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Extracellular baskets in inner hair cells and perineuronal nets in auditory nerves: Changes in noise-induced hearing loss rats
No full textBackground: The extracellular baskets of cochlear inner hair cell (IhC) ribbon synapses have been suggested to regulate synaptic coupling. This study aimed to investigate the expression of components of the extracellular baskets of the IhCs, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) and a hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1 (HAPLN1) in the cochlea and auditory nerve. In addition, changes in CSPGs and HAPLN1 in noise-injured cochleae were examined. Methods: The expression of CSPGs, including aggrecan (ACAN), brevican (BCAN), neurocan (NCAN), and HAPLN1, was evaluated in the cochleae of 2-month-old Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats. The expression of CSPGs and HAPLN1 in cochleae and auditory nerves was compared to that in 3-month-old noise-exposed SD rats during the developmental period. The cochlear immunohistochemistry (IHC) and cochlear whole mount immunofluorescence studies were conducted for ACAN, BCAN, NCAN, and HAPLN1. To examine the large ganglial cells in auditory nerves, IHC was conducted for parvalbumin (PV), glutamate decarboxylase 67 (GAD67), postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). In situ hybridization was performed for BCAN. Results: ACAN, BCAN, and HAPLN1 expression was detected in the IhCs and was decreased tendency in noise-injured cochleae. In the spiral ganglial cell (SGC) region, ACAN and NCAN were expressed without the expression of BCAN. In auditory nerves, large ganglionic cells (LGCs) are encased with perineuronal nets (PNNs), which express PV, GAD67, and PSD95. The mRNA expression of BCAN was noted in SGCs and glial cells of auditory nerves. Conclusions: The extracellular baskets of IhCs revealed the expression of CSPGs and HAPLN1, which was attenuated in noise-exposed cochleae. In auditory nerves, PV-positive LGCs with inhibitory synapses presented PNNs. The protein expression of BCAN was restricted to the extracellular baskets of IhC but not to the SGC region. However, the mRNA expression of BCAN in SGCs was not affected.N
Uniform volumetric single-cell processing for organ-scale molecular phenotyping
No full textExtending single-cell analysis to intact tissues while maintaining organ-scale spatial information poses a major challenge due to unequal chemical processing of densely packed cells. Here we introduce Continuous Redispersion of Volumetric Equilibrium (CuRVE) in nanoporous matrices, a framework to address this challenge. CuRVE ensures uniform processing of all cells in organ-scale tissues by perpetually maintaining dynamic equilibrium of the tissue's gradually shifting chemical environment. The tissue chemical reaction environment changes at a continuous, slow rate, allowing redispersion of unevenly distributed chemicals and preserving chemical equilibrium tissue wide at any given moment. We implemented CuRVE to immunologically label whole mouse and rat brains and marmoset and human tissue blocks within 1 day. We discovered highly variable regionalized reduction of parvalbumin immunoreactive cells in wild-type adult mice, a phenotype missed by the commonly used genetic labeling. We envision that our platform will advance volumetric single-cell processing and analysis, facilitating comprehensive single-cell level investigations within their spatial context in organ-scale tissues.N
Rapidly self-healing electronic skin for machine learning-assisted physiological and movement evaluation
No full textEmerging electronic skins (E-Skins) offer continuous, real-time electrophysiological monitoring. However, daily mechanical scratches compromise their functionality, underscoring urgent need for self-healing E-Skins resistant to mechanical damage. Current materials have slow recovery times, impeding reliable signal measurement. The inability to heal within 1 minute is a major barrier to commercialization. A composition achieving 80% recovery within 1 minute has not yet been reported. Here, we present a rapidly self-healing E-Skin tailored for real-time monitoring of physical and physiological bioinformation. The E-Skin recovers more than 80% of its functionality within 10 seconds after physical damage, without the need of external stimuli. It consistently maintains reliable biometric assessment, even in extreme environments such as underwater or at various temperatures. Demonstrating its potential for efficient health assessment, the E-Skin achieves an accuracy exceeding 95%, excelling in wearable muscle strength analytics and on-site AI-driven fatigue identification. This study accelerates the advancement of E-Skin through rapid self-healing capabilities.N
Enhancement of non-destructive chicken freshness prediction using Vis/NIR spectroscopy through wavelength selection and data augmentation
No full textThis study aimed to develop a non-destructive prediction model for chicken meat quality using Vis/NIR spectroscopy of drip. Chicken meat was vacuum-packaged and refrigerated at 4 °C for 13 days. Drip samples were analyzed for metabolites and Vis/NIR spectra. Microbial composition changes during storage were evaluated using 16S rRNA. Dominant bacteria, including Carnobacterium, Lactococcus, and Serratia, were identified, which contributed to metabolite changes such as the increase in cadaverine, putrescine, and tyramine and the decrease in inosine monophosphate, tyrosine, and uridine monophosphate (UMP). Prediction models were developed using partial least squares regression (PLSR) to enhance performance through wavelength selection by VIP-PLSR and spectral augmentation, including offset, multivariate normal sampling (MVN), and extended multivariate signal augmentation (EMSA). Optimal models for six metabolites were identified, each demonstrating efficacy through either wavelength selection or augmentation methods. The VIP-PLSR model showed the highest predictive performance for cadaverine (R2 = 0.79), putrescine (R2 = 0.77), and tyramine (R2 = 0.73), while spectral augmentation using the MVN method yield the highest performance for UMP (R2 = 0.82). The combination of wavelength selection and spectral augmentation provided superior results for acetate and tyrosine, with EMSA (R2 = 0.64) and MVN methods (R2 = 0.88), respectively. Therefore, wavelength selection and spectral augmentation could enhance predictive performance of the models.Y
Optimal Scheduling and Commercial Testbed-Based Verification of Integrated PV-ESS Systems Considering Settlement Rules in South Korea
No full textThis article proposes an optimal scheduling algorithm for an integrated PV-ESS system to maximize the overall revenue from both system marginal price (SMP) and renewable energy certificate (REC), considering detailed settlement rules in South Korea. Furthermore, to prevent revenue losses caused by forecasting errors, robust optimization (RO) and receding horizon rescheduling (RHR) approaches, are exploited. The academic contributions of this work are: 1) the formulation of complex settlement rules as an optimization problem, and 2) the implementation of a mixed integer linear programming (MILP)-based RO that can be solved by non-commercial solvers. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, simulations and experiments were conducted using a commercial testbed. Compared to the rule-based algorithm which had been adopted in the testbed, the proposed algorithm achieved a 9.3% increase in revenue.N
공정이용으로서 패러디에 대한 저작권법 국제 비교 연구-이상봉 전시 포스터 패러디 사례 중심
No full textBackground Korean copyright law aims to protect authors rights while promoting the fair use of works to foster cultural and industrial development. However, technological advancements have made content more accessible, leading to frequent conflicts between copyright holders and parody creators. This study examines the legal criteria for parody protection and proposes guidelines for creators. Methods This study compares parody case law in the U.S., U.K., Germany, France, and South Korea (hearafter, Korea) to analyze definitions and criteria for a work to qualify as a parody. The study also examines the impact of fair use provisions and parody exceptions regulations on protection and identifies key requirements. These findings are applied to case in Korea to compare the legal requirements for parody qualifications and to assess the applicability of fair use. Results For a work to qualify as a parody, it must reference the original, exhibit distinct differences, and incorporate humor or satire. To be protected under fair use, the work must have a transformative purpose and maintain a balance of rights. This study presents a guideline for parody creation and compares domestic cases. Analysis of the Lee Sang-bong poster parody suggests that this work meets these criteria and qualifies for fair use. Conclusions This study examines the legal requirements for parody protection, applies them to case in Korea, and proposes guidelines for parody creation. Courts in Korean interpret parody more strictly than U.S. and European courts, which recognize transformative use and critical purpose under fair use. Further research should conduct a deeper comparative analysis of parody protection and fair use application.Y
A 0.275pJ/b 42Gb/s/pin Clock-Referenced PAM3 Transceiver Tolerant to Supply Noise, Reference Offset and Crosstalk for Chiplets and Short-Reach Memory Interfaces
No full textThe trend of multi-chip modules (MCMs), die-to-die (D2D), and chiplet interfaces (e.g. UCIe) requires high-bandwidth densities while minimizing power consumption [1], [3], [4], [11]-[13]. Single-ended (SE) PAM3 signaling has been adopted in GDDR7 [2] as a high-bandwidth solution, increasing the data rate by 150%, compared to NRZ (PAM2) using the same baud rate. SE PAM3 signaling can also be applied to chiplet interfaces, but it faces challenges (Fig. 22.1.1): (1) the RX requires large-area reference-voltage (Vrefp & Vrefn) generators. (2) Matching RX and TX references is challenging, and discrepancies result in a TX-RX reference offset. (3) TX drivers generate simultaneous switching noise (SSN) of up to a few hundred millivolts on VDD in TX die [3]; this noise coupled to TX data and cannot be rejected by the RX, thereby degrading voltage margins. (4) Reducing channel pitch increases crosstalk, and PAM3 is 2× more vulnerable to crosstalk than NRZ.N
Opioid-Induced Myoclonus During Premedication in Two Dogs With Hydrocephalus Proactively Managed With Antiepileptic Medications
No full textThis report describes opioid-induced neurotoxicity (OIN) in two dogs with hydrocephalus undergoing the investigation of recurrent seizures; in both dogs, myoclonus occurred following premedication with butorphanol and remifentanil and resolved following the administration of midazolam. Thorough clinical evaluation excluded underlying systemic disease and increased intracranial pressure as possible causes, and opioid-induced modulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) inhibitory and dopaminergic interneurons was assumed. Benzodiazepines, like midazolam, enhanced GABA and appeared to be effective in managing these symptoms. The findings suggest that even at therapeutic doses, certain opioids can cause OIN in dogs. Caution is advised when using opioids, particularly in dogs with pre-existing central nervous system disorders, and further research is needed to better understand dosage effects and alternative treatment options for OIN prevention.Y
Next-generation air filtration nanotechnology for improved indoor air quality
No full textIndoor air quality (IAQ) significantly affects human health, with pollutants such as organic, inorganic substances, and biological contaminants contributing to various respiratory, neurological, and immunological diseases. In this review, we highlighted the need for advanced air filtration technologies to mitigate these pollutants, which are emitted from household products, building materials, combustion processes, and bioaerosols. While traditional HVAC systems and mechanical filtration methods have been effective, they are often energy-intensive and limited in their ability to capture specific pollutants. To address these limitations, nanotechnology-based air filtration technologies, particularly those utilizing electrospinning processes, offer promising alternatives. This review classifies pollutants and details the working principles of next-generation filters, focusing on passive, self-powered, and externally powered mechanisms. These advanced filters achieve high filtration efficiency with minimal pressure drop, enhanced pollutant capture, and in some cases, health monitoring capabilities. This review emphasizes the significance of ongoing research into eco-friendly and sustainable filtration systems to enhance IAQ and minimize health risks linked to long-term exposure to indoor air pollutants.N
Efficient Monte Carlo Tree Search via On-the-Fly State-Conditioned Action Abstraction
No full textMonte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) has showcased its efficacy across a broad spectrum of decision-making problems. However, its performance often degrades under vast combinatorial action space, especially where an action is composed of multiple sub-actions. In this work, we propose an action abstraction based on the compositional structure between a state and sub-actions for improving the efficiency of MCTS under a factored action space. Our method learns a latent dynamics model with an auxiliary network that captures sub-actions relevant to the transition on the current state, which we call state-conditioned action abstraction. Notably, it infers such compositional relationships from high-dimensional observations without the known environment model. During the tree traversal, our method constructs the state-conditioned action abstraction for each node on-the-fly, reducing the search space by discarding the exploration of redundant sub-actions. Experimental results demonstrate the superior sample efficiency of our method compared to vanilla MuZero [Schrittwieser et al., 2020], which suffers from expansive action space.N