of the national territory). In these areas the population decline was -4,2% in the period 2001-2011, and -2,3% in 2011-2016, while national population increased in the same period (2,1%). Selected areas are on average quite small: about 29.000 inhabitants.
The territorial impact of the CAP on inner areas
The Lisbon Treaty states that all policies should contribute to territorial and social cohesion, and strengthens the need to include territorial diversity when looking at how the CAP has affected territorial cohesion. This work explores the diversity of agricultural employment impacts of CAP measures in different territorial settings in Italy for the period 2007-2014.
Patterns and trends in agricultural employment differ greatly according to the type of socio-economic system. To identify these differences, we use the territorial typology which includes four types of areas, with population shares in parentheses:
1. Urban Poles, identified by the metropolitan areas and principal cities in each region (40%);
2. Areas with Broad Economic Development (‘Belt Areas’), including the most industrialised and intensive agriculture and agri-food sectors (37%);
3. Intermediate Areas, characterised by more extensive and diversified agriculture, and medium-low access to public services (15%);
4. Peripheral (and Ultra-Peripheral) Areas, characterised by problematic access to services, due partly to low economic development and partly to shrinking public resources (8%).
In contrast to area shares in terms of Utilised Agricultural Area (UAA) and gross Agricultural product (GAP), about 60 per cent of total CAP First and Second Pillar payments in 2010 went to Belt and Intermediate areas, while 23 per cent went to Peripheral Areas, where the share of total CAP expenditures represents more than one third of the value of agricultural production.
The CAP’s impact on agricultural employment was evaluated through an econometric model which tries to explain farm labour use as dependent on variables for structure and context (UAA, land productivity, per capita income and immigration) and for CAP expenditures (SFPs, decoupled payments, LFA payments, etc.), with data at the Local Administrative Unit (LAU2) level (the municipality) for the period 2007-2013. The results suggest that structural developments contributed to changes in farm employment more than policy measures. Immigration appeared to provide opportunities for using less expensive labour and/or replacing family labour that could be allocated to more profitable non-farm employment in the local area or elsewhere. Better-paid off-farm jobs also reduced the labour force available for farming.
Focusing on policy measures, the most remarkable result was that First Pillar measures (SFPs and payments coupled to farm production) appeared to affect farm employment negatively, perhaps due to the introduction of activities requiring lower labour input, or to risk-averse behaviour by farmers who benefit from SFPs, thus tending to limit farm development. The Second Pillar measures of the Rural Development Plan (RDP) all showed positive effects. These RDP effects differ according to the type of measure: farm and agro-industrial investment support generates higher employment effects than AEM, LFA or rural diversification measures. The employment effects decrease from Belt Areas to Peripheral Areas, except for rural diversification investment support, where the highest employment effects are in Peripheral Areas. The diversity of the policy impact at territorial level can be explained by three main factors: a) in several RDP programmes, approval of funding is conditional on proof of achieving an employment target (e.g. farm/agroindustrial and diversification support); b) the intensity of public expenditure per hectare is usually higher in Belt areas than elsewhere; c) the productivity of public and private investment in the different areas, depending on the natural, infrastructural and human capital resources, can be crucial in increasing labour opportunities for younger family members. The second and third factors may explain the highest employment effects of farm and agro-industrial investment in the most developed areas, while the second factor explains why employment effects of rural diversification are higher in Peripheral Areas than elsewhere.
1 Essential service centres are those municipalities able to provide simultaneously: schools with a full range of secondary education, at least one grade 1 emergency care hospitals and at least one Silver category railway station (medium/small systems with an average degree of uptake for metropolitan/regional services and short-distance journeys)
Extracellular matrix analysis in vasculature in physiological and pathological conditions.
No full textEndothelial dysfunction is one of the main triggers of atherosclerosis which is identified as a chronic inflammatory disease of the artery wall. The exact mechanisms underlying the impaired vascular structure and activity remain unresolved. Since inflammatory cytokine TNFα appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, we treated endothelial cells (HUVEC) with TNFα to see its influence on extracellular matrix components as hyaluronan (HA) and syndecans (SDCs).
TNFα influence HA synthesis enzymes and its presence in the pericellular space. Moreover, it leads to syndecan4 (SDC4) core protein overexpression and alters its heparan sulfate (HS) chains. These mechanisms cause a reduction in HUVEC permeability, an upregulation of the critical enzymes involved in the synthesis of HS and an increase of N-sulfation of HS residues. This HS modifications could inhibit the thrombus formation decreasing the platelets spreading.
These data suggest that, during endothelial inflammation, the alteration of HA synthesis, SDC4 expression and its GAGs chains chemical composition can influence the platelets recruitments and, further, could promote the LDL accumulation during the onset of atherosclerosis.
Since the hepatic enzyme PCSK9 is a novel pharmacological target for patients with cardiovascular disease lowering the plasmatic concentration of LDL, we examined the action of PCSK9 on HA metabolism and LDL receptors in vascular cells. LDLR and LOX1, the main LDL receptors, are influenced by PCSK9. Moreover, PCSK9 affected HA synthesis enzyme expression. These data indicate that PCSK9 could have a vaso-protective role regulating molecules involved in HA homeostasis
Relationships among parasites, physiological stress and personality in the interactions between invasive alien and native species
Full text linkThe thesis explored the interactions between Invasive Alien Species (IAS) and native species in the light of potential effects of parasitic infections, physiological stress and personality on individual fitness (reproductive success/investment).
In particular, this study investigated the interspecific competition between the North American invasive Eastern grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) and the native Eurasian red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris), describing techniques and methods that successively have been applied to evaluate the relationships between personality, stress and parasite load.
Chapter 1 reported the validation of a method to measure physiological stress in Eurasian red squirrel; Chapter 2 showed the application of this method to evaluate physiological stress in the native species in co-occurrence with Eastern grey squirrels.
Chapter 3 presented estimates of personality of individual squirrels using indirect indices and their validation through correlation with direct personality measurements from arena tests. Chapter 4 examined the methods previously identified to explore the relationship between personality and parasite infections in Eastern grey squirrels.
Reproductive success/investment could be influenced by the cumulative effect of factors analysed above. Chapter 5 presented the application of a staining technique of uterine scars count to estimate fecundity in invasive squirrel populations. Finally, Chapter 6 examined the relationships between parasite load, physiological stress, reproductive success and/or investment and the potential mediatory role of personality
Storia ambientale dell’energia nucleare. Gli anni della contestazione.
No full textFor more than half a century, nuclear energy, both for military and civil uses, has outlined one of the most controversial and debated political, scientific as well as cultural issues: A long-lasting and often violent dispute, tragically opened by the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which has weighed heavily upon all the different phases of the Cold War, up to the dawn of the new century and beyond. Making use of a wide variety of archive sources, the book aims at offering one of the first accounts about nuclear energy from the perspective of the environmental history studies. It focuses mainly on that particular historical period which began with the social protests of 1968 and was followed by the oil crisis (1973) and economic turmoil of the Seventies. However, it should not be ignored this “age” was also distinguished by the spread of ecological sciences as well as the emergence of massive environmental public pressures. Laying emphasis on the Italian background, the monograph considers those geological and environmental concerns which involved debates about industrial applications of nuclear technology in the post-oil-crisis backdrop. The work focuses on a period during which the public controversy on nuclear energy was not yet affected by the catastrophic accidents of Černobyl’ and Fukushima, nevertheless it reveals how conflicts, contradictions and divisions were already subverting both science and society
PMI e welfare. Il contratto di rete tra imprese in Provincia di Varese: il caso GIUNCA, da welfare aziendale a welfare territoriale.
Full text linkQuesta tesi è centrata sull’analisi del ruolo che, in un contesto di crisi economica e di mutamento dei modelli sociali tradizionali, il contratto di rete per il welfare può svolgere per promuovere superiori livelli di produttività nelle imprese e di qualità della vita personale e familiare dei dipendenti e dei membri di una collettività locale.
La centralità della ricerca nel campo del welfare aziendale e delle reti di imprese è confermata dallo sviluppo del dibattito e della letteratura sul tema avvenuti negli ultimi anni e dall’impatto sul profilo sociale ed economico per lo sviluppo del sistema Paese.
Per argomentare perché siano necessari interventi che incrementino la produttività e i redditi da lavoro dipendente, nel primo capitolo si descrive la situazione di sofferenza in cui versano le PMI e i dipendenti per effetto della crisi risalente al 2007, illustrando la dinamica del PIL, degli occupati, delle ore annue lavorate, della produttività del lavoro per occupato e per ora lavorata e dei salari medi. Si mostrano, inoltre, le difficoltà patite all’interno dei nuclei familiari per effetto della compressione dei livelli di spesa pubblica destinata alla protezione sociale e dell’aumento dell’occupazione femminile e dell’innalzamento dell’età di pensionamento. Dato conto di un contesto di riferimento in cui i dati empirici e la letteratura mostrano complessivamente l’esistenza di forti divergenze tra bisogni espressi e risorse disponibili e di elevati rischi di povertà diffusa, cui lo Stato non è di fatto più in grado di far fronte, si argomenta poi come sia stato individuato un nuovo paradigma, definito “secondo welfare” poiché complementare e temporalmente successivo al regime obbligatorio, in cui i programmi di protezione e di investimento sociale sono attuati al di fuori del finanziamento pubblico e da attori diversi - imprese, organizzazioni sindacali e datoriali, fondazioni, mutue, enti filantropici e Terzo settore.
Nel secondo capitolo, poi, partendo dall’evidenza che attori sociali diversi da quelli pubblici possono attivarsi in logica di sussidiarietà e, con successo, migliorare la situazione monetaria e gestionale di bisogni comuni e crescenti, si analizza uno specifico strumento di intervento, il welfare aziendale, appannaggio delle imprese e idoneo ad ottenere vantaggi produttivi, fiscali e organizzativi per il datore di lavoro e a supportare l’azione di protezione sociale statale. In merito se ne presenta una definizione, i contenuti, gli attori e le novità legislative introdotte dalle Leggi di Stabilità 2016, 2017 e 2018.
Vista la forte presenza in Italia di PMI e i limiti monetari e organizzativi che caratterizzano strutture produttive di questo tipo, di fatto, il ricorso al welfare aziendale risulta in Italia ostacolato, tuttavia una soluzione perché siano esplicati i punti di forza e le potenzialità dello strumento si trova nell’utilizzo del contratto di rete, che viene illustrato nel terzo capitolo, dove sono anche illustrati i requisiti in termini di capitale sociale necessari alla stipulazione di un contratto di rete, le strutture e i modelli operativi cui le aziende possono ricorrere e quali implicazioni si configurino nei rapporti di lavoro.
La distribuzione geografica e i livelli di efficacia raggiunti in determinate aree del Paese portano ad ipotizzare che l’ambiente di riferimento sia facilitante verso un maggiore e più proficuo ricorso al contratto di rete e, nel quarto capitolo, si analizza il territorio - la Provincia lombarda di Varese - in cui è stato avviato il primo progetto di rete di impresa per il welfare aziendale - GIUNCA - per isolarne le caratteristiche ed individuare, in ottica causale, una prima serie di fattori di sostegno alla realizzazione di rilevanti livelli di produttività e integrazione dei redditi da lavoro dipendente. Il campo di osservazione viene esteso a livello di Regione, di macro area e di provincia e risulta che in Lombardia, la presenza di contratti di rete rispetto al resto d’Italia è consistente.
Illustrate alcune evidenze dal contesto di riferimento, nel quinto capitolo, si analizza il progetto GIUNCA, per ritrarvi quegli elementi che possono aver attivato una sperimentale utilizzazione del contratto di rete per il welfare aziendale. Dallo studio dei partecipanti, degli obiettivi, delle azioni intraprese e dei risultati raggiunti e dalle interviste ottenute dai protagonisti e da esperti nel settore, si riesce a isolare come superiori livelli di innovazione e orientamento alla CSR presenti nel tessuto imprenditoriale di riferimento abbiano portato le imprese retiste di GIUNCA a strutturare diversi elementi esterni, sia avversi che agevolanti, in un esperimento innovativo e efficace. Difatti la crisi economica e gli accresciuti bisogni di reddito e di sostegno nella vita familiare, da un lato, e l’introduzione normativa del contratto di rete, da un altro lato, sono stati colti come opportunità dalle imprese coinvolte nel progetto, che hanno così dato avvio alla prima rete per il welfare in Italia e realizzato livelli di copertura elevati, come chiarito nel quinto capitolo.
Un’analisi degli sviluppi successivi dell’azione di GIUNCA, consente, nel sesto capitolo, di individuare una differenziazione conglomerale verso ambiti più sociali e meno centrati sull’azienda. Nel tempo infatti la rete, originariamente orientata verso i propri dipendenti si è interessata alle situazioni di famiglie con figli minori e a categorie svantaggiate escluse dal mondo del lavoro - donne e giovani -, contribuendo come copartecipante, assieme ad un insieme via via più numero ed eterogeneo di attori sociali locali, alla realizzazione di progetti finanziati da Pubbliche Amministrazioni o Enti filantropici, avviando ed intensificando relazioni con esperti di ambiti territoriali sovra-locali.
L’esperienza di GIUNCA conferma trasformazioni in atto e l’ibridazione positiva dei programmi di integrazione sociale anche in aree relativamente estese come la Provincia di Varese e focalizza l’attenzione su questa area come territorio reattivo e campo di ricerca idoneo ad individuare sperimentazioni che potrebbero, compreso l’impatto realizzato dai programmi di welfare, costituire best practices replicabili
Una filosofia del bene comune? Esercizi di descrizione fenomenologica.
Full text linkLa sensibilità contemporanea, declinata soprattutto nel suo versante normativo, sta affrontando il bene comune intendendo valorizzarne l’integrità quale “risorsa primaria”, quale “bene” insostituibile per la sopravvivenza della condizione umana, oppure quale “cosa funzionale all’esercizio dei diritti” e, in generale, dell’“ambiente”. L’intenzione generale di questa ricerca è stata, invece, quella di provare a descrivere ciò che del bene comune è esperito prima di sua ogni assunzione di ordine concettuale, giuridica o comunque riferita ad un ambito disciplinare specifico, prima della sua stessa distinzione in beni comuni materiali o immateriali. Si tratta così, di confrontarsi con il bene comune a partire non da una teorizzazione pregressa, ma dalla descrizione della sua esperienza, spostando l’asse investigativo dall’esercizio della “costituzione” normativo-concettuale del bene comune alla “descrizione” di un’esperienza già in atto. Le voci filosofiche, che maggiormente sembrano aderire a questa richiesta descrittiva sono la lezione fenomenologica novecentesca di Edmund Husserl e di Martin Heidegger.
A philosophy of the common good? Exercises of Phenomenological description The contemporary sensibility, declined above all in its normative side, is dealing with the common good, intending to enhance its integrity as a "primary resource", as an irreplaceable "good" for the survival of the human condition, or as "good functional for exercise of the rights” and, in general, for the “environment”. The general intention of this research was, instead, to try to describe how the common good is experienced before every conceptual, juridical assumption or in any case referring to a specific disciplinary area, before its own distinction in tangible or intangible common goods. It is thus, to confront with the common good starting not from a previous theorizing, but from the description of its experience, shifting the investigative axis from the exercise of the normative-conceptual "constitution" of the common good to the "description" of an already underway experience. The philosophical voices which most seem to adhere to this descriptive request, are the twentieth phenomenological lessons of Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger
Clinico-pathologic, histophenotypic, molecular and prognostic characterization of small bowel carcinomas associated with celiac disease or Chron’s disease.
Full text linkNon-familial small bowel carcinomas are relatively rare and have a poor prognosis. Celiac disease and Crohn’s disease are predisposing conditions for small bowel carcinoma development. In this study, small bowel carcinomas associated with celiac disease (n=26), small bowel carcinomas associated with Crohn’s disease (n=25) and sporadic small bowel carcinomas (n=25) were systematically compared. We found that in patients undergoing surgery for small bowel carcinomas the underlying immune-mediated disorder represents a stage-independent prognostic factor. Despite their common origin in a chronically inflamed mucosa, celiac disease-associated and Crohn’s disease-associated small bowel carcinomas differ substantially in tumor cell phenotype, tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte density, microsatellite instability status, Wnt pathway activation, as well as mucosal precursor lesions. Moreover, Epstein-Barr virus-positive carcinomas may occur in the ileum of Crohn’s disease patients and are characterised by increased tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, either with lymphoepithelioma-like or with a more conventional glandular histology
Sequences of refinements of rough sets: logical and algebraic aspects
Full text linkIn this thesis, a generalization of the classical Rough set theory is developed considering the so-called sequences of orthopairs that we define as special sequences of rough sets.
Mainly, our aim is to introduce some operations between sequences of orthopairs, and to discover how to generate them starting from the operations concerning standard rough sets. Also, we prove several representation theorems representing the class of finite centered Kleene algebras with the interpolation property, and some classes of finite residuated lattices (more precisely, we consider Nelson algebras, Nelson lattices, IUML-algebras and Kleene lattice with implication) as sequences of orthopairs.
Moreover, as an application, we show that a sequence of orthopairs can be used to represent an examiner's opinion on a number of candidates applying for a job, and we show that opinions of two or more examiners can be combined using operations between sequences of orthopairs in order to get a final decision on each candidate.
Finally, we provide the original modal logic SOn with semantics based on sequences of orthopairs, and we employ it to describe the knowledge of an agent that increases over time, as new information is provided. Modal logic Son is characterized by the sequences (□1,…, □n) and (O1,…, On) of n modal operators corresponding to a sequence (t1,…, tn) of consecutive times. Furthermore, the operator □i of (□1,…, □n) represents the knowledge of an agent at time ti, and it coincides with the necessity modal operator of S5 logic. On the other hand, the main innovative aspect of modal logic SOn is the presence of the sequence (O1,…, On), since Oi establishes whether an agent is interested in knowing a given fact at time ti
MonoNuclear Peripheral Cells at high content of stem cells CD34+ after mobilization with G-CSF for the treatment of Critical Limb Ischemia (CLI).
No full textINTRODUCTION: Critical Limb Ischemia (CLI) patients have a poor prognosis despite they are submitted to conventional treatment. Still up to 30% of these patients is not eligible for either surgical nor endovascular procedures.
AIM OF THE STUDY: Evaluate feasibility and outcome of inoculation of mononuclear peripheral cells at high content of stem cells CD34+ as treatment of critical limb ischemia in order to reduce the risk of major amputation of the inferior limb.
MATHERIALS AND METHODS: CLI patients unresponsive to pharmacological therapy or with clinically unsatisfactory revascularization are submitted to Mobilized Peripheral Blood MonoNuclear Cell Implantation after G-CSF stimulation.
RESULTS: Sixty-two patients have been treated. Amputation Free Survival (AFS) was 81% at 6 months and 77% at 1 and 2 years. The transplanted patients showed a reduction of pain and severity of ulcers’ grade after the procedure.
DISCUSSION: The obtained 77% of Amputation Free Survival (AFS) permitted to achieve the primary end point of the study and could be considered an encouraging result in limb salvage. The dose of cells administered (about twice the amount reported in other studies) could be a reason of this good result. This procedure seems to be safe even in the elderly patients.
CONCLUSIONS: Stem cells transplantation therapy confirms to be promising for the effective treatment of “no-option” CLI patients with a favorable safety profile. CD34+ cells could have a central role in this treatment as injection of higher doses of these cells seem to be associated with good clinical results. On the other hand, the most advanced stages of arterial disease and limb ischemia are associated with worse clinical response