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[Research Notes] A Study on Stone Tombs with the Outer Enclosures (Myaaka) in the Miyakojima Islands Region
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[Research Materials] A Case Study on the Dark Green Paint in the Transitional Period from Momoyama to Kanei Cultures
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[Article] Testaments and Deeds of Transfer within Medieval Warrior Households
Get PDFapplication/pdf本稿は、中世の武家が作成した置文は譲状と密接な関係を持ちながらも、それとは初発的に属性・機能を異にする別個の文書として成立したという理解を前提に、鎌倉期の事例を網羅的に収集してその属性・機能・法的性格を考察し、武家置文の本質を追究したものである。また、南北朝期以降の武家置文の特色についても考察し、その変容の実態を追究した。
中世の武家置文の属性は、所領譲与に際し、本来制定者＝譲与者の口頭によって伝えられるはずの相続人＝被譲与者が果たすべき責務を、後世のために記録することにあった。置文に記された相続人＝被譲与者が果たすべき責務の規定は、同時に作成された譲状の施行細目でもあり、置文は譲状の譲与効力を補完する機能を果たしたといえる。譲状も置文も、譲与者の意思のみで作成されたが、その死後に被譲与者間による内容確認＝合意形成がなされることで、その世代における法的効力が担保された。ところが、十三世紀末の鎌倉幕府の本主興行令により、置文の規定は幕府権力によって保障されるようになった結果、それは被譲与者の世代を越えた法的効力を持つに至り、永続的な規範性を獲得する契機になった。南北朝期以降、武家の家では置文が家法化し、譲状の上位に位置づく法規になったが、このような現象は本主興行令にもとづく置文の法的効力の向上を受けてのことと見られる。十五世紀になると、武家の家における父子二頭体制の構築に伴い、宛所を嫡子に限定する置文が出現した。この置文の内容は、家督相続時に家督(隠居)と嫡子(次期家督)との間でのみ確認＝公開され、そのほかの得分親たち＝庶子はその場から排除されたと考えられる。一方、家法化された置文の内容も譲状に引用されるだけになり、それ自体が一族に公開されることはなくなった。こうして十五世紀以降、武家の置文は公開性を希薄化させ、「秘される文書」へと変容していったのである。Based on the understanding that, from the outset, the testaments produced by medieval warrior households were documents with attributes and functions that were distinct from ― even while being closely related to ― deeds of transfer, this paper, in pursuit of the very essence of such warrior testaments, considers their attributes, functions, and legal characteristics by comprehensively gathering examples of these documents from the Kamakura period. The characteristics of warrior testaments from the Nanboku-cho period and thereafter are also studied, and the reality of their transformation is investigated.
One attribute of medieval warrior testaments is that, for the benefit of future generations, such documents record the duties to be fulfilled by the inheritor (transferee) that should be conveyed orally by the original enactor (transferer) at the time of the transfer of territory. The stipulations regarding the duties to be fulfilled by the inheritor (transferee) stated on the testament are found in the detailed enforcement regulations of the deed of transfer produced at the same time, and the testament is said to fulfil a function that enhances the efficacy of the deed of transfer. Both the deed of transfer and the testament were produced solely at the behest of the transferer. However, by providing a confirmation of the content (formation of consensus) between transferees after the death of the transferer, legal efficacy was ensured for future generations. Incidentally, as a result of the guarantee of the provisions of the testament by means of the authority of the shogun because of the Kamakura Shogunate policy guaranteeing the will of the grantor (honshu-kogyorei) at the end of the 13th century, this practice reached legal efficacy beyond the generation of the transferee and led to the acquisition of a permanent model. In and after the Nanboku-cho period, in warrior households, the testament became codified and legally had a superior position to the deed of transfer; however, such a phenomenon is also seen in the provision of increased legal efficacy for testaments based on the honshu-kogyorei. By the 15th century, along with the construction of the parent–child tandem system among warrior households, testaments appeared that limited the address to the heirs only. The details of such testaments were confirmed (available) only between the household head (retired) and the heir (successor to the household headship) at the time of the succession to the household headship, and the other inheritors (illegitimate children) may have been excluded from that location. However, as the details of the codified testament were also referred to in the deed of transfer, the testament itself was no longer made available to the household. In this way, from the 15th century, the availability of warrior testaments became sparse, and they were transformed into “secret documents.”departmental bulletin pape
[Article] Analysis of Diplomatic Documents in Medieval Japan With the Focus on Their Forms and Formats
Get PDFapplication/pdf本稿は、中世日本の往復外交文書の事例を集積することをとおして、その様式論を構築しようとするものである。従来、日本古文書学においては研究が手薄であったが、様式論を構築することで、日本古文書学、そして「東アジア古文書学」のなかに中世日本の往復外交文書を位置づけようとする試みである。
具体的には、古代から中世にかけての往復外交文書を「皇帝文書」「官文書」「皇帝・天皇への上行文書」「書簡」の四種に大別したうえで、それぞれについて事例を集積し、文書様式の共時性と通時性、あるいは特定の文書様式がどのような事情のもとで選択・使用されたのかといった問題を検討した。
とりわけ、中世日本の往復外交文書を特徴づける書簡に関しては、以下のような見通しを得た。明は周辺諸国との間で、皇帝との上行・下行文書の往復、および官庁間での平行文書の往復を原則とし、国内文書と外交文書を区別することはなかった。一方、周辺諸国間では、むしろ私文書様式の「書簡」で外交文書を往復するほうが一般的であった。このようにみたとき、中世日本の武家外交は、基本的に書簡様式の外交文書の往復にもとづき展開されていたのであり、明との往復外交文書はむしろ例外的なものといえる。
こうした武家外交における書簡様式の使用という現象は、武家社会における書札様文書の公文書化という現象と通底するものであった。そして、国際交流の範囲が地球規模に拡大するなかで、非漢字文化圏である東南アジア・ヨーロッパ諸国との関係構築にあたり、書簡様式の外交文書は二者間の摩擦を低減させる作用を発揮したといえよう。This paper aims to construct a theory of the style of medieval Japanese shuttle diplomatic documents by collating examples of such documents. Conventionally, there has been a lack of research regarding Japanese palaeography. However, by constructing a theory of style, medieval Japanese shuttle diplomatic documents can be positioned within Japanese and East Asian palaeography studies.
Specifically, shuttle diplomatic documents from ancient times through to medieval times were divided into four categories, namely, imperial documents, bureaucratic documents, documents ascending to the Emperor, and correspondence. Thereafter, examples of each were collated, and a study was made to issues the commonalities and diachronism of the document style and the circumstances by which specific document formats were selected and used.
Consequently, the following findings were obtained. In general, the Ming dynasty exchanged ascending and descending documents with the rulers of neighbouring countries, and parallel documents with the government offices of those countries, and made no distinction between domestic documents and diplomatic documents. However, in surrounding countries, it was more typical for diplomatic documents to be shuttled as “correspondence” in the Japanese documentary style. This suggests that, basically, medieval Japanese samurai diplomacy developed on the basis of correspondence-style diplomatic documents, and the shuttle diplomatic documents with the Ming dynasty were actually exceptions.
The phenomenon of the use of correspondence style in samurai diplomacy was connected to the phenomenon of correspondence-style documents becoming of ficial documentation in samurai society. Moreover, as the scope of international exchanges expanded to a global scale ― with the construction of relationships with countries not using Chinese characters, including various countries in southeast Asia and Europe ― correspondence-style diplomatic documents manifested an ef fect of reducing the friction between two parties.departmental bulletin pape
[Report on Investigation and Research Activity] Archaeological Report on the Chronology of Human Bones of the Late Shellmound Period Excavated in Okinawa Islands : Gushikawajima Site Group, Gushibaru Shellmound, Gushiken Shellmound, Uhutōbaru Shellmound and Gushikawa-Gusuku Under Cliff Site
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