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Characteristics of Goat Milk Kefir with Addition of Red Yeast Rice Extract During Storage
Get PDFKefir is one of milk products, produced by the addition of bacteria and yeast-containing kefir starter. This study aimed to evaluate the microbial characteristic, antibacterial activity, chemical and physical characteristics, antioxidant activity, and organoleptic characteristic of goat milk kefir which treated with angkak (red yeast rice) extract supplementation during storage. The study was initiated with milling to produce angkak flour, which then was diluted on sterilized distilled water on 1:2 ratio. Kefir were obtained by fermenting goat milk using 3% kefir grain for 18 hours at room temperature. Different treatments on the study were angkak extract supplementations on level of 0; 2; 4; and 6% for three different storage periods, i.e., 0, 7, and 14 days. The parameter of microbial characteristics observed on this study were total of lactic acid bacteria, TPC, total yeast, and antibacterial activity. Chemical tests performed on this study included the value of acidity, pH value, alcohol content, and water content. Meanwhile, the physical evaluations included viscosity, color test (brightness value, red value, and yellow value), and followed with antioxidant activity test on DPPH method and organoleptic test. Data from chemical, microbial, and physical evaluation were analyzed on one way ANOVA for these following parameters: total count of lactic acid bacteria, TPC, antibacterial activity, value of acidity, pH value, alcohol content, water content, viscosity, brightness value, red value, yellow value, antioxidant activity, and sensory values (alcoholic taste and acceptability). The analysis were further continued on two way ANOVA for total count of lactic acid bacteria, TPC, antibacterial activity on E. coli and S. aureus, alcohol content, viscosity, brightness value, red value, yellow value, and antioxidant activity. Meanwhile, the organoleptic characteristics were analyzed on non-parametric Kruskal Wallis, followed by Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT). Data were analyzed on computer program of Software Statistical Product and Service Solution (SPSS) version 18 for windows. The study revealed that angkak extract supplementation on goat milk kefir during 0, 7, and 14 days of storage had significant effects (P<0.05) on total count of lactic acid bacteria, TPC count, antibacterial activity, value of acidity, pH value, alcohol content, and sensory qualities (alcoholic taste and acceptability). There was an interaction between angkak extract supplementation and storage period on total count of lactic acid bacteria, TPC, antibacterial activity on E. coli and S. aureus, alcohol content, viscosity, brightness value, red value, yellow value, and antioxidant activity. As summary, supplementation of angkak extract at 6% level and 14 days storage periods increase the microbiological quality, viscosity, alcohol content, antioxidant activity, as well as its alcoholic taste-associated acceptability, and inhibit the growth of pathogens (E. coli and S. aureus)
Phylogenetic Study of Madura Cattle Based on Mitochondrial Cyt b and D-loop Sequences
Get PDFMadura Cattle is one breed of local cattle from Indonesia. Madura cattle are estimated to originate from a crossbreeding between Bos indicus and Bos javanicus. Another presumption is that Madura cattle are the result of a crossbreeding between B. indicus males and mixed B. javanicus or Bos taurus. Tracing the history of Madura cross and another cattle phylogenetic based on maternal lineage can be done by analyzing the variation of the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA). The purpose of this study was to determine the clarity of the origin of Madura cattle based on maternal lineage using mtDNA markers Cyt b and D-loop. This research is expected to provide genetic information and the origin of Madura cattle, so that it can be used to help improve the breeding and conservation program for Madura cattle. The results of the phylogeny tree reconstruction, using the Cyt b and D-loop genes showed that Madura cattle originated from Sampang region (Polagan, Golbung, and Komis) were grouped into two types of maternal origin. Madura cattle clade I are grouped with B. indicus and B. taurus, while Madura cattle clade II are grouped with B. javanicus. A crossbreeding between B. javanicus and B. indicus is estimated to have been carried out since the entry of Hindu culture brought by the India peoples to Indonesia around 1800 years ago. The crossing between B. javanicus and B. indicus was then more intensively carried out at the time of the government's promoting the development of Ongol cattles (B. indicus) in the days of the Dutch East Indies. The length segment of Cyt b that can be amplified is 230 bp and the D-loop segment of varying length, 577 bp for the Madura 41 and 29 samples, and 624 bp for sample 32.
The In Vitro Digestibility of Complete Silage From Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench Ingredient using Different Additives
Get PDFThis study aimed to determine the in vitro nutrient digestibility of complete silage from Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench using different additives. The method used was a completely randomized design containing 4 treatments and 4 replications, namely, R1: Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench + L. leucocephala (without additives/control), R2: Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench + L. leucocephala + 20% rice bran + 10% rock sugar, R3: Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench + L. leucocephala + 20% corn meal + 10% rock sugar, R4: Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench + L. leucocephala + 20% pollard + 10% rock sugar. The additive material percentage was calculated based on the chopped weight of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench and L. leucocephala. The data obtained were assessed by the analysis of variance, and then continuously analyzed by the Duncan's multiple range test. The Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench plants were harvested on 70 days after planting and withered for 3 hours to reduce the moisture content, and then chopped at 3 cm size. The chopped results were mixed with the additive materials based on the treatments and their percentages applied, and then moved to the plastic container (silo), the mixture that was moved into the silo was suppressed to make the chopped layer solid (anaerobic principal). Ensilage process was stood for 21 days. The complete silage was removed, and its in vitro nutrient digestibility was analyzed. The results showed that the use of additives could improve the dry matter, organic matter, N-NH3, and VFA digestibility of complete silage from Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. It can be concluded that the additive supplementation of 20% pollard and 10% rock sugar can improve the dry matter, organic matter, N-NH3, and VFA digestibility of complete silage from Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.
Growth Performance and Blood Profile of Broiler Chicken Fed Black Garlic and Curcuma in the Ration
Get PDFThis study aims to determine the effect of feeding black garlic and curcuma in the ration on the growth performance and blood profile of broiler chickens. This research was conducted in the Faculty Farm and Integrated Laboratory of the Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Jambi and Health Laboratory, Jambi Province. The research used 200 day old chicken broiler (DOC) with strains of New Lohman MB 202. The experiment was carried out using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 4 replications, 10 chickens each. The treatments were: P0 = 100% commercial feed (control), P1 = P0 + 3.0% black garlic + 0% curcuma, P2 = P0 + 2.0% black garlic + 1.0% curcuma, P3 = P0 + 1.0% black garlic + 2.0 % curcuma and P4 = P0 + 0% black garlic + 3.0% curcuma. Parameters measured were bodyweight gain, feed consumption and conversion ratio, and blood cholesterol profile (total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and HDL). The data were analyzed according to the design used, and highly significant effect on parameter would be tested by Duncan's multiple range test. The results of this study showed that the treatment had a significant effect (P<0.05) on feed consumption, bodyweight gain, feed conversion ratio dan blood cholesterol properties. Duncan's test showed that feeding 2% of black garlic and 1% curcuma significantly (P<0.05) increased feed consumption as well as bodyweight gain and HDL whereas cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL decreased significantly (P<0.05). It is concluded that combination of 2% black garlic and 1% curcuma can improve growth performance up to 5% and blood profile of broilers (total cholesterol, Triglyceride and LDL decreased 8.62%, 36.59% and 28.43% respectively, HDL increased 9.15% approximately)
The Effects of Cassava Pomace and Protected Soybean Meal on Dairy Milk Production and Quality
Get PDF The objective of the study was to determine the effect of cassava pomace and protected soybean meal on dairy milk production and quality of mid lactating dairy cows. This research was conducted at Turen, Malang from January to April 2020. Twelve lactating Friesian Holstein dairy cows were divided into 2 groups so that each group consisted of 6, namely the control and treatment groups. The feed were a combination of forage and concentrate with a ratio of 35:65 in dry matter (DM). The control group received wet concentrate with DM content of 30.58%, 14.87% CP, and 75.06% TDN, while the treatment groups received concentrate with supplementation of cassava pomace 15% of DM ratio and protected soybean meal 45 g/l milk production. The variables observed were nutrient consumption, milk production and quality. Data between the two groups were analyzed using the Independent Sample T-test. The results showed that the addition of waste cassava and protected soybean meal increased (P<0.05) nutrient consumption (DM, OM, CP, CF, EE, and TDN). Milk production in the treatment group was higher (P<0.05) than control group (9.46 vs. 6.07 Ls/head/day). Milk protein production in the treatment group was higher (P<0.05) than control group (0.37 vs. 0.21 L/head/day). The content of milk protein and milk fat between the control and treatment groups was not significantly different (respectively 3.19 Vs 3.28; 4.46 vs 4.42 %). Milk protein and fat production in the treatment group was higher (P<0.05) than control group (0.21 vs 0.37; and 0.50 vs. 0.30 L/head/day respectively). The composition of glucose and blood urea in control and treatment dairy cows were not significantly different. In conclusion, giving cassava pomace and protected soybean meal to dairy cows during mid lactation increased nutrient consumption, milk production, milk protein production, and milk fat production but did not increase percentage of milk protein and fat. The treatment also did not affect blood glucose and nitrogen urea contents.
Feed Evaluation Based on in Vitro Gas Production of Tropical Forages with Addition of Different Polyethylene Glycol (Peg) Level
Get PDFThis study aimed to determine the chemical composition and gas production based on fermentation in the rumen of nine types of forage tropical feed commonly used in Indonesia. The forages used in this study were: mahogany leaves (Swietenia mahagoni L. Jacq.), tayuman leaves (Bauhinia purpurea), bamboo leaves (Bambusa arundinaceae), canary leaves (Canarium indicum L.), tea leaves (Camellia sinensis), ketapang leaves (Terminalia catapa L.), lamtoro leaves (Leucaena leucocephala), tehtehan leaves (Duranta repens), and turi leaves (Sesbania grandiflora). Measurements of in vitro gas production were carried out at 10 observation points (2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48, 72 hour). Tannin activity was measured for each sample at observation points using measurements of gas production divided into three groups with modified levels of polyethylene glycol (PEG), ie samples without PEG (P1); sample + PEG in the amount of 200 mgDM (P2); and PEG + samples of tannins contained in each forage based on literature studies (P3). Data were analyzed for a variance by following the factorial completely randomized design (CRD) pattern. Statistical analyzes were performed on all data by following the general linear procedure in PROC GLM from SAS. The data obtained were analyzed for variance at the 5% significance level. The results of gas production calculations showed that crude protein (CP) from each forage ranges from 5.75 - 22.37% where the highest CP was owned by turi leaves (S. grandiflora). The content of crude fiber (CF) ranged from 5.30 - 20.93%. The most optimal measurement of gas production was in the sample given PEG in the amount of 200mg/kg with a significant difference (P<0.05). The higher of the tannin content contained in the forage, the lower of gas produced. Measurement of tannin content showed that condensed tannin content varied from turi leaves by 0.20% to the highest in mahogany leaves by 8.60%. The addition of 200 mg/100mgDM of PEG optimizes the rate of forage gas production, especially for grass plants (gramineae)
A Comparison of Growth Characteristics, Dry Matter Yield, and Forage Quality Between Mixed Cropping and Pure Stand Systems (Monoculture Systems)
Get PDFSmallholders beef cattle are facing many problems, such as the unsustainable supply, limited quantity, and poor quality of forage, which all are crucial to increase the population and productivity of their beef cattle. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of monoculture and mixed cropping system between dwarf napiergrass with siratro and centro on growth characteristics, fresh and dry matter (DM) yield, and forage quality. The study was carried out for 4 months. There were 3 experiment treatments, namely P0 = dwarf napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum cv Mott) planted on monoculture system; P1 = dwarf napiergrass planted in mixed cropping system with siratro (Macroptilium atropurpureum cv Siratro); and P2 = dwarf napiergrass planted in mixed cropping system with centro (Centrocema pubescent). All treatments were replicated 3 times. All plants on each treatment were planted on 3 3 m plots, with 1 m of distance between the plots. Data were collected four times after transplanting, i.e. August 20th, September 17th; October 28th; and December 16th of 2017, respectively. The results of study indicated that neither plant height nor tiller number in all treatments and measurement periods were significantly affected (p>0.05), except in month-3 (plant height) and month-4 (tiller number). Although treatments did not alter fresh and DM yield (p>0.05), the DM yield from mixed cropping system tended to be higher. Hence, it can be concluded that growth characteristic, productivity, and forage quality in mixed cropping system were better than in monoculture system.
Lactation Characteristic of Etawah Crossed Breed Goats Under Intensive Management
Get PDFThe study aimed to describe lactation characteristic of Etawah Crossed Breed goats raised under intensive management. The study located in BBPTU HPT Baturraden, Purwokerto, used 27 female pregnant goats, at 24 to 27 months old. The goats were managed followed standard operating procedure of the research institute. The data consisted of body size and body weight, colostrum and milk yield, lactation period and reproductive performance. The results showed the average of daily milk yield, lactation period, total milk and colostrum production in first lactation were 960±340 mL/day, 157±41 days, 114,720±68,900 mL and 415±240 mL/day. The proportion of monthly milk production from initial lactation to dry off were 21.27, 22.17, 20.18, 17.29, 12.52, 9.13, and 5.65% of total lactation yield, respectively. Peak production ranged from first to second months of lactation, the highest was in the week 4th, averaged of 1080 mL/day. Production persistency was 66.39%. The rate of increase toward peak was 5.60%/week and rate of decline from peak was -3.92% of milk yield in the previous week. Trend equation of lactation curve was Y = 8412.7 –233.65 x. Means period of postpartum mating, service per conception and body condition score were 88.7±39.2 days, 1.2 and 3.45, respectively. There was no correlation between postpartum mating, body condition score and milk production. The study concluded that Etawah Crossed Breed goat under intensive management had short lactation period, early peak production, low persistency. The dry period was estimated 3 months and pregnancy occurred after peak production.
Reproductive Performance of Beef Cattle Raised Under SPR Program in Tegal Regency
Get PDFThe purpose of this research was to assess the reproductive performance of beef cattle based on different production systems. Survey research was carried out in Margasari Subdistrict, Tegal Regency, Central Java Province, in 13 farmer groups (a total of 188 breeders and 557 beef cattle) who took shelter in the SPR Program The qualitative and quantitative design framework is used to obtain comprehensive data. The questionnaire was used to get data and respondents determined by census method. SPSS software is used to analyze data. The results showed that 38.46% of farmer groups implemented a crop-livestock-system (CLS), 30.77% of farmer groups implemented a livestock-forestry system (LFS), and 30.77% of farmer groups implemented a crop-livestock-forestry-system (CLFS) in producing beef cattle. The results of the present study were significantly (P<0.05) there were differences in each reproductive performance parameter (BCS, S / C, CR, CI, and CC), which was observed in each beef production system (CLFS, CLS, and LFS). The results of this study also provide an overview of the simultaneous effects on the application of the production system to the reproductive performance of beef cattle. Although there has been certain variation between the production systems, the reproductive performance of the observed beef cattle has not been satisfactory. Improving nutrition management in cattle is needed to realize successful reproductive performance
Physicochemical Characteristics and Microbiological Quality of the Topside and Longissimus Dorsi of Indonesian Local Buffalo Meat
Get PDFThe physicochemical characteristics and microbiological quality of buffalo meat are influenced by differences in muscle type. This study aimed to evaluate the physiochemical characteristic and microbiological quality of the topside (active muscle) and longissimus dorsi (passive muscle) of Indonesian local buffalo meat. Samples used in this study were buffalo meat from local swamp buffalo, aged more than four years old on the topside and longissimus dorsi. This study used a completely randomized design, with three repetitions in each treatment. All data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The result of the study on the topside and longissimus dorsi area showed a significant difference in the pH and cholesterol levels of the buffalo meat. The longissimus dorsi area had a lower level of pH and cholesterol compared to the topside area. Furthermore, this longissimus dorsi meat has a higher color, protein, ash, fat, essential amino acid, and lactic acid bacterial (BAL) content than the topside meat. However, the topside meat had higher carbohydrate, essential fatty acid, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) content compared to the longissimus dorsi meat. Longissimus dorsi meat had better physicochemical characteristics and microbiological quality than the topside mea