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Analysis of the Components of Cancer Risk Perception and Links with Intention and Behaviour: A UK-based Study
Get PDFRisk perception refers to how individuals interpret their susceptibility to threats, and has been hypothesised as an important predictor of intentions and behaviour in many theories of health behaviour change. However, its components, optimal measurement, and effects are not yet fully understood. The TRIRISK model, developed in the US, conceptualises risk perception as deliberative, affective and experiential components. In this study, we aimed to assess the replicability of the TRIRISK model in a UK sample by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), explore the inherent factor structure of risk perception in the UK sample by exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and assess the associations of EFA-based factors with intentions to change behaviour and subsequent behaviour change. Data were derived from an online randomised controlled trial assessing cancer risk perception using the TRIRISK instrument and intention and lifestyle measures before and after communication of cancer risk. In the CFA analysis, the TRIRISK model of risk perception did not provide a good fit for the UK data. A revised model developed using EFA consisted of two separate “numerical” and “self-reflective” factors of deliberative risk perception, and a third factor combining affective with a subset of experiential items. This model provided a better fit to the data when cross-validated. Using multivariable regression analysis, we found that the self-reflective and affective-experiential factors of the model identified in this study were reliable predictors of intentions to prevent cancer. There were no associations of any of the risk perception factors with behaviour change. This study confirms that risk perception is clearly a multidimensional construct, having identified self-reflective risk perception as a new distinct component with predictive validity for intention. Furthermore, we highlight the practical implications of our findings for the design of interventions incorporating risk perception aimed at behaviour change in the context of cancer prevention
Practice-based learning and the impacts of COVID-19: doing it for real?
Get PDFThis is the fifth article in a series exploring interprofessional education during the COVID-19 pandemic. This article focuses on the experiences and adaptations employed in relation to practicebased learning and placement provision. Forming an integral part of many professional programmes, changes in provision and approaches to practice-based learning and placements will be explored, drawing on theory and findings from existing literature and illustrated with case study reports. Opportunities for innovation, the challenges for incorporating interprofessional practice learning and evidenceinformed guidance for future practice will be considered
Daily protein distribution patterns in professional and semi-professional male Rugby Union players
Get PDFRecent research in healthy adults suggests an even distribution of protein throughout the day may result in greater stimulation of muscle protein synthesis compared to a disproportionate intake, with 0.4g.kg per meal at a minimum of 4 eating occasions proposed to optimise anabolism. In rugby players, this may be of benefit to exercise adaptations, recovery, and performance. In the present study, semi-professional forwards (n = 19), semiprofessional backs (n = 6) and professional (n = 10) rugby players recorded dietary intake for seven days. Both absolute (g) and relative to body mass (g.kg) protein intake was calculated across six eating occasions. Relative protein intake at breakfast, AM snack, lunch, PM snack, dinner and evening snack were 0.3, 0.1, 0.4, 0.2, 0.6 and 0.1g.kg, respectively. Total protein intake was significantly different between groups (p < 0.05). All groups demonstrated differences in protein intake between eating occasions (p < 0.01). Protein intake was highest at dinner in all athletes, with professionals consuming significantly greater protein than semi-professionals. Rugby players do not appear to meet the recommended per-meal protein dose of 0.4g.kg at a minimum of 4 eating occasions. Consumption of additional protein outside of main eating occasions as snacks may be beneficial to optimise muscle protein synthesis stimulation and thus adaptation, recovery and performance
Overhead Reduction Technique for Software-Defined Network based Intrusion Detection Systems
Get PDFIn Software-Defined Networks, the Intrusion Detection System is receiving growing attention, due to the expansion of the internet and cloud storage. This system is vital for institutions that use cloud services and have many users. Although the Intrusion Detection System offers several security features, its performance is lagging behind in large enterprise’s networks. Existing approaches are based on centralised processing and use many features to implement a protection system. Therefore, system overload and poor performance occur at the controller and OpenFlow switches. As a result, the current solutions create issues that must be considered, especially when they are implemented on large networks. Furthermore, enhancements in security applications improve the reliability of networks. Following a literature review of the existing Intrusion Detection Systems, this paper presents a new model that offers decentralised processing and exchanges data over a trusted, independent channel, in order to solve issues relating to system overload and poor performance. Our model utilises an appropriate feature selection method to reduce the number of extracted features and minimise the data transmitted over the channels. Additionally, the Naive Bayes algorithm has been employed for flow classification purposes, since it is a fast classifier. We successfully implemented our framework, using the Mininet emulator, which provides a suitable networking environment. Evaluations indicate that our proposed system can detect various attacks with an accuracy of 98.46% and nominal decreasing rates of 1.5% in throughput and 0.7% in latency analyses, when the model is implemented in wide range networks
Feats of Survival: : Refugee Writing and the Ethics of Representation
Get PDFThis chapter examines the ethics of reading and interpreting recent refugee texts, arguing that they use a range of discourses to move beyond stereotypes associated with the disenfranchised non citizen and demand new forms of reader engagement. It focuses on the politics of representation when such voices are subject to intervention and mediation by a range of actors such as translators, narrators and editors. Drawing on Judith Butler’s theories of precarity, and in light of new citizenship practices that argue for more inclusivity and a participatory politics, the chapter evaluates responses to refugee narratives ranging from the critical to the empathetic. It examines Abu Bakr Khaal’s novella, African Titanics (2014 [ 2008]); the ‘retold’ stories of detainees and asylum seekers in Refugee Tales (2016, 2017, 2019) and Behrouz Boochani’s political memoir, No Friend but the Mountains (2018) for their modes of production and narrative strategies such as acts of story telling, textual audiences and readers, co-writers, editorials and authorial comment; it argues that these discourses generate awareness of the systemic inequalities underlining the condition of refugees and asylum seekers, and so create new horizons of reception for works in this genre
The Application of Machine Learning Algorithms in Classification of Malicious Websites
Get PDFThis chapter compares three different machine learning techniques, i.e. Gaussian process classification, decision tree classification and support vector classification, based on their ability to learn and detect the attributes of a malicious website. The data used have all been sourced from HTTP headers, WHOIS lookups and DNS records. As a result, this does not require parsing of the website content. The data are first subjected to multiple steps of pre-processing including data formatting, missing value replacement, scaling and principal component analysis
Primary Care Mental Health Treatment Requirement (MHTR) Practitioner Manual
Get PDFThis guidance manual has been produced to help Primary Care MHTR Practitioners in the delivery of Primary Care Mental Health Treatment Requirements (MHTR) under a Community Order sentence or a Suspended Order. It supplements the Clinical Leads Manual, which outlines further information about MHTRs, the intervention and the role of the Clinical Lead. This document has been reviewed by the Programme Site Chairs, Clinical Leads and Primary Care MHTR Practitioners. It has been circulated to the National MHTR Oversight Group who have in turn shared it with partner agencies (inc. NHS England and NHS Improvement (NHSE/I), Her Majesty’s Prison and Probation Service (HMPPS), Department for Health and Social Care (DHSC), and the Office for Health Improvement and Disparities (OHID) for review and wider comments. MHTRs sit alongside Drug Rehabilitation Requirement (DRR) and Alcohol Treatment Requirement (ATR) under the umbrella of ‘Community Sentence Treatment Requirements’ (CSTR). They were introduced in their current form in 2003 in England and Wales to enable Judges and Magistrates to tailor sentences according to the nature of the offence and the offender. It is recognised that MHTRs have been used in very few cases, despite evidence of high proportions of convicted offenders presenting with mental health conditions, and drug and alcohol misuse. The guidance manual provides information about the background, key aims and objectives of the use of the MHTR, the roles of the Primary Care MHTR Practitioner and key partners in the delivery of the MHTR and how MHTRs work in practice in the criminal justice process
Strategy Formulation and Service Operations in the Big Data Age: The Essentialness of Technology, People, and Ethics
No full textStudies have shown that the sensible operation of big data may yield pow- erful insights that can improve the organisations’ strategic decision-making process and contribute to achieving an enhanced competitive advantage. In this manuscript, we explore the promise of big data in redefining strategy in service operations man- agement (SOM) by means of investigating a rich range of bibliographic material. The SOM field has a plethora of research opportunities to capitalise on, which are enhanced by the presence of big data. SOM research in the big data age implies a shift in attention from being increasingly integrative across themes to being integra- tive across multiple disciplines, requiring the expertise of and tuning between dif- ferent actors and expertise domains. Our aim is to stimulate debate in the field and set out a renewed research agenda by means of calling for additional considerations of strategic aspects, namely technology, people, and ethics, that can help guide and move the field forward
User Attention and Behaviour in Virtual Reality Art Encounter
Get PDFAbstractWith the proliferation of consumer virtual reality (VR) headsets and creative tools, content creators are experimenting with new forms of interactive audience experience using immersive media. Understanding user attention and behaviours in virtual environment can greatly inform the creative processes in VR. We developed an abstract VR painting and an experimentation system to study audience art encounters through eye gaze and movement tracking. The data from a user experiment with 35 participants reveal a range of user activity patterns in art exploration. Deep learning models are used to study the connections between the behavioural data and the audience’s background. The work also introduced new integrated methods to visualise user attention for content creators
Imposing compulsory Rugby Union on schoolchildren: an analysis of English state-funded secondary schools
Get PDFTo establish the extent to which Rugby Union was a compulsory physical education activity in state-funded secondary schools in England and to understand the views of Subject Leaders for Physical Education with respect to injury risk. A cross-sectional research study using data obtained under the Freedom of Information Act (2000) from 288 state-funded secondary schools. Rugby Union was delivered in 81% ( = 234 of 288) of state-funded secondary school physical education curricula, including 83% ( = 229 of 275) of state-funded secondary school boys' and 54% ( = 151 of 282) of girls' physical education curricular. Rugby Union was compulsory in 91% ( = 208 of 229) of state-funded secondary schools that delivered it as part of the boys' physical education curriculum and 54% ( = 82 of 151) of state-funded secondary schools that delivered contact Rugby Union as part of the girls' physical education curriculum. Subject Leaders for Physical Education also perceived Rugby Union to have the highest risk of harm of the activities they delivered in their school physical education curriculum. Notwithstanding discussions of appropriate measures (i.e., mandatory concussion training, Rugby Union specific qualifications and CPD) to reduce injury risk, it is recommended that Rugby Union should not be a compulsory activity given that it has a perceived high risk of injury and is an unnecessary risk for children in physical education. [Abstract copyright: Copyright © 2022 White, Batten, Howarth, Magrath, Piggin, Millward, Parry, Lang, Bullingham, Pearce, Morales, Turner, Humphries, Hardwicke, Anderson, Kirkwood and Pollock.
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