Indonesian Journal of International Law
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Principles of International Environmental Law Volume I: Frameworks, Standards, and Implementation
No full textNon-Discrimination Pronciple on the Agreement on Trade_related Investment Measures within Coal Mining Foreign Investment Company
No full textIndonesia as a part of the international community inactable merely accordance to the government of Indonesia provision without considering to any of the international world provisions. Indonesia is the members of the World Trade Organization (WTO), so that Indonesia shall be subject to the provisions issued by the WTO. One of the provisions in the WTO is the principle of non-discrimination for foreign investment. Indonesia has numerous Natural Resources that can be exploitation for economic reasons. One business that is promising and ravish for foreign investors are exploiting the natural resources in Indonesia that is coal. Indonesia is the country’s seventh largest coal producer in the world, even since 2006, Indonesia became the second largest coal exporter in the world after Australia. Mining construction line of business was forbidden to foreign investment companies until Law number 4 Year 2009 regarding Mineral and Coal have been issued. On the Law number 4 Year 2009 regarding Mineral and Coal foreign investment company can enter the coal mining. The provision objective is to obey the principle of non discrimination on the On The Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures and also being considered to be capable as a selling point and competitiveness
in contemporary trade to invite foreign investors to invest their capital in Indonesia.
Indonesia sebagai sebuah bagian dari masyarakat internasional tidak dapat menggantungkan kegiatannya kepada peraturan perundang-undangan yang dibuat oleh pemerintah Indonesia tanpa mempertimbangkan pengaturan-pengaturan yang berlaku di dunia. Indonesia merupakan anggota dari World Trade Organization (WTO), sehingga Indonesia harus patuh terhadap pengaturanpengaturan yang dikeluarkan oleh WTO. Salah satu pengaturan dalam WTO adalah prinsip nondiskriminasi bagi investasi asing. Indonesia memiliki berbagai macam kekayaan alam yang dapat diekspolitasi untuk berbagai kegiatan ekonomi. Salah satu kegiatan usaha yang menjanjikan adalah kegiatan eksploitasi sumber daya batu bara. menurut kabar terkini Indonesia merupakan negara ketujuh terbesar penghasil batu bara, bahkan sejak tahun 2006, Indonesia menjadi negara pengekspor batu bara terbesar di dunia setelah Australia. Kegiatan penambangan merupakan jenis usaha yang dilarang bagi perusahaan-perusahaan investasi asing hingga dikeluarkannya Undang-Undang Nomor 4 tahun 2009 tentang Sumber Daya Mineral dan Batu Bara. Dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 4 Tahun 2009 tentang Sumber Daya Mineral dan Batu Bara dikatakan bahwa perusahan investasi asing dapat melakukan kegiatan penambangan di Indonesia. Ketentuan tersebut dimaksudkan untuk mematuhi prinsip nondiskriminasi yang terdapat dalam The Agreement on Trade-Related the Investment Measures dan
juga sebagai pertimbangan untuk menjadi titik jual dan persaingan dalam perdagangan kontemporer untuk mengundang investor asing untuk mengivestasikan modalnya di Indonesia
Why Fragmentation of International Law Matters: The Case of Indonesia’s Bilateral Investment Treaty Policy and Its Impact on Its Effective Use of the WTO’s Dispute Settlement System
No full textAn unexplored are in the discussions of fragmentation of international law
is the relationship between the WTO Agreements and Bilateral Investment
Treaties (BITs). Indonesia has recently challenged the United States before the Dispute Settlement Body of the World Trade Organization in a case regarding US measures affecting the importation and sale of cigarettes from Indonesia. If a WTO Panel or the Appellate Body were to find the United States’ measures inconsistent with the WTO Agreements and the United States were not to comply with the Panel or Appellate Body report, the WTO could authorize Indonesia to suspend concessions to the United States under the GATT, the GATS or the TRIPS agreement. This paper addresses the possible conflicts that might arise between the authorization to suspend concessions under the WTO Agreements on the one hand and BITs on the other. This paper argues that a BIT between Indonesia and the Unites States could severely undermine Indonesia’s position to persuade the United States to comply with an adverse ruling by the WTO in the cigarettes case
Principle of Responsibilities and Sanctions in Pollution of the Marine Environment by Offshore Mining
No full textIn a period of 5 (five) years of pollution of the marine environment caused by exploration and exploitation on the continental shelf and the area (the seabed) is increasing. Like the marine pollution in the Timor Sea which transnational pollution, because it involves three countries, namely Australia, Timor Leste, and Indonesia. Settlement efforts to revolve the impact caused by too have done well by the Australian Government nor by the Indonesian Government. Pollution of the marine environment also occurs in blasting offshore mining that pollute the Gulf of Mexico. As mentioned in the 1982 UNCLOS, Article 208 that one of the sources of marine pollution is from the exploration and exploitation under the jurisdiction of a country. For that, if there is contamination and pollution, then the polluter is responsible and obliged to recovery the environment as soon as possible, so that ecosystems and the biota in the ocean can be saved. In addition to several conventions in 1982 UNCLOS also provides for compensation and the responsibility for restoring environmental pollutants, such as the Stockholm Declaration of 1972, Agenda 21 Global and Offshore Pollution Liability Agreement, 1975. The
principle used to sue the polluter polluter pays principle, liability based on fault principle, and the precautionary principle
Desentralisasi yang Mengarah ke Sistem Federal dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Pelaksanaan Fungsi Negara
No full textArticle 18 Paragraph (5) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia stipulates that the local administration (regional government) can implement autonomy as wide as possible, except for the administration affairs that are stipulated as the (central) government’s affair. This stipulation contains the principle of the transfer of the reserve of powers of the government to the local administration. The same goes with the decentralization policy in Act 22/1999 on Local Administration, as well as other legislations like the Act on Special Autonomy for Nanggroe Aceh Darusalam and Papua. They contain saome federal arrangement. The decentralization process that leads to the federal system influences the implementation of state functions
Validity of Digital Signature as Evidence in Electronic Commerce
No full textTrade is a way to promote economy, recognized that trade is important, urge the emergence of new trading concept. Electronic Commerce is the succumbed attendance of faceless trading. Alongside the development of technology, crimes also develop rapidly. Cyber crime is the type of crime in the virtual world. Recognized this problem, the appearance of security system in cryptography is well developed. Digital Signature is the manifestation of cryptography in asymmetric cryptosystem. Ironically well problem solving of this condition is not entails with its position as evidence in electronic contract. In evidence law, the presence of digital signature is approved as evidence in electronic commerce. It based on the equality of hash function. The validity of digital signature also approved as evidence in electronic commerce based on the approval of art. 11 Law No 11/2008 on Information and Electronic Transaction, which emphasize the legal position of digital signature as valid evidence in electronic commerce. Considering the constraints that arise in digital signature verification divided into Non juridical consist of technology
and cultural obstacle. In case a dispute occurs either in transnational area, the jurisdiction that used in cyberspace area need precise principles rooted from the principle of international law. These principles are: subjective, objective territoriality, passive nationality, protective principle and universality interest jurisdiction, theory of the law of the server and theory of international space
Legal Issues on the Attacks Againts Vessels in the Straits of Malacca
No full textPiracy that occurs in the straits of Malacca has become a serious problem that need to be solved. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) has been combating piracy in this particular area since 2009. In an attempt to do so, UNODC creates a Counter Piracy Program (CPP) that has been implemented in several African Countries. However, UNODC doesn’t define the limitation of piracy which described in 1982 UNCLOS that only defines it as piracy on high seas. Whereas, piracy is not only takes place on high seas but also within territories of the states jurisdiction. The lack of ability to implement the provisions in national scope become another problem in regards preventing piracy in the Straits of Malacca.
Pembajakan yang terjadi di Selat Malaka telah menjadi masalah serius yang perlu diselesaikan. Kantor Perserikatan Bangsa-bangsa Urusan Narkoba dan Kejahatan (UNODC) telah memerangi pembajakan dikawasan ini sejak tahun 2009. Dalam upaya untuk melakukannya, UNODC menciptakan Counter Piracy Program (CPC) yang telah diterapkan di beberapa negara Afrika. Akan tetapi, UNODC tidak menentukan batasan dari pembajakan seperti yang digambarkan pada UNCLOS tahun 1982 yang hanya menganggapnya sebagai pembajakan di laut lepas. Padahal, pembajakan tidak hanya terjadi di laut lepas, tetapi juga di dalam wilayah yurisdiksi negara. Kurangnya kemampuan untuk menerapkan pasal-pasal dalam lingkup nasional menjadi masalah lain dalam hal mencegah pembajakan di Selat Malaka
Agresi Dalam Perspektif Hukum Internasional
No full textThe end of Cold War, marked by the collapse of the Soviet Union’s communism has brought about the new political phenomenon. This phenomenon has given the impact not only to the dimension on international relations, but also, which even more important, to the evolution and progressive development of the world organization such as the United Nations. The application of a great mandatory sanctions under Chapter VII as for instance, which was never practiced during the Cold War period, had given a lot of legal perplexities, particularly the three components of that Chapter, namely action with respect to threat to the peace, breaches of the peace, and the last is the primary important, that are acts of aggression. Moreover, on the consideration of the question of ‘war of aggression’ constituting one of the International Criminal Court’s jurisdictions in the drafting of Statute of Rome, had been inconclusive, and no progress had been made. This article, therefore, may contribute to further development of the analysis of the core problem