Jurnal Ilmiah Hubungan Internasional
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Money Laundering Practices and Singapore’s Steps Against Indonesian Tax Amnesty
No full textSingapore is a country that implements a foreign direct investment policy to advance its economy. The implementation of those policies is classified as a two-pronged sword because it also ensures the privacy and security of corrupt money investments from other countries. Because of this, many Indonesian citizens are involved in money laundering through investments in Singapore. There were cases of money laundering with the value reaching at least Rp 9,427 trillion Indonesian money in Singapore in 2016 alone. The question is why Singapore tried to mute and undermine Indonesian tax amnesty? The purpose of this paper is to find the causes of the problem. Theory and the concept that will be used by the writer are Foreign Direct Investment Theory by David K. Eitemen and Money Laundering Concept itself. This paper uses an explanative qualitative method, and a literature study to obtain the data to strengthen this paper. Based on the case and the problem, the author concluded that the economy of Singapore will be threatened by the Indonesian Tax Amnesty policy, although not majorly, considering that even though they are a country of investment, they have a strong economy, to begin with.Singapura merupakan negara yang menerapkan kebijakan investasi asing langsung untuk memajukan perekonomiannya. Penerapan kebijakan tersebut tergolong pedang bermata dua karena juga menjamin privasi dan keamanan investasi uang hasil korupsi dari negara lain. Karena itu, banyak WNI yang terlibat pencucian uang melalui penanaman modal di Singapura. Ada kasus pencucian uang dengan nilai mencapai sedikitnya Rp 9,427 triliun uang Indonesia di Singapura pada tahun 2016 saja. Pertanyaannya, mengapa Singapura berusaha membungkam atau mengurangi dampak tax amnesty Indonesia? Tujuan dari penulisan makalah ini adalah untuk mengetahui penyebab dari permasalahan tersebut. Teori dan konsep yang akan digunakan penulis adalah Teori Penanaman Modal Asing oleh David K. Eitemen dan Konsep Pencucian Uang itu sendiri. Makalah ini menggunakan metode kualitatif eksplanatif, dan studi literatur untuk memperoleh data guna memperkuat makalah ini. Berdasarkan kasus dan permasalahan tersebut, penulis berkesimpulan bahwa perekonomian Singapura akan terancam oleh kebijakan Amnesti Pajak Indonesia, walaupun tidak secara mayor, mengingat meskipun merupakan negara investasi, mereka memiliki perekonomian yang kuat sejak awal
Revisiting Balance of Threat Theory: The Case of Contemporary Southeast Asia in the Context of Great Power Contestation
No full textSoutheast Asian countries, situated at the heart of the Indo-Pacific, are increasingly exposed to intensifying great power competition between China and the United States (US). According to Balance of Threat (BoT) theory, states are more likely to align tightly with a less threatening power in response to rising threats characterized by a rival\u27s aggregate power, geographical proximity, offensive capabilities, and aggressive intentions. Based on these indicators, BoT would predict stronger alignment between Southeast Asian countries and the US to balance against the perceived threat from China. However, alignment behavior in the region varies, suggesting the need for closer empirical scrutiny. This study reexamines BoT theory in the Southeast Asian context through a structured comparative empirical analysis of ten countries between 2000 and 2021. The findings reveal that while BoT’s core prediction holds in some cases, alignment outcomes are mixed. Thus, the theory receives only partial support in explaining Southeast Asian states’ responses to China’s rise.
Keywords: Balance of Threat theory, Southeast Asia, alignment behavior, great power competition, US-China rivalry, Indo-Pacific, threat perception, security cooperation, comparative analysis, regional securit
Singapore Government Securitization Measures against Transboundary Haze Pollution as a Non-Traditional Security Threat
No full textTransboundary haze pollution (PALB) has developed into a critical concern for Southeast Asian countries in terms of transboundary issues and national security. This study aims to provide an understanding of the non-traditional threats that have become significant in front of countries, to demonstrate that the PALB issue is worthy of being included in the Non-Traditional Security (KNT) study, to provide an in-depth analysis of how the securitization transformation process has affected PALB issues in Singapore, to correlate the involvement of various actors in the ongoing securitization process, and to evaluate. This research uses a qualitative methodology to connect one variable to another in a direct and constructive manner, drawing on a broad theoretical foundation, most notably constructivism. It can be inferred that the government possesses complete authority to secure the smog issue. The community\u27s response is critical in determining the success of haze securitization. Additionally, mass media and social media play a critical role in channeling popular opinion.
Keywords: existential threat; securitization policy; constructivism approach; transboundary haze pollution; speech ac
Structural Explanation to the Establishment of the Truth and Reconciliation Commissions: A Comparative Study of Five Countries
No full textWhy has Indonesia, a former military dictatorial regime, only commissioned the official Truth and Reconciliation Commissions (TRC) later than South Africa, Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, and South Korea? This article compares how the six democratic governments in Africa, Latin America, and East Asia deal with human rights violations committed by officials of previous authoritarian regimes. I posit a structural explanation for the variation in the establishment of a TRC in former authoritarian countries that underwent pacted transition or authoritarian-initiated transition. Using a qualitative approach, I argue that a combination of the level of external and internal security threats facing the country, and the military tary doctrine which is adopted by the military determines the timing of the establishment of a TRC. Understanding the timing of the establishment of the TRC is important as victims and their relatives need closure over past human rights violations and the delay in the establishment of it can increase distrust to the government.
Keywords: Indonesia, Truth and Reconciliation Commissions, Civil-Military, Transitional Justice, Democratization, Military-Civilian Relation
Ancaman Perdamaian di Venezuela Akibat Kemerosotan Demokrasi Pada Masa Pemerintahan Nicolas Maduro
No full textThis paper aims to describe the threat to peace in Venezuela, which occurred during the reign of Nicolas Maduro. The urgency of this research is the deterioration of democracy that occurred in Venezuela after Chavez left. Maduro is the president who was elected to replace Chavez in 2013. Political and economic instability, as well as the decline of democracy, have posed a threat to peace in Venezuela. This research is a descriptivequalitative study, with data using a library study. The Kantian triangle, which is part of Immanuel Kant\u27s democratic peace theory, will be an analytical tool in this research. The Kantian Triangle determines three factors to achieve peace in democracy, namely: (1) democracy, (2) the existence of dependence between countries, and (3) state interactions in the international arena. The result of this research shows that Venezuela is not able to fulfill the three existing factors. First, the erosion of democratic values in the country. Second, dependence on other countries is difficult to materialize. This is because Maduro\u27s policies are detrimental to investors, and the many humanitarian issues in Venezuela. The bad image of Maduro\u27s government makes it difficult to maintain good relations with other countries. Third, although active in the United Nations, Venezuela continues to carry out the rules and principles of the organization. The failure to fulfill the three factors in the Kantian Triangle can pose a threat to peace in Venezuela.
Keywords: Threat of Peace, Democratic Deterioration, Nicolas Maduro, Venezuela.Tulisan ini memiliki tujuan untuk mendeskripsikan ancaman perdamaian di Venezuela, yang terjadi pada masa pemerintahan Nicolas Maduro. Urgensi dari penelitian ini ialah, adanya kemerosotan demokrasi yang terjadi di Venezuela pasca sepeninggalan Chavez. Maduro merupakan presiden yang terpilih untuk menggantikan Chavez di tahun 2013. Ketidakstabilan politik dan ekonomi serta kemerosotan demokrasi memungkinkan adanya ancaman perdamaian di Venezuela. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif-kualitatif dengan pengumpulan data menggunakan studi kepustakan. Kantian Triangle yang merupakan bagian dari democratic peace theory milik Immanuel Kant, akan menjadi alat analisis dalam penelitian ini. Dalam Kantian Triangle ditetapkan tiga faktor untuk dapat mencapai perdamaian, yakni: (1) sistem pemerintahan demokrasi, (2) adanya ketergantungan antar negara, dan (3) keterlibatan negara di dalam institusi internasional. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan jika Venezuela tidak mampu memenuhi tiga faktor yang ada. Pertama, telah terkikisnya nilai-nilai demokrasi di negara tersebut. Kedua, ketergantungan dengan negara lain sulit terwujud. Hal ini dikarenakan kebijakan Maduro yang merugikan para investor dan banyaknya isu kemanusian di Venezuela. Image pemerintahan Maduro yang buruk menyulitkan terjalinnya hubungan baik dengan negara lain. Ketiga, meskipun aktif di PBB, tetapi Venezuela terus melakukan pelanggaran peraturan dan prinsip-prinsip dari organisasi tersebut. Tidak terpenuhinya tiga faktor di dalam Kantian Triangle dapat memberikan ancaman perdamaian di Venezuela.
Kata Kunci: Ancaman Perdamaian, Kemerosotan Demokrasi, Nicolas Maduro, Venezuela
International Cooperation and Indonesia’s Geopolitical Perspective in Indo-Pacific
No full textThis paper emphasizes the analysis of Indonesia\u27s geopolitical perspective through international cooperation that is part of Indonesia\u27s geopolitics in the Indo-Pacific region. The results of this paper explain that Indonesia\u27s geopolitical interests cannot be separated from the importance of building mutual trust, as well as regional development through international cooperation for global interests. In other words, regional development through international cooperation will increase regional stability so as to encourage various economic, political and security activities that not only reduce political friction, but also provide strategic advantages for every actor who has an interest in the Indo-Pacific.
Keywords: Indonesia, Geopolitics, Indo-Pacific, international cooperatio
Implementasi Peningkatan dalam Aktivitas Rantai Nilai Global oleh UKM Kopi Indonesia: Hasil Studi Empiris
No full textThis study discusses the implementation of improvement strategies in the global value chain (GVC) for coffee SMEs in Indonesia. With the background of Indonesia\u27s position as a major coffee producer in the world, this study explores the challenges faced by SMEs in achieving maximum added value, broad market access, and effective governance. The research method uses a qualitative descriptive approach through literature analysis, secondary data and primary data related to the coffee value chain and its improvement strategies. The results show that value-added improvement strategies can be achieved through product, process, and function innovation, as well as product differentiation. Certification such as Geographical Indications helps increase sales value, although benefits for farmers are still limited. Increasing market access involves vertical and horizontal collaboration for diversification and development of marketing networks, including participation in international exhibitions. The role of the government is very important through the development of infrastructure, regulations, and certification support, but needs to be strengthened to reduce the imbalance in the distribution of added value. In conclusion, partnerships involving the private sector, government, and NGOs are key to encouraging the sustainability of coffee SMEs in the GVC. Recommendations include strengthening governance, increasing farmer capacity, and collaboration strategies to expand export markets and increase the competitiveness of Indonesian coffee in the global market.
Keywords: Upgrading, Global Value Chain (GVC), Indonesian Coffee SMEs.Penelitian ini membahas implementasi strategi peningkatan dalam rantai nilai global (Global Value Chain/GVC) untuk UKM kopi di Indonesia. Dengan latar belakang posisi Indonesia sebagai produsen kopi utama dunia, penelitian ini mengeksplorasi tantangan yang dihadapi UKM dalam mencapai nilai tambah maksimal, akses pasar yang luas, dan tata kelola yang efektif. Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif melalui analisis literatur, data sekunder dan data primer terkait rantai nilai kopi dan strategi peningkatannya. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa strategi peningkatan nilai tambah dapat dicapai melalui inovasi produk, proses, dan fungsi, serta diferensiasi produk. Sertifikasi seperti Indikasi Geografis membantu meningkatkan nilai jual, meskipun manfaat bagi petani masih terbatas. Peningkatan akses pasar melibatkan kolaborasi vertikal dan horizontal untuk diversifikasi dan pengembangan jaringan pemasaran, termasuk partisipasi dalam pameran internasional. Peran pemerintah sangat penting melalui pengembangan infrastruktur, regulasi, dan dukungan sertifikasi, namun perlu diperkuat untuk mengurangi ketidakseimbangan distribusi nilai tambah. Kesimpulannya, kemitraan yang melibatkan sektor swasta, pemerintah, dan LSM menjadi kunci dalam mendorong keberlanjutan UKM kopi dalam GVC. Rekomendasi mencakup penguatan tata kelola, peningkatan kapasitas petani, dan strategi kolaborasi untuk memperluas pasar ekspor serta meningkatkan daya saing kopi Indonesia di pasar global.
Kata kunci: Peningkatan, Global Value Chain (GVC), UKM Kopi Indonesia.
Inisiatif Damai di Asia Tenggara: Pelajaran dari Peran Catholic Relief Services dan Muhammadiyah Dalam Peace Building di Timor-Leste and Mindanao
No full textThis study of international non-governmental actors (INGO) and peacebuilding has sparked a lively discussion because INGOs play a significant role in the peace process. On the other hand, INGOs with their own values frequently fight with one another or with the values of the local community. This study tries to comprehend the peacebuilding strategies of The Catholic Relief Service (CRS) and Muhammadiyah in conflict zones, particularly Timor-Leste and Mindanao. This study employs a qualitative approach with document analysis. The findings of this study indicate that CRS and Muhammadiyah play a significant role in promoting peace through the following efforts: (1) reducing human suffering by seeking the safety of conflict victims; (2) promoting peace through a democratic, non-violent, and participatory process by focusing on the safety of women and other vulnerable people; and (3) post-conflict reconstruction by restoring the lives of people affected by conflict in various aspects.Kajian tentang aktor non-pemerintah internasional (INGO) dan peacebuilding ini telah menjadi perdebatan menarik dikarenakan peran INGO memang sangat membantu proses perdamaian. Di sisi lain, INGO yang membawa nilai-nilai mereka sendiri seringkali berbenturan satu sama lainnya atau bertentangan dengan nilai di masyarakat lokal. Penelitian ini berusaha untuk memahami bagaimana strategi The Catholic Relief Service (CRS) dan Muhammadiyah dalam membangun perdamaian di wilayah-wilayah konflik, khususnya di Timor Leste dan Mindanao. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan studi dokumen. Temuan dalam penelitian ini mengindikasikan adanya peran yang cukup signifikan dari CRS dan Muhammadiyah dalam membangun perdamain melalui upaya-upaya : (1) mengurangi penderitaan kemanusiaan dengan cara mengupayakan keselamatan korban konflik, (2) pengupayaan perdamaian melalui pendekatan yang demokratis, non-violent, dan partisipatoris dengan memperhatikan keselamatan wanita dan orang-orang rentan lainnya, serta (3) rekonstruksi pascakonflik dengan cara memulihkan kehidupan masyarakat terdampak konflik pada berbagai aspek yang dilakukan secara berkesinambungan
Representasi Perempuan di Parlemen dan Legislasi Isu Lingkungan Hidup: Studi Kasus Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2020 tentang Cipta Kerja
No full textNumerous studies indicate that women generally show a greater concern for environmental issues than men and often engage more actively in eco-friendly practices like recycling. The difference in environmental attitudes between genders is thought to arise from societal roles, where women are typically viewed as primary caregivers, and men as primary providers. This highlights the intersectionality of gender and culture in environmental matters. This article examines gender dynamics in environmental policymaking, with a focus on the stance of female legislators on environmental issues. It uses the discussion around Law Number 11 of 2020, known as the Job Creation Law, as a case study. The analysis starts by looking at women\u27s representation in the Indonesian parliament and their legislative behavior on environmental matters. The debate over the Job Creation Law reveals that most female legislators tend to align with the ideologies and interests of their political parties, despite criticisms that the law negatively impacts the environment and working women. The research concludes that having women in parliament does not necessarily lead to laws that prioritize women\u27s and environmental interests. Factors such as a gender-biased political culture and a limited understanding of the importance of integrating gender perspectives in environmental and sustainable development issues contribute to the lack of substantive representation of women in parliament.
Keywords: women in parliament; gender mainstreaming; substantive representation; pro-environmental policy; legislative behaviourSejumlah studi menunjukkan bahwa perempuan cenderung untuk menunjukkan kepedulian tentang isu lingkungan hidup dibandingkan laki-laki. Kelompok perempuan juga disebutkan cenderung lebih banyak menunjukkan berperilaku pro-lingkungan, di rumah misalnya melakukan daur ulang, daripada laki-laki. Disparitas gender dalam melihat isu lingkungan ini dipercayai disebabkan oleh perbedaan tuntutan atas perempuan dan laki-laki dimana perempuan diharapkan akan menjadi pengasuh keluarga sementara laki-laki menjadi pencari nafkah bagi keluarga. Tulisan ini menganalisis masalah gender dan lingkungan dari level pengambil kebijakan di parlemen. Dengan menanyakan bagaimana kontribusi perempuan di Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) Indonesia dalam isu lingkungan, tulisan ini akan mengangkat pembahasan tentang Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2020 tentang Cipta Kerja (UU Cipta Kerja) sebagai studi kasus. Analisis akan dimulai dengan pembahasan mengenai representasi perempuan di parlemen dan dilanjutkan dengan diskusi mengenai perilaku legislatif mengenai isu lingkungan. Pembahasan dan perumusan UU Cipta Kerja menunjukkan beberapa hal yang menarik. Pertama, suara anggota parlemen perempuan untuk UU Cipta Kerja terlihat hanya mengikuti ideologi dan kepentingan partai politik mereka walaupun keberadaan undang-undang ini dikritik mengancam lingkungan hidup dan berdampak negatif terhadap perempuan pekerja. Terkait dengan poin pertama, keberadaan perempuan di parlemen tidak serta merta berdampak terhadap perumusan legislasi yang pro lingkungan. Rendahnya kualitas perwakilan subtantif ini dipengaruhi oleh banyak faktor seperti budaya partai politik yang bias terhadap perempuan dan rendahnya pemahaman tentang pengarusutamaan gender
Rasionalisasi Perang Dagang Amerika Serikat dan Tiongkok Ditinjau dari Teori “Chicken Game”
No full textThis paper focuses on discussing the rationalization of the Trade War between the United States (US) and China from 2018 to 2022. The US and China action in the trade war were widely recognized as irrational, and given the negative impact on trade balance in both. The argument in this paper aims to prove that the protectionist policies of the both countries constitute a rational foreign economic strategic policy. The theory used to justify the aspect of rationality both uses Game Theory, namely the Chicken Game. On the other hand, the orientation of the Foreign Policy of the two countries which is considered rational, will be emphasized by the parameters of Cost and Benefit, by looking at the political motives being pursued for national interests by the US and China in the International Political Economy order. The methodology used in this paper is descriptive analysis, with a qualitative approach. The ideas to build arguments in this paper using previous literature reviews, with the narrative literature review method, according to relevant topics of discussion, concepts, and theories. On the other hand, as a justification for strengthening the parameters of the benefits of the both countries in the context of a trade war, this paper uses the Hegemonic Stability theory as benefit orientation for the US, as well as the Modified Structural theory from China\u27s benefit perspectives.
Keyword: Trade War; Cost and Benefit; Protectionism; Chicken Game; Foreign Economic PolicyArtikel ini fokus membahas rasionalisasi Perang Dagang antara Amerika Serikat (AS) dan Tiongkok pada tahun 2018 hingga 2022. Perilaku AS dan Tiongkok dalam konflik Perang Dagang, banyak disoroti sebagai sikap yang tidak rasional, mengingat implikasi negatif terhadap volume perdagangan bagi kedua negara. Argumentasi pada tulisan ini bertujuan membuktikan, bahwa sikap kebijakan proteksionisme kedua negara merupakan strategi Kebijakan Ekonomi Luar Negeri yang rasional. Teori yang digunakan untuk menjustifikasi aspek rasionalitas keduanya menggunakan Game Theory yaitu Chicken Game. Di sisi lain, orientasi Kebijakan Luar Negeri kedua negara yang dinilai rasional, akan dipertegas oleh parameter Cost dan Benefit, dengan memandang motif politik yang diperjuangkan sebagai kepentingan nasional – baik dari sisi AS maupun Tiongkok di dalam tatanan Ekonomi Politik Internasional. Metodologi yang digunakan pada tulisan ini adalah deskriptif analisis, dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Kerangka berpikir untuk membangun argumentasi pada tulisan ini menggunakan kajian pustaka terdahulu, dengan metode narrative literature review, sesuai dengan topik pembahasan, konsep, dan teori yang relevan. Di sisi lain, sebagai penguatan justifikasi atas parameter benefit kedua negara dalam konteks perang dagang, tulisan ini menggunakan teori Hegemonic Stability sebagai orientasi benefit AS, serta teori Modified Structural pada sudut padang benefit Tiongkok.
Kata kunci: Perang Dagang; Cost and Benefit; Proteksionisme; Chicken Game; Kebijakan Ekonomi Luar Neger