Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Hasil Hutan
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Mahoni wood (Swietenia macrophylla King) contains holoseloluse and lignin. This research has been conducted to using lignin from mahoni wood for made polyurethane Isolate lignin is product isolation mahoni degradation with method increasing 4 gram isolate lignin into 150 ml ethylene glycol content 25 gram solution NaOH. The result of degradation used to synthesis polyurethane, then content of LT-PEG with methylen 4.4 difenil diisocyanaate (MDI) become polyurethane. To identified isolate lignin and product degradation lignin has been conducted to characterized with UV and FTIR method. The result shows that the specified spectra at maximum wavelength at 280 nm and 248 nm. While result from FTIR spectra shows that spevtra at wavenumber 1296 cm-1 and 1249 cm-1 is shows of propile guaiasil group. The function group propel siringile. While lignin from kind at siirngile, while the spectra at 1354 cm-1. The result synthesis polyurethane to characterized by the mechanical properties analysis with Tensile tester machine. It is therefore mechanical properties shows that Tensile strength and Young modulus bigger wuth enhancing lignin of content into polyurethane but percentage elongation increase. Keywords : Mahoni wood, isolate lignin, degradation lignin, polyurethane
No full textMahoni wood (Swietenia macrophylla King) contains holoseloluse and lignin. This research has been conducted to using lignin from mahoni wood for made polyurethane Isolate lignin is product isolation mahoni degradation with method increasing 4 gram isolate lignin into 150 ml ethylene glycol content 25 gram solution NaOH. The result of degradation used to synthesis polyurethane, then content of LT-PEG with methylen 4.4 difenil diisocyanaate (MDI) become polyurethane. To identified isolate lignin and product degradation lignin has been conducted to characterized with UV and FTIR method. The result shows that the specified spectra at maximum wavelength at 280 nm and 248 nm. While result from FTIR spectra shows that spevtra at wavenumber 1296 cm-1 and 1249 cm-1 is shows of propile guaiasil group. The function group propel siringile. While lignin from kind at siirngile, while the spectra at 1354 cm-1. The result synthesis polyurethane to characterized by the mechanical properties analysis with Tensile tester machine. It is therefore mechanical properties shows that Tensile strength and Young modulus bigger wuth enhancing lignin of content into polyurethane but percentage elongation increase. Keywords : Mahoni wood, isolate lignin, degradation lignin, polyurethan
Soldier from subterranean termites Coptotermes curvignathus eject a poison secretions as a defensive secretions to overcome their enemy. This research aimed to evaluation the toxicity of soldier defensive secretions extract in aquabidestilata, ethanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane solutions against Odontoponera denticulata ants. Filter paper with 200 µl extract were exposure to ants for 14 day. The first time ants mortality and time for all ants mortality were recorded. Result of the research showed that the first time ants mortality was on ethanol extract (15 minutes after exposure), then followed on ethyl acetate extract, n-hexane extract and aquabidestilata extract for 30, 35 and 40 minutes respectively.The faster time for all ants mortality was on ethanol extract (54 hour), then followed by ethyl acetate extract, n-hexane extract and aquabidestilata extract for 74, 79 and 82 hour respectively. GCMS analysis showed that the bioactive compound on ethanol extract were pentadecanal and tetradecanal. Keywords : Soldier defensive secretions, toxicity, Coptotermes curvignathus, Odontoponera denticulata
No full textSoldier from subterranean termites Coptotermes curvignathus eject a poison secretions as a defensive secretions to overcome their enemy. This research aimed to evaluation the toxicity of soldier defensive secretions extract in aquabidestilata, ethanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane solutions against Odontoponera denticulata ants. Filter paper with 200 µl extract were exposure to ants for 14 day. The first time ants mortality and time for all ants mortality were recorded. Result of the research showed that the first time ants mortality was on ethanol extract (15 minutes after exposure), then followed on ethyl acetate extract, n-hexane extract and aquabidestilata extract for 30, 35 and 40 minutes respectively.The faster time for all ants mortality was on ethanol extract (54 hour), then followed by ethyl acetate extract, n-hexane extract and aquabidestilata extract for 74, 79 and 82 hour respectively. GCMS analysis showed that the bioactive compound on ethanol extract were pentadecanal and tetradecanal. Keywords : Soldier defensive secretions, toxicity, Coptotermes curvignathus, Odontoponera denticulat
The objectives of this research were to determine and to compare the physical and mechanical properties of OSB made of strands from three small diameter fast growing species, namely Akasia (Acacia mangium Willd.), Ekaliptus (Eucalyptus sp.), and Gmelina (Gmelina arborea Roxb.). There were 3 models of OSB produced which bonded by 2 types of adhesive, namely Phenol Formaldehyda (PF) powder type, isocyanate (IC), and the face and back layers bonded by powder PF and the core layer bonded by IC. OSB was made of three plies, with 9 mm target thickness and ratio of strands weight in face : core : back was 1:1:1. Mat forming methods in face was lengthwise and the core was widthwise. Level of adhesive 7% based on oven dry strands weight, pressed at 25 kg/cm2 for 15 minutes at 160 °C. Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) A 5908-2003 for particle board 24-10 type was used as standard. Results of this research showed generally physical properties consist of density, moisture content, and thickness swelling fulfilled JIS A 5908-2003 standard. Unfortunatelly, the dimensional stability should be improved, the range 24 hours water absorption was about 22.35–44.63%. For mechanical properties, which consist of internal bonding, modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) which be evaluated in dry condition both lengthwise and widthwise generally fulfilled JIS A 5908-2003 standard. However, there were values of MOR and MOE which be evaluated in wet condition both of lengthwise and widthwise did not fulfill JIS A 5908-2003 standard. The best performance of OSB was which bonded by IC for all the wood species. Using PF powder at the face and back layers and IC in the core layer of OSB generally increased their physical properties (dimensional stability) but decreased their mechanical properties. Keywords : Physical and mechanical properties, OSB, small diameter fast growing species, adhesive
No full textThe objectives of this research were to determine and to compare the physical and mechanical properties of OSB made of strands from three small diameter fast growing species, namely Akasia (Acacia mangium Willd.), Ekaliptus (Eucalyptus sp.), and Gmelina (Gmelina arborea Roxb.). There were 3 models of OSB produced which bonded by 2 types of adhesive, namely Phenol Formaldehyda (PF) powder type, isocyanate (IC), and the face and back layers bonded by powder PF and the core layer bonded by IC. OSB was made of three plies, with 9 mm target thickness and ratio of strands weight in face : core : back was 1:1:1. Mat forming methods in face was lengthwise and the core was widthwise. Level of adhesive 7% based on oven dry strands weight, pressed at 25 kg/cm2 for 15 minutes at 160 °C. Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) A 5908-2003 for particle board 24-10 type was used as standard. Results of this research showed generally physical properties consist of density, moisture content, and thickness swelling fulfilled JIS A 5908-2003 standard. Unfortunatelly, the dimensional stability should be improved, the range 24 hours water absorption was about 22.35–44.63%. For mechanical properties, which consist of internal bonding, modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) which be evaluated in dry condition both lengthwise and widthwise generally fulfilled JIS A 5908-2003 standard. However, there were values of MOR and MOE which be evaluated in wet condition both of lengthwise and widthwise did not fulfill JIS A 5908-2003 standard. The best performance of OSB was which bonded by IC for all the wood species. Using PF powder at the face and back layers and IC in the core layer of OSB generally increased their physical properties (dimensional stability) but decreased their mechanical properties. Keywords : Physical and mechanical properties, OSB, small diameter fast growing species, adhesiv
Botanical Garden including information on their physical and mechanical properties, natural durability, distribution, prospect and other supporting data; (2) to analyze the lesser-known wood species that could be used for construction materials and then recommend them to be developed through Industrials Plantation Forest. The steps of the study were first collection of data on timber species from herbarium catalogue; second collection of data on the properties of wood from various sources; third, observation of stem morphology in the field. The result of the catalogue study showed that there were 291 timber tree species grown in Cibodas Botanical Garden which were comprised of 14 major commercial timbers, 74 minor commercial timbers, and 142 lesser known timbers. These timber species were also distributed in other parts of Indonesia. Observation in the field then generated 49 lesser-known wood species that could be used for construction materials based on their stem form and branch height. From the reference and catalogue study, it was found that there were 14 wood species belongs to strength class I to III with natural durability ranges from very durable to moderate. These woods were then evaluated based on their morphological features and prospects. Finally, it was found that only ten wood species that were suitable to be used for construction materials, i.e. Acmena acuminatissima (Blume.) Merr. & Perry (Kelat); Adenanthera microsperma Teijsm. & Binn. (Saga); Baccaurea parviflora (Muell. Arg.) (Setambun); Casuarina junghuhniana Miq. (Cemara Gunung); Garcinia parvifolia and G. beccari (Manggis Hutan); Gymnostoma sumatranum (Joogb. ex de Vriese) L.A.S. Johnson (Cemara Sumatra); Mimusops elengi L. (Tanjung); Neonauclea lanceolata and N. obtusa (Ki Anggrit). However, the result of this study needs to be supported by further study on their wood properties since the present data were mostly qualitatives. Further research concerning their silviculture, growth rate, and susceptibility to the diseases were also needed to be done. Keywords : Lesser-known timbers, Cibodas Botanical Garden.
No full textBotanical Garden including information on their physical and mechanical properties, natural durability, distribution, prospect and other supporting data; (2) to analyze the lesser-known wood species that could be used for construction materials and then recommend them to be developed through Industrials Plantation Forest. The steps of the study were first collection of data on timber species from herbarium catalogue; second collection of data on the properties of wood from various sources; third, observation of stem morphology in the field. The result of the catalogue study showed that there were 291 timber tree species grown in Cibodas Botanical Garden which were comprised of 14 major commercial timbers, 74 minor commercial timbers, and 142 lesser known timbers. These timber species were also distributed in other parts of Indonesia. Observation in the field then generated 49 lesser-known wood species that could be used for construction materials based on their stem form and branch height. From the reference and catalogue study, it was found that there were 14 wood species belongs to strength class I to III with natural durability ranges from very durable to moderate. These woods were then evaluated based on their morphological features and prospects. Finally, it was found that only ten wood species that were suitable to be used for construction materials, i.e. Acmena acuminatissima (Blume.) Merr. & Perry (Kelat); Adenanthera microsperma Teijsm. & Binn. (Saga); Baccaurea parviflora (Muell. Arg.) (Setambun); Casuarina junghuhniana Miq. (Cemara Gunung); Garcinia parvifolia and G. beccari (Manggis Hutan); Gymnostoma sumatranum (Joogb. ex de Vriese) L.A.S. Johnson (Cemara Sumatra); Mimusops elengi L. (Tanjung); Neonauclea lanceolata and N. obtusa (Ki Anggrit). However, the result of this study needs to be supported by further study on their wood properties since the present data were mostly qualitatives. Further research concerning their silviculture, growth rate, and susceptibility to the diseases were also needed to be done. Keywords : Lesser-known timbers, Cibodas Botanical Garden
The qualities of core kenaf particle boards were studied. The boards were made of core kenaf particles and their liquids fortified by melamine formaldehyde. Core kenaf liquids were prepared using 20 – 60 mesh particles, phenol : formaldehyde ratio of 0,5, based on Masri (2005). SNI 06-4567-1998 and JIS A 5908-2003 were used to grade the kenaf liquids and particle board. Factorial analysis 3 x 3 in Complete Randomized Design was applied with 2 replications. Glue spread with 3 levels (10, 15 and 20% of the oven dry weight kenaf particles) and fortification MF with 3 levels (15, 30 and 45% of the solid content of the kenaf liquids) were used. Kenaf particles were cold soaked prior bonding. The condition of bonding operation in making particle board were : pressure of 20 kgf/cm2 at 160ºC for 12 minutes. The best result of particle board produced by 20% glue spread and 45% MF fortification with the properties as follows : density of 0,7 g/cm3, moisture content of 6,6%, water absorb ability of 55,6%, thickness swelling of 16,6%, screw holding strength of 641,2 N, internal bond of 0,86 N/mm2, MOE of 2131,9 N/mm2, and MOR of 15,3 N/mm2. Fortifications doesn’t significantly affect the quality of the particle boards. Keywords: Core-kenaf, kenaf liquids, fortification.
No full textThe qualities of core kenaf particle boards were studied. The boards were made of core kenaf particles and their liquids fortified by melamine formaldehyde. Core kenaf liquids were prepared using 20 – 60 mesh particles, phenol : formaldehyde ratio of 0,5, based on Masri (2005). SNI 06-4567-1998 and JIS A 5908-2003 were used to grade the kenaf liquids and particle board. Factorial analysis 3 x 3 in Complete Randomized Design was applied with 2 replications. Glue spread with 3 levels (10, 15 and 20% of the oven dry weight kenaf particles) and fortification MF with 3 levels (15, 30 and 45% of the solid content of the kenaf liquids) were used. Kenaf particles were cold soaked prior bonding. The condition of bonding operation in making particle board were : pressure of 20 kgf/cm2 at 160ºC for 12 minutes. The best result of particle board produced by 20% glue spread and 45% MF fortification with the properties as follows : density of 0,7 g/cm3, moisture content of 6,6%, water absorb ability of 55,6%, thickness swelling of 16,6%, screw holding strength of 641,2 N, internal bond of 0,86 N/mm2, MOE of 2131,9 N/mm2, and MOR of 15,3 N/mm2. Fortifications doesn’t significantly affect the quality of the particle boards. Keywords: Core-kenaf, kenaf liquids, fortification
Biodeterioration should be controlled properly for efficient and sustainable forest products (woods) utilization. This research aimed to know the distribution of wood biodeterioration in house structure; the biodeterioration intensity and its economic loss in Lembang, Bogor, Serang and North Jakarta, which were different in temperature and humidity. The survey was conducted to 200 houses in the four places. The result showed that wood biodeterioration occured in most (90%) house buildings. Doors, windows and roof structures were the most frequent attacked by biodeterioration agents. Decay fungi attacked wet wooden house components, mainly lisplank and ceiling, whereas termites attacked mainly doors, windows, poles and walls. The volume of damaged wooden house components in Lembang and Bogor were higher than those in the warmer and drier regions, Serang and North Jakarta. The average economic loss due to wood biodeterioration in a houses was about Rp28 000/year. However the economic loss per region was quite high, about two billion rupiahs per year in Serang and more than eight billion rupiahs in Bogor City. Keywords : Biodeterioration, decay fungi, termites, beetles, residential buildings
No full textBiodeterioration should be controlled properly for efficient and sustainable forest products (woods) utilization. This research aimed to know the distribution of wood biodeterioration in house structure; the biodeterioration intensity and its economic loss in Lembang, Bogor, Serang and North Jakarta, which were different in temperature and humidity. The survey was conducted to 200 houses in the four places. The result showed that wood biodeterioration occured in most (90%) house buildings. Doors, windows and roof structures were the most frequent attacked by biodeterioration agents. Decay fungi attacked wet wooden house components, mainly lisplank and ceiling, whereas termites attacked mainly doors, windows, poles and walls. The volume of damaged wooden house components in Lembang and Bogor were higher than those in the warmer and drier regions, Serang and North Jakarta. The average economic loss due to wood biodeterioration in a houses was about Rp28 000/year. However the economic loss per region was quite high, about two billion rupiahs per year in Serang and more than eight billion rupiahs in Bogor City. Keywords : Biodeterioration, decay fungi, termites, beetles, residential building
Pulai (Alstonia scholaris) was classification as IV-V for strenght class and V for durability class. This means that pulai has a low quality. One effort to improved the quality of pulai wood was densification process. This research aimed to evaluation the physical, mechanical and durability of pulai wood before and after densification process and to evaluated the temperature and pressing time on resulted the best quality of pulai wood. Densification was conducted on 160 °C and 180 °C with three pressing time 40 minute, 50 minute and 60 minute respectively. Densification targetted was 30%. Physical and mechanical process was conducted based on British Standard Methods No. 373 (1957), meanwhile durability test against subterranean termites was conducted with modified wood block test methods. Result of the research showed that densified pulai wood has the highest quality on physical, mechanical and durability properties than pulai wood control. The best densified treatment was on 180 °C with pressing time 60 minute. Densification process has improve the quality of pulai wood on one level class. Keywords : Alstonia sp, densification process, Coptotermes curvignathus
No full textPulai (Alstonia scholaris) was classification as IV-V for strenght class and V for durability class. This means that pulai has a low quality. One effort to improved the quality of pulai wood was densification process. This research aimed to evaluation the physical, mechanical and durability of pulai wood before and after densification process and to evaluated the temperature and pressing time on resulted the best quality of pulai wood. Densification was conducted on 160 °C and 180 °C with three pressing time 40 minute, 50 minute and 60 minute respectively. Densification targetted was 30%. Physical and mechanical process was conducted based on British Standard Methods No. 373 (1957), meanwhile durability test against subterranean termites was conducted with modified wood block test methods. Result of the research showed that densified pulai wood has the highest quality on physical, mechanical and durability properties than pulai wood control. The best densified treatment was on 180 °C with pressing time 60 minute. Densification process has improve the quality of pulai wood on one level class. Keywords : Alstonia sp, densification process, Coptotermes curvignathu
Wood products exposed outdoor could be weathered, especially in the tropical region with high in sun light intensity, rain intensity, and relative humidity. An effort that could be done to protect and enhance wood performance is finishing. The purpose of this research is to understand the durability of finishing layer of the finished wood exposed outdoor. The effects of surface condition of boards (planed and unplaned), sawing pattern (quarter sawn and plain sawn), and type of wood finishes (Ultran Lasur UV and Ultran Politur P-03 UV) were studied. The experimental results showed that finishing layer of Meranti batu was the lowest in durability. The results also indicated that durability of finishing layer depicted by unplanned and plain sawn boards were lower than that of the planed and quarter sawn board. The finishing layer was considered to provide a good protection to the surfaces of board against failures. The presence of failure due to microbial disfigurement and cracking on the surfaces of the finished samples (in average) were 15% and 18% consecutively. On the other hand, the percentages of failure were observed to be 95% due to microbial disfigurement and 81% due to cracking for the unfinished wood. Comparing the two exterior wood finishes used in this experiment, it was found that Ultran Politur P-03 UV provided almost the same protection against microbial disfigurement and cracking compared to Ultran Lasur UV. Keywords : Exterior finishing layer, microbe stain, surface crack, surface check
No full textWood products exposed outdoor could be weathered, especially in the tropical region with high in sun light intensity, rain intensity, and relative humidity. An effort that could be done to protect and enhance wood performance is finishing. The purpose of this research is to understand the durability of finishing layer of the finished wood exposed outdoor. The effects of surface condition of boards (planed and unplaned), sawing pattern (quarter sawn and plain sawn), and type of wood finishes (Ultran Lasur UV and Ultran Politur P-03 UV) were studied. The experimental results showed that finishing layer of Meranti batu was the lowest in durability. The results also indicated that durability of finishing layer depicted by unplanned and plain sawn boards were lower than that of the planed and quarter sawn board. The finishing layer was considered to provide a good protection to the surfaces of board against failures. The presence of failure due to microbial disfigurement and cracking on the surfaces of the finished samples (in average) were 15% and 18% consecutively. On the other hand, the percentages of failure were observed to be 95% due to microbial disfigurement and 81% due to cracking for the unfinished wood. Comparing the two exterior wood finishes used in this experiment, it was found that Ultran Politur P-03 UV provided almost the same protection against microbial disfigurement and cracking compared to Ultran Lasur UV. Keywords : Exterior finishing layer, microbe stain, surface crack, surface chec
Investigation of mold and blue stain fungi on rattan was conducted at the rattan industry, Cileungsi, Bogor on February 2005. The isolation and identification of fungi on rattan samples was done at the laboratory of Forest Pathology, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia. Rattan samples are cutted in size each 2 cm. Samples were growth and incubated on medium PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar) for 7 days in 29°C. There are two treatment, surface sterilized is used alcohol 70 % and non surface sterilized. Each treatment was replicated 4 times. The identification of fungi was done manually using identification book Barnett (1986). The results showed that fungi dominantly formed from sterilized samples of rattan were Monilia sp. (55%) and Rhizophus sp. (32.5%). Whereas from non sterilized samples were Rhizophus sp. (54.77%) and than Monilia sp. (30.95%). Keywords : Rattan, Monilia sp., Rhizophus sp., mold fungi, blue stain fungi.
No full textInvestigation of mold and blue stain fungi on rattan was conducted at the rattan industry, Cileungsi, Bogor on February 2005. The isolation and identification of fungi on rattan samples was done at the laboratory of Forest Pathology, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia. Rattan samples are cutted in size each 2 cm. Samples were growth and incubated on medium PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar) for 7 days in 29°C. There are two treatment, surface sterilized is used alcohol 70 % and non surface sterilized. Each treatment was replicated 4 times. The identification of fungi was done manually using identification book Barnett (1986). The results showed that fungi dominantly formed from sterilized samples of rattan were Monilia sp. (55%) and Rhizophus sp. (32.5%). Whereas from non sterilized samples were Rhizophus sp. (54.77%) and than Monilia sp. (30.95%). Keywords : Rattan, Monilia sp., Rhizophus sp., mold fungi, blue stain fungi.