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Zwei Dimensionen der Internationalisierung: Eine empirische Analyse deutscher Grossunternehmen
No full textUm den Einfluß wirtschaftlicher Internationalisierung auf nationale Institutionengefüge zu überprüfen, werden geeignete Messverfahren zur Messung von Internationalisierung benötigt. Der Beitrag stellt ein Verfahren zur Messung der Internationalisierung von Unternehmen vor. Dabei wird davon ausgegangen, dass die Internationalisierung von Unternehmen mehrere unterscheidbare Dimensionen hat. Die realwirtschaftliche Dimension beschreibt die güter- und produktionswirtschaftliche grenzüberschreitende Expansion der Unternehmen, während die kapitalmarktbezogene Dimension die Orientierung der Unternehmen an internationalen Kapitalmärkten abbildet. Anhand einer Untersuchung über den Internationalisierungsgrad der 100 größten deutschen Unternehmen werden beide Internationalisierungsdimensionen empirisch überprüft. Die Faktorenanalyse unterstützt die Annahme, dass sich beide Dimensionen empirisch deutlich voneinander unterscheiden lassen. Anhand der vorgestellten Messmethoden lassen sich die Unternehmen eindeutig in stark und schwach internationalisierte Unternehmen einteilen
Inhabited actors: Internalizing institutions through communication and actorhood models.
No full textWe argue that accounts of relationships among actors, actorhood and institutions are predominantly based on a spatial metaphor of actors operating within institutions. We outline how an inversion of this metaphor – i.e., the perspective that institutions inhabit actors – may prove generative for theory, particularly with respect to recent discussions about the microfoundations of institutions. We outline how communication and actorhood models function as transmission mechanisms of institutions from one actor to another. We conclude with a discussion of how the inverted metaphor of institutions inhabiting actors can be useful for future theoretical developments
Policy Coordination and Integration: A Research Agenda
No full textCoordinating and integrating different policies and public sector organizations is a major challenge for practitioners and a continuing topic of interest for researchers. We argue that existing research on this topic needs reorientation to provide better insights for practice and theory of policymaking as well as policy implementation. We offer four suggestions on how future research could advance: (1) combining existing conceptual and epistemological approaches more systematically; (2) complementing case studies and surveys with large-N analyses and novel research tools and methods; (3) more systematic analysis of the causal mechanisms in policy coordination and integration; (4) more thorough study of the real-world impact of policy coordination and integration
Dynamics of change in internal policy advisory systems: the hybridization of advisory capacities in Germany
No full textRecent scholarship on advisory systems has focussed on the externalization of advisory capacities and sectoral dynamics of change, whereas changes of internal policy advisory systems have not yet been approached systematically. This article proposes an analytical concept for exploring change dynamics in internal policy advisory systems by means of three logics for assessing policy advice (political salience, credibility and representativeness). The approach is illustrated by analysing changes within the internal policy advisory system of the German federal government (1990–2015). The analysis relies on three original datasets on ministerial departments, research agencies and governmental advisory bodies. We find that the internal advisory system of the German federal government is characterized by a differentiated hybridization of advisory logics, which has changed the nature of policy advice
Armenien
No full textDer vorliegende Band 5 bildet den Abschluss der Handbuchreihe zur Verfassungsgeschichte im 20. Jahrhundert. Beginnend mit den Umwälzungen von 1989/90 veranschaulicht er bis in die 2010er-Jahre hinein das Spannungs- und Wechselverhältnis zwischen der einzelstaatlichen Verfassungsentwicklung sowie der Ausbildung einer supranationalen Verfassungsebene. Die Herausgeber betrachten neben formalen und materiellen Aspekten auch die faktische Ausprägung der Verfassungen.
Die 48 Länderbeiträge decken das gesamte geografische Europa einschließlich Russlands, der zentralasiatischen Nachfolgestaaten der Sowjetunion, der Türkei und der EU-Institutionen ab. Dabei eröffnet das einheitliche Gliederungsschema einen vergleichenden Zugang zur europäischen Verfassungsentwicklung seit der Wiedervereinigung Deutschlands und legt somit den Grundstein für künftige komparatistische Forschungen
Trade Policy in Multilevel Government
No full textTrade Policy in Multilevel Government investigates how multilevel polities organize openness in a globalizing political and economic environment. In recent years, the multilevel politics of trade caught a broader public's attention, not least due to the Wallonian regional parliament's initial rejection of the EU-Canada trade deal in 2016. In all multilevel polities, competencies held by states and regions have increasingly become the subject of international rule-setting. This is particularly so in the field of trade which has progressively targeted so-called 'behind the border' regulatory barriers. In their reaction to this 'deep trade' agenda, constituent units in different multilevel polities have shown widely varying degrees of openness to liberalizing their markets. Why is that? This book argues that domestic institutions and procedures of intergovernmental relations are the decisive factor. Countering a widely-held belief among practitioners and analysts of trade policy that involving subcentral actors complicates trade negotiations, it demonstrates that the more voice a multilevel polity affords its constituent units in trade policy-making, the less the latter have an incentive to eventually exit from emerging trade deals. While in shared rule systems constituent unit governments are directly represented along the entirety of the policy cycle, in self-rule systems territorial representation is achieved merely indirectly. Shared rule systems are hence more effective than self-rule systems in organizing openness to trade. The book tests its theory's explanatory power on the understudied case of international procurement liberalization in extensive studies of three systems of multilevel government: Canada, the European Union, and the United States
Backscratching in Banks: Politically Motivated Appointments of Bank Managers
No full textDo politicians strategically appoint partisan allies as bank managers? Reshuffles in political institutions are essential tools to ensure internal loyalty and to improve reelection chances and regime survival in democracies and authoritarian states; however, appointments to non-political but electorally relevant institutions, namely banks, are not considered yet. I look at the Spanish publicly controlled banks (Cajas) to assess whether political factors affect appointment patterns of their bank managers. Using a Cox Proportional Hazards model and data from bank chairmen’s and CEOs’ careers in 90 banks between 1985–2010, I find that bank managers face an increased risk of being replaced right after elections and under newly elected governments. The risk is attenuated when the new government consists of a coalition (veto players) and institutional constraints limit the effect of political factors to bank chairmen only. The findings demonstrate that politicians’ control goes well beyond political institutions and informs the debate of why bank chairmen might have a vested interest in helping incumbent politicians getting reelected, for instance, by increasing bank lendingbefore elections
Book Review: The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power
No full textOpinion Dynamics with Multi-Body Interactions
No full textWe introduce and analyse a three-body consensus model (3CM) for non-linear consensus dynamics on hypergraphs. Our model incorporates reinforcing group effects, which can cause shifts in the average state of the system even in if the underlying graph is complete (corresponding to a mean-field interaction), a phenomena that may be interpreted as a type of peer pressure. We further demonstrate that for systems with two clustered groups, already a small asymmetry in our dynamics can lead to the opinion of one group becoming clearly dominant. We show that the nonlinearity in the model is the essential ingredient to make such group dynamics appear, and demonstrate how our system can otherwise be written as a linear, pairwise interaction system on a rescaled network