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Progress in deep cleaning and upgrading of biomass- and waste-derived syngas for production of renewable fuels, chemicals and power
No full textThe cleaning of syngas for the production of renewable fuels, chemicals and power is reviewed here. Recent progress in syngas cleaning pathways and key utilization routes, along with techno-economics are discussed, with the goal of investigating the requirements of crude syngas towards clean syngas and finally towards fuels and chemicals as a sustainable and eco-friendly technology. The impacts of feedstock composition, type and characteristic properties on syngas quality coupled with the role of different impurities are examined. Furthermore, adaptation of process parameters and its impact on the syngas quality is discussed. Cleaning of crude syngas is considered a critical issue to generate renewable fuels and chemicals, and therefore, diverse pathways (conventional such as hot and cold cleaning methods, catalytic cleaning and thermal cracking and, advanced techniques such as membranes, pressure swing adsorption, and cryogenic separation) are presented to allow effective cleaning which in turn can enable syngas deployment in various applications. Bio-methane has emerged as a beneficial alternative for conventional transportation fuel with all the advantages of natural gas including a dense distribution, trade and supply network. Gasification is a proven technology while gas cleaning is still one limiting factor since “classical” pathways are labor and cost intensive, especially when it comes to residues and waste materials as feedstock. Gasification of organic feedstock materials (clean biomass, residues and waste) followed by chemical synthesis is a key-technology to substitute chemicals and fuels from fossil sources. These syngas-derived fuels and chemicals have the potential to provide sustainable energy and curb climate change to a major extent and therefore, can be a step forward towards the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals 7 and 13.</p
Acid-induced gelation of bacterial single cell protein as compared to soy and milk proteins: the effect of protein concentration and temperature.
No full textSingle cell proteins offer a sustainable protein source for future populations, however their potential as main ingredients in food structuring is still unexplored. The aim of this study was to investigate how incubation temperature (20 or 40 °C) and concentration affect the acid-induced gelation of bacterial single cell protein (SCP), using glucono-δ-lactone as the acidulant. Furthermore, the influence of acidification rate on the structural development of SCP was evaluated in relation to conventional protein-rich ingredients (skimmed milk powder (Milk) and soy protein isolate (SPI)).Despite significant variation in the compositions of the different proteins, all protein suspensions were prepared at 3.5% protein content. In both milk and SPI, the acidification rate was a key factor influencing the reorganization of protein networks during structure formation and the resulting gel characteristics. Conversely, this effect was not pronounced in SCP. The rheological measurements showed that temperature influenced the time required to reach the gelling point (tg) across all protein samples. In contrast to Milk and SPI, temperature had less impact on the pH at tg and on the structure velocity (dG*/dt/tg) of SCP. SCP gels maintained a moderate water-holding capacity and exhibited low gel strength, regardless of the temperature at which acidification occurred. Microstructure analysis revealed that SCP gels showed higher porosity compared to other samples. By increasing the SCP content (≥ 6.2% protein), the impact of temperature on gel strength and WHC was more pronounced. While SCP has potential as a structuring protein for non-dairy yoghurt, further studies are required to fully grasp its intricate structure, composition, and function