Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business
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SME Internationalization Intelligence Information and Knowledge on International Opportunities
Get PDFSmall and medium enterprises (SMEs) internationalization intelligence, referring to the process of gathering information and knowledge on international opportunities, is crucial to initiate SMEs’ internationalization. The literature has stressed organizational resources, networks and information sharing as means to acquire internationalization intelligence, suggesting that the resource-based, network and social capital perspectives can be adopted to explore this issue. However, previous literature still lacks evidence on how SMEs acquire relevant intelligence, and who or what are involved with the process. To address this lack of evidence, we interviewed 54 SME owners/key personnel in the manufacturing sector to: identify sources of internationalization intelligence; examine how those sources assist SMEs to internationalize; and develop propositions on internationalization intelligence. Analyzing the data using NVivo, four themes emerged including institutions, business associates, personal efforts, and other means. The analysis suggests internationalization intelligence occurs mainly through the networks of the SME owners/key personnel, built on their firm’s resources through their internal and external information sharing activities, indicating the need of the SMEs to position themselves in their environments. These findings are developed into propositions. The study indicates multiple perspectives in conceptualizing the process of internationalization intelligence. This study advances a conceptualization of internationalization intelligence, and offers avenues for future research.
Technology Readiness and E-Commerce Adoption among Entrepreneurs of SMEs in Bandung City, Indonesia
Get PDFThe emergence of internet-based electronic commerce offers considerable opportunities for companies to expand their customer base, enter new product markets, and rationalize their business. The Indonesian government has initiated and implemented a series of plans and activities to promote technology use to increase SMEs’ performance. Despite such efforts, technology adoption rate are still low. Therefore, it is important to understand the factors affecting an entrepreneurs’ decision on internet adoption, by measuring technology readiness (TR). The purpose of this study is to investigate TR and the extent to which E-commerce is adopted amongst entrepreneurs. This study is replication of Parasuraman’s study on the Technology Readiness Index (TRI). Questionnaires were distributed using a convenience sampling method to 190 entrepreneurs of SME in Bandung city. The findings indicate that entrepreneurs are moderate in terms of their TR. There are significant differences in terms of TR across entrepreneurs’ backgrounds (gender, age, education, and income). In relation to internet adoption by those surveyed, as their use of media promotion is still low, there were only 36.3 percent who adopted it. The results clearly indicate the need to provide support to SMEs to adopt and use e-commerce. These results have implications not only for managers of SMEs but also for government agencies in developing countries such as Indonesia. The findings have implications for researchers and practitioners by identifying TR drivers (optimism and innovativeness), and barriers (discomfort and insecurity), that contribute to effectively leveraging the Internet in an important area for SMEs.
Cooperation and Competition among Clustered MSEs in East Java
Get PDFThere has been a common picture in economic development that micro and small enterprises (MSEs) tend to conglomerate in various clusters for the sake of gaining location advantages. These MSEs then create inter-firm linkages and business strategies as the two play an important role in their performance. By taking selected manufacturing MSEs that operate in various small industrial clusters in East Java, Indonesia, this research examined the relationships between the inter-firm linkages and business strategies applied simultaneously by MSEs and their impacts on the firm’s performance. Viewed from the perspective of a co-opetition strategy, the results of this study revealed that some types of inter-firm linkages and business strategies matter for the MSEs’ performance. However, within small industrial clusters, inter-firm linkages seem to be less effective compared to business strategies in affecting a firm’s performance.
Fraud Firms and the Matching Principle: Evidence from Korea
Get PDFThis paper examines whether the degree of matching for poor-performing fraud firms varies depending on the strength of the causal relation between expenses and revenues. A stronger causal relation exists between revenues and operating expenses than between revenues and total expenses that include non-operating expenses as well as operating expenses. Fraud firms have stronger incentives for managing earnings. Given that managing earnings is easier when using non-operating items than when using operating items, the degree of matching is (not) lower for fraud firms than for non-fraud firms at the strong (weak) level of the causal relation between revenues and expenses. Empirical results suggest that the degrees of matching are different between fraud and non-fraud firms only at the strong level of the causal relation between revenues and expenses. This result implies that the investigation of the matching model at a strong level of the causal relation between revenues and expenses is more effective than that at a weak level of the causal relation, with regard to examining the degree of matching for fraud firms. This study contributes to the literature by providing evidence on the importance of the level of the causal relation when examining the degree of matching.
A Comparative Analysis of the Quality of Islamic and Conventional Banks’ Asset Management in Indonesia
Get PDFThis research empirically and comparatively examines the quality of conventional and Islamic banks’ asset management in Indonesia during the period 2009-2011. Four general conventional banks [i.e., Bank Mandiri Indonesia (BMI), Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI), Bank Central Asia (BCA), and Bank Nasional Indonesia (BNI)] and four Islamic banks (Bank Muamalat, Bank Syariah Mandiri, Bank Syariah Mega Indonesia, and Bank Syariah BRI) were, respectively, explored. Specifically, the purpose of this study is to compare the quality of the Islamic and conventional banks’ asset management with the CAMEL (capital, asset, management, earning, and liquidity) method. It also attempts to analyse the influences of the ROA (Return on Asset), TLTA (Total Loan to Total Assets), and OITL (Operating Income to Total Liabilities) on the quality of the banks’ asset management. The CAMEL method was used to evaluate the quality level of the banks’ asset management, while the multiple regression analysis was then adopted to explore the determinants of the quality of the banks’ asset management. The study documented that Bank Syariah BRI was the best performing bank, with the highest CAMEL score of 50.33, while Bank Mandiri Indonesia was the worst performer with the lowest CAMEL score of 26.33. As a group, the Islamic banks were found to have better rankings, i.e., positions 1, 2, 3, and 6, while the conventional banks were found in 4, 5, 7, and 8, respectively. The study proved that the Islamic banks have a better asset management quality compared to their conventional counterparts. The Islamic banks were also proved to be better able to withstand the risks, particularly the financing risk.
Explaining the Informal Sector in Indonesia from the Transaction Costs Perspective
Get PDFThe informal sector in Indonesia is massive, and has become a challenge to the growth of the open market economy. Explanations of the cause of informality have shifted over time from structural dualism to excessive government regulation. This paper argues that merely focusing on the high cost regulation may not reveal the bottom line of informality. Assessment and elaboration of infomality need the help of the transaction cost approach that suggests that informality in the economy exists due to the high-transaction-cost institutional framework. To support the argument, this paper provides a preliminary study on the transaction costs borne by firms in the industrial manufacturing sector based on two industrial surveys conducted by BPS-Statistics Indonesia, which are the 2009 survey on medium and large-scale enterprises (MLEs) and the 2010 survey on micro and small-scale enterprises (MSEs). This paper shows that micro and small-scale enterprises with no legality bore the least transaction costs compared to those operating legally, both micro and small-scale, as well as medium and large-scale enterprises. Consequently, regulatory reforms aimed at reducing transaction costs, not merely aimed at reducing official costs and simplifying procedures, are the keys to achieving economic growth while ensuring full participation of the private sector.
The Market Quality to Technical Analysis Performance: Intercountry Analysis
Get PDFThe main objective of this research is to discuss the impact of market quality on technical analysis profitability using inter-country analysis. Market quality is proxied by market capitalization. Technical analysis performance (profitability) is calculated using technical analysis return for MA5 indicator and short transaction strategy. This study uses the OSIRIS and Yahoo Finance databases. Using 21 countries with 50 companies for each country, this study finds that market quality affects technical analysis performance. Robustness tests are conducted for longer moving average indicators that are MA10 and MA15. To make sure that the results are not sensitive toward the strategy used, other robustness tests are conducted by using short and long-short transaction strategies. All robustness tests confirm the findings.
Social Entrepreneurial Intention among Business Undergraduates: An Emerging Economy Perspective
Get PDFSocial entrepreneurs are viewed as having the abilities to combat social and economic problems in which government, businesses, and non-profits may not be able to solve the problems alone. Consequently, with the collaboration among these sectors, more social enterprises can be established to create social values and development in a nation, specifically among the emerging economies. Therefore, it is timely to investigate what motivates undergraduates to develop social entrepreneurial intention. Drawing from the entrepreneurial models of Shapero and Sokol (1982) and Kruger and Brazeal (1994), this study aims to examine the social entrepreneurial intention among undergraduates from the perspective of an emerging economy. The proposed conceptual model differs from the existing entrepreneurial intention studies by adding the concepts of empathy and social entrepreneurship exposure as the antecedents to perceived desirability and perceived feasibility of social enterprising start-up, which in turn link to social entrepreneurial intention. Using the quota sampling technique, data were collected from 257 business and economics undergraduates from both public and private higher education institutions in Malaysia. The survey instrument was adapted from prior related studies, for instance, Davis (1983) for empathy; Shapero and Sokol (1982) for social entrepreneurship exposure; Krueger (1993) for perceived desirability and perceived feasibility; and Chen et al. (1998) for social entrepreneurial intention. Partial least squares path modelling was used to analyze the hypothesized relationships in the proposed conceptual framework. It is hoped that the findings of this study will shed light on the existing literature of social entrepreneurship, specifically the social entrepreneurial intention studies from the emerging economies perspective.
How Does Procedural Fairness Affect Performance Evaluation System Satisfaction? (Evidence from a UK Police Force)
Get PDFThis paper investigates whether, and if so, how procedural fairness affects performance evaluation system satisfaction in a UK Police Force. Employing a survey method with samples of detective inspectors and detective chief inspectors with significant managerial responsibilities in a UK Police Force, this study finds that procedural fairness affects performance evaluation system satisfaction. Further analysis reveals that the effect of procedural fairness on performance evaluation system satisfaction is mediated by trust. This study provides empirical evidence on how procedural fairness affects performance evaluation system satisfaction. The results of this study may benefit the designer of performance evaluation systems in police organizations.