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Convergence Rates of GMM Estimators with Nonsmooth Moments under Misspecification
No full textThe asymptotic behavior of generalized method of moments
(GMM) estimators depends critically on whether the underlying
moment condition model is correctly specified. Hong and Li (2024)
showed that GMM estimators with nonsmooth (nondirectionally
differentiable) moment functions are at best n1/3 consistent under
misspecification. Through simulations, we verify the decelerated
convergence rate of GMM estimators in such cases. For the two-step
GMM estimator with an estimated weight matrix, our results align
with the theory. However, for the one-step GMM estimator with the
identity weight matrix, the convergenc
Which vehicle type is more responsive to traffic information provided on local roads?
No full textIn general, the same traffic information is provided to all drivers. This study investigated different responses to traffic information based on vehicle type on a local road. A living lab-based experiment was conducted in Seoul, South Korea. This experiment examined changes in approach speed and braking distances of vehicles in response to safety alerts. Data in the form of video recordings were collected, processed, and statistically analyzed. Two key findings emerged. Firstly, approach speed and braking distances were significantly reduced in both passenger and non-passenger car groups. This suggests that traffic information can effectively manage traffic, even on low-speed local roads, not just on high-speed arterial roads. Secondly, while overall responses were more pronounced in the non-passenger car group, the difference in braking distances between vehicle types was minimal. This indicates that driver responses to the interventions vary depending on the metric employed. These findings were interpreted in the context of safety-enhancing strategies for local roads. Specifically, traffic information should be customized to individual users rather than uniformly provided to all drivers, with tailored practices being essential for effective implementation. Finally, two critical issues-the transferability of results and the need for future research-arising from the living-lab survey environment were discussed.N
Thermally drawn porous sutures for controlled drug release using thermally induced phase separation
No full textSurgical sutures have increasingly been developed to incorporate functionalities beyond wound closure, including the promotion of tissue regeneration and monitoring of tissue conditions. However, conventional surface treatment methods for inducing functionality to sutures have limitations, primarily due to restricted material integration and the inability to form complex internal morphologies. This study introduces a customizable porous (CP) suture fabricated through a combination of the thermal drawing process (TDP) and thermally induced phase separation (TIPS), resulting in a microscale porous structure. The CP suture developed via the TIPS-TDP overcomes the limitations of surface-coated drug delivery sutures by enabling controlled drug release. By engineering the TIPS-TDP, we produced CP sutures with tunable pore sizes, allowing precise control over drug release profiles and degradation rates suitable for various therapeutic applications. Additionally, the versatility of the TIPS-TDP facilitates the integration of multiple materials, supporting the development of innovative functional sutures capable of dual-drug delivery. This platform demonstrates its potential in advancing the fabrication of complex, multi-functional sutures for extensive biomedical applications.N
A Theoretical History of Teleological Interpretation - Focusing on Discussions in Germany Since the 19th Century
No full text목적론적 해석은 해석자가 개인적으로 선호하는 결과를 얻기 위해 법의 의미를 자의적으로 확장하거나 축소하는 것이 아니다. 목적론적 해석은 법의 목적을 진지하게 탐구하고, 해석을 통해 도출되는 법규범이 적용될 경우 발생할 결과를 예측한 후, 그 결과를 목적에 비추어 평가함으로써 해석된 법규범의 정당성을 논하는 해석의 방법이자 논변의 방식이다.
이 논문은 목적론적 해석을 입체적으로 이해하기 위해 독일에서의 논의를 중심으로 목적론적 해석에 관한 역사적 고찰을 시도한다. 먼저 사비니, 예링, 라드브루흐의 법의 목적에 관한 논의를 검토하면서, 목적론적 해석이 탐구하는 법의 목적은 단일한 개념이 아니라, 이익의 차원에서 사회적 생활조건의 보장을 추구하는 것이기도 하고, 가치의 차원에서 법의 이념을 구성하기도 하는 다면적인 개념임을 알 수 있다.
나아가 법의 목적이란 법의 일반적 목적, 개별 국가공동체가 정한 헌법이 지향하는 목적, 민사법, 형사법, 공법 등 각 법영역에서 추구되는 목적, 특정한 개별 법률의 목적, 해당 법조문의 목적, 실제 소송에서 드러나는 목적이 추상적 층위부터 구체적 층위까지 입체적으로 결합되는 다층적 개념임을 확인한다.
이후 독일의 법학방법론의 발전 과정을 검토하여 법률해석의 방법 내지 기준으로서의 목적론적 해석에 관한 통시적인 시야를 가지고자 한다. 주로 엥기쉬와 라렌츠의 이론을 검토하면서, 법해석의 목표에 관한 주관적 해석이론과 객관적 해석이론이 각자의 관점에서 목적론적 해석 개념을 어떻게 구성하였는지 살펴보았다.
마지막으로 알렉시는 법적 논증이론의 관점에서 법적 논증의 규칙을 제시하면서, 법률의 해석규준들을 법적 논증에서 활용할 수 있는 논거형식으로 자리매김한다. 또한 알렉시는 법률의 해석규준의 우열관계는 고정적인 규칙에 의해 정해질 수 없고 상황과 맥락에 따라 변동되는 화용론적 규칙에 달려있음을 밝힌다.
이러한 검토를 통해 목적론적 해석이라는 주제 속에서 법률해석의 기준시점, 법해석과 법형성의 관계, 입법부와 사법부의 관계, 법해석규준의 서열 문제와 같은 법해석의 쟁점들이 선명하게 제시될 것이다.N
Research on the Sensory Characteristics of Digital Cross-Modal Based Food Design
No full text본 연구는 디지털 환경과 피지컬 환경이 중첩된 멀티스페이스 환경에서의 조형과 감각에 대한 연구의 일환으로, 디지털화의 영향을 받아 점차 변화하는 푸드디자인의 사례를 분석하고자 한다. 본 연구의 목적으로는 조형과 감각의 크로스모달 대응을 중점으로 하여 디지털 조형의 설계가 푸드의 크로스모달 대응에 어떤 영향을 주고 있는지를 밝히는 것이다. 푸드디자인은 단순히 조형적 미학을 넘어 미각, 촉각, 시각, 후각, 청각 등의 감각적 요소가 상호작용하는 경험적 디자인으로 확장되며, 크로스모달 대응을 통해 감각 간의 연결성을 기반으로 맛의 지각을 보다 정교하게 설계할 수 있도록 한다. 본 연구에서는 디지털 환경에서 조형을 설계하는 과정과 그 결과물이 실제 물리적 푸드에 어떻게 반영되는지를 분석하였다. 사례분석을 통해 디지털 조형 설계가 감각적 경험을 강화하는 방식에 대한 공통적인 패턴을 다음과 같이 도출하였다. 1) 디지털 환경에서의 조형 변형을 통해 감각적 대비를 유도하고, 예상치 못한 촉각적 경험을 제공함으로써 크로스모달 대응을 강화할 수 있다. 2) 텍스처와 형태의 디지털화를 통해 촉각적 연상을 보다 정밀하게 조작할 수 있으며, 이는 시각과 촉각의 연결성을 높이는 요소로 작용한다. 3) 조형 디자인 단계에서 시뮬레이션을 활용하여 감각적 경험의 예측 가능성과 구현 가능성을 향상시킬 수 있다. 4) 기존 물리적 디자인 방식으로 실현하기 어려운 실험적 조형을 가능하게 하여, 감각적 상호작용의 범위를 확장하고 감각의 대비와 조합을 새로운 방식으로 경험할 수 있도록 한다. 본 연구는 디지털 조형 설계가 푸드디자인에서 중요한 설계 방식으로 자리 잡을 가능성을 제시한다. 특히, 디지털 환경에서의 조형 설계가 실제 감각적 경험에 영향을 미치며, 이를 통해 크로스모달 대응에서 감각이 증강될 수 있음을 확인하였으며, 향후 연구에서 멀티스페이스 환경에서의 적용 방법과 사용자 경험에 미치는 영향을 보다 구체적으로 탐색할 필요가 있다.N
Between Transitions and Glides: The Acoustic Characteristics of /iə~ijə/ and /oa~owa/
No full textThis study focuses on sound sequences where it is ambiguous whether it is just a transition between segments, or a glide. /j/ is defined as a transition from [i], and /w/ is defined as a transition from [u] or [o], making it challenging to determine whether there is a glide in [i(j)ə] or [o(w)a]. The purpose of this study is to examine whether /iə~ijə/ and /oa~owa/ are distinguished and, if they are, to identify which enhancement is applied. The formant trajectory of the vowels was observed, and the lengths of the preceding vowel, transition, and following vowel were measured, as well as the pitch and intensity of the transition parts. The results show that /iə~ijə/ are rarely distinguished, whereas /oa~owa/ are relatively distinguished. When speakers distinguish between them, the articulatory features of the preceding vowel are emphasized in sequences containing the glide. Additionally, the pitch and intensity of the transitions are higher in sequences containing the glide
Rapid changes in terrestrial carbon dioxide uptake captured in near-real time from a geostationary satellite: The ALIVE framework☆
No full textThe terrestrial carbon cycle responds to human activity, ecosystem dynamics, and weather and climate variability including extreme events. Satellite remote sensing has transformed our ability to estimate ecosystem carbon dioxide uptake, the gross primary productivity (GPP), with increasing accuracy and spatial resolution. Many aspects of terrestrial carbon cycling happen quickly on sub-daily or daily scales. These dynamics may not be captured at the temporal scales of typical remote sensing products from polar orbiting satellites - often multiple days or longer. Imagers onboard geostationary satellites measure the Earth system at "hypertemporal" time scales of minutes or less and often have the spectral capabilities to estimate GPP and other surfaceatmosphere fluxes using established approaches. Here, we use observations and data products from the Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) on the Geostationary Environmental Operational Satellite - R Series (GOES-R) to create ALIVEGPP (Advanced Baseline Imager Live Imaging of Vegetated Ecosystems), a GPP product that provides open data on the native five-minute basis of GOES-R CONUS scenes with latency under one day. Our machine learning model, trained on GPP estimates from 111 eddy covariance flux towers with 276 site-years of data spanning tropical to boreal ecosystems, captures up to 70 % of the observed variability when 20 % of tower sites are withheld, with R2 values of 0.78 (0.82) when aggregating to daily (weekly) periods. We compared ALIVEGPP predictions against eight-day MODIS MOD17A2 GPP estimates and daily GPP estimates from the Breathing Earth System Simulator v2 (BESSv2) and demonstrate how ALIVEGPP simulates the impacts of phenological transitions, flash drought, and hurricanes. Advancements to geostationary satellite imagery, machine learning, and cloud computing make it possible to estimate carbon flux in near real-time and provide new ways to understand the ever-changing carbon cycle and the processes that define it.Y
Changes of Clinical Practice Patterns of Allergen Immunotherapy in Korea
No full textThis study aimed to identify recent changes ofAIT treatment behaviors in real-world clinical practice using a questionnaire survey in Korea. The questionnaire on AIT prescriptions and practical experiences was distributed to all members of the Korean Academy ofAsthma Allergy and Clinical Immunology in June 2022. The responses were analyzed and compared with the results from 2009 and 2017. In total, 115 responses (10.1%) were collected; 58 (50.4%) from internal medicine, 34 (29.6%) from pediatricians, and 21 (18.3%) from otolaryngologists. The prescription rate for subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) was 53.8%, showing a decrease from those in 2009 and 2017; however, that for sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) increased steadily, reaching 17.9% in 2009, 40.3% in 2017, and 46.2% in 2022. The prescription rates for asthma and atopic dermatitis increased by 4.6% and 7.9%, respectively. The most frequently prescribed allergens for SCIT in 2022 were house dust mites (32.9%), pollen (30.6%), and animal dander (28.2%), with the rate for animal dander showing a significant increase from 10.3% in 2009. Most physicians (93%) used mixed allergens for SCIT, with 42.8% using a combination of 5 or more allergens. Fifty-eight (67.4%) respondents reported cases of anaphylaxis during SCIT and 36.2% reported systemic adverse reactions during SLIT. In conclusion, SLIT prescriptions, AIT for asthma and atopic dermatitis, and AIT with animal dander increased significantly from 2009 to 2022. Serial surveys of AIT practices are helpful in identifying the changes of real-world clinical practice of AIT.Y
Role of the upper-stratospheric mean state in the 2021 sudden stratospheric warming onset
No full textThis study investigates the role of upper-stratospheric preconditioning in the 2021 sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) onset by conducting a series of numerical model experiments. A free-run simulation predicts the SSW onset with a lead time of 13 days, in agreement with operational subseasonal-to-seasonal predictions. The limited prediction skill is partly due to misrepresentation of the polar vortex near the stratopause, which results in weaker upward propagation of planetary-scale waves at high latitudes. A sensitivity experiment is performed by nudging the zonal-mean flow in the upper stratosphere toward observations. With the realistic upper-stratospheric mean flow, the model successfully predicts the SSW onset with a lead time of up to 15 days. Although the improvement is marginal, this simulation predicts the SSW onset more robustly than the free-run simulation and realistically reproduces the observed features of planetary-scale wave propagation into the polar region, guided by the poleward shift of the polar vortex in the upper stratosphere. This result provides modeling evidence for the importance of the upper-stratospheric mean state in the 2021 SSW onset and its prediction.Y
Tailoring of Selective Chemo-Responsiveness in Liquid Crystals via Organic Ionic Plastic Crystals
No full textLiquid crystals (LCs) are widely used as promising stimuli-responsive materials due to their unique combination of liquid and crystalline properties, providing the capability to sense even molecular-scale events and amplify them into macroscopic optical outputs. However, encoding a high level of selectivity to a specific intermolecular event remains a key challenge, leading to prior studies regarding chemically functionalized LC interfaces. Herein, we propose an integrative strategy to significantly advance the design of chemo-responsive LCs through a deep fundamental understanding on the orientational coupling of LCs with new functional molecules, organic ionic plastic crystals (OIs), presented at LC interfaces. In combination with computational simulations and experimental validations, we reveal the correlative interplay between LCs and each functional group in OI (di-cationic headgroup, aliphatic tails, and counter anions) to offer an excellent degree of freedom in tailoring the chemo-responsive features in LCs. Especially, we find the crystalline nature of OIs to provide new insights into the effects of counter anions, generating distinct quadrupolar interactions with adjacent molecules. Overall, our results provide generalizable design principles for the chemo-responsive materials that can explicitly distinguish the specific intermolecular event such as molecular bindings of OIs with acetic acid from those with propionic acid (one carbon difference).N