JURNAL AGROTEKNOLOGI
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PENINGKATAN KUALITAS COOKIES DENGAN PENAMBAHAN MINYAK ATSIRI BUNGA KECOMBRANG (Etlingera elatior)
Full text linkAntioxidants are compounds that can inhibit or slow down oxidative damage due to free radicals. Torch ginger flower (also known as kecombrang flower in Indonesia) essential oil has antioxidant activity values ranging from 61.61-83.17%. This study aim to determine the concentration of torch ginger flower essential oil (Etlingera elatior) in cookies and to improve the chemical and microbiological qualities of cookies. Torch ginger flowers are cut into pieces and then distilled. The stage of adding torch ginger flowers essential oil was carried out according to the experimental design namely P (100: 0), Q (100: 0.1), R (100: 0.2), S (100: 0.3). The observation parameters in this study were proximate, antioxidant activity, and microbiological (total plate count) parameters. Data processing was carried out in a completely randomized design (CRD) based on data from observations of the test parameters with three repetitions. The result of study showed that the cookies with the addition of torch ginger flower essential oil had moisture content of 4.50-5.11%, ash content of 0.80-1.05%, fat content of 20.68-22.45%, protein content of 6.88-7.95%, carbohydrate content of 63.85-65.30%, antioxidant activity of 55.45-70.78%, the total plate count (bacteria, mold, and yeast) about <10 colonies/g.
Keywords: antioxidants, cookies, torch ginger flowe
Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards 2022 (CHEERS 2022) statement: updated reporting guidance for health economic evaluations
No full textHealth economic evaluations are comparative analyses of alternative courses of action in terms of their costs and consequences. The Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) statement, published in 2013, was created to ensure health economic evaluations are identifiable, interpretable, and useful for decision making. It was intended as guidance to help authors report accurately which health interventions were being compared and in what context, how the evaluation was undertaken, what the findings were, and other details that may aid readers and reviewers in interpretation and use of the study. The new CHEERS 2022 statement replaces previous CHEERS reporting guidance. It reflects the need for guidance that can be more easily applied to all types of health economic evaluation, new methods and developments in the field, as well as the increased role of stakeholder involvement including patients and the public. It is also broadly applicable to any form of intervention intended to improve the health of individuals or the population, whether simple or complex, and without regard to context (such as health care, public health, education, social care, etc). This summary article presents the new CHEERS 2022 28-item checklist and recommendations for each item. The CHEERS 2022 statement is primarily intended for researchers reporting economic evaluations for peer reviewed journals as well as the peer reviewers and editors assessing them for publication. However, we anticipate familiarity with reporting requirements will be useful for analysts when planning studies. It may also be useful for health technology assessment bodies seeking guidance on reporting, as there is an increasing emphasis on transparency in decision making
Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards 2022 (CHEERS 2022) statement: updated reporting guidance for health economic evaluations
No full textHealth economic evaluations are comparative analyses of alternative courses of action in terms of their costs and consequences. The Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) statement, published in 2013, was created to ensure health economic evaluations are identifiable, interpretable, and useful for decision making. It was intended as guidance to help authors report accurately which health interventions were being compared and in what context, how the evaluation was undertaken, what the findings were, and other details that may aid readers and reviewers in interpretation and use of the study. The new CHEERS 2022 statement replaces previous CHEERS reporting guidance. It reflects the need for guidance that can be more easily applied to all types of health economic evaluation, new methods and developments in the field, as well as the increased role of stakeholder involvement including patients and the public. It is also broadly applicable to any form of intervention intended to improve the health of individuals or the population, whether simple or complex, and without regard to context (such as health care, public health, education, social care, etc). This summary article presents the new CHEERS 2022 28-item checklist and recommendations for each item. The CHEERS 2022 statement is primarily intended for researchers reporting economic evaluations for peer reviewed journals as well as the peer reviewers and editors assessing them for publication. However, we anticipate familiarity with reporting requirements will be useful for analysts when planning studies. It may also be useful for health technology assessment bodies seeking guidance on reporting, as there is an increasing emphasis on transparency in decision making
Investigating the uptake, effectiveness and safety of COVID-19 vaccines: protocol for an observational study using linked UK national data
No full textIntroduction The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which emerged in December 2019, has caused millions of deaths and severe illness worldwide. Numerous vaccines are currently under development of which a few have now been authorised for population-level administration by several countries. As of 20 September 2021, over 48 million people have received their first vaccine dose and over 44 million people have received their second vaccine dose across the UK. We aim to assess the uptake rates, effectiveness, and safety of all currently approved COVID-19 vaccines in the UK.
Methods and analysis We will use prospective cohort study designs to assess vaccine uptake, effectiveness and safety against clinical outcomes and deaths. Test-negative case–control study design will be used to assess vaccine effectiveness (VE) against laboratory confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Self-controlled case series and retrospective cohort study designs will be carried out to assess vaccine safety against mild-to-moderate and severe adverse events, respectively. Individual-level pseudonymised data from primary care, secondary care, laboratory test and death records will be linked and analysed in secure research environments in each UK nation. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models will be carried out to estimate vaccine uptake levels in relation to various population characteristics. VE estimates against laboratory confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection will be generated using a generalised additive logistic model. Time-dependent Cox models will be used to estimate the VE against clinical outcomes and deaths. The safety of the vaccines will be assessed using logistic regression models with an offset for the length of the risk period. Where possible, data will be meta-analysed across the UK nations.
Ethics and dissemination We obtained approvals from the National Research Ethics Service Committee, Southeast Scotland 02 (12/SS/0201), the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage independent Information Governance Review Panel project number 0911. Concerning English data, University of Oxford is compliant with the General Data Protection Regulation and the National Health Service (NHS) Digital Data Security and Protection Policy. This is an approved study (Integrated Research Application ID 301740, Health Research Authority (HRA) Research Ethics Committee 21/HRA/2786). The Oxford-Royal College of General Practitioners Clinical Informatics Digital Hub meets NHS Digital’s Data Security and Protection Toolkit requirements. In Northern Ireland, the project was approved by the Honest Broker Governance Board, project number 0064. Findings will be made available to national policy-makers, presented at conferences and published in peer-reviewed journals
Risk of cancer in regular and low meat-eaters, fish-eaters, and vegetarians: a prospective analysis of UK Biobank participants
No full textBackground
Following a vegetarian diet has become increasingly popular and some evidence suggests that being vegetarian may be associated with a lower risk of cancer overall. However, for specific cancer sites, the evidence is limited. Our aim was to assess the associations of vegetarian and non-vegetarian diets with risks of all cancer, colorectal cancer, postmenopausal breast cancer, and prostate cancer and to explore the role of potential mediators between these associations.
Methods
We conducted a prospective analysis of 472,377 UK Biobank participants who were free from cancer at recruitment. Participants were categorised into regular meat-eaters (n = 247,571), low meat-eaters (n = 205,385), fish-eaters (n = 10,696), and vegetarians (n = 8685) based on dietary questions completed at recruitment. Multivariable-adjusted Cox regressions were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for all cancer incidence and separate cancer sites across diet groups.
Results
After an average follow-up of 11.4 years, 54,961 incident cancers were identified, including 5882 colorectal, 7537 postmenopausal breast, and 9501 prostate cancers. Compared with regular meat-eaters, being a low meat-eater, fish-eater, or vegetarian were all associated with a lower risk of all cancer (HR: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.96–1.00; 0.90, 0.84–0.96; 0.86, 0.80–0.93, respectively). Being a low meat-eater was associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer in comparison to regular meat-eaters (0.91, 0.86–0.96); however, there was heterogeneity in this association by sex (p = 0.007), with an inverse association across diet groups in men, but not in women. Vegetarian postmenopausal women had a lower risk of breast cancer (0.82, 0.68–0.99), which was attenuated and non-significant after adjusting for body mass index (BMI; 0.87, 0.72–1.05); in mediation analyses, BMI was found to possibly mediate the observed association. In men, being a fish-eater or a vegetarian was associated with a lower risk of prostate cancer (0.80, 0.65–0.99 and 0.69, 0.54–0.89, respectively).
Conclusion
The lower risk of colorectal cancer in low meat-eaters is consistent with previous evidence suggesting an adverse impact of meat intake. The lower risk of postmenopausal breast cancer in vegetarian women may be explained by their lower BMI. It is not clear whether the other differences observed for all cancers and for prostate cancer reflect any causal relationships or are due to other factors such as residual confounding or differences in cancer detection
First trimester ultrasound for the detection of fetal heart anomalies: A systematic review and meta-analysis
No full textObjectives
To determine the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound at 11-14 weeks gestational age in the detection of fetal cardiac abnormalities, and to evaluate factors that impact detection rates.
Methods
A systematic review of studies evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound in the detection of fetal cardiac anomalies at 11-14 weeks gestational age was undertaken by two independent reviewers. Prospective and retrospective studies evaluating pregnancies at all levels of prior risk and in any healthcare setting were eligible for inclusion. The reference standard used was the detection of a major cardiac abnormality on postnatal or post-mortem examination. Data were extracted from included studies to populate 2 x 2 tables. Meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model in order to determine the overall performance of first trimester ultrasound in the detection of major cardiac abnormalities overall and in addition, for individual types of cardiac abnormalities. Data were analysed separately for high-risk populations vs. non-high risk populations. Pre-planned secondary analyses were conducted in order to assess factors which may impact screening performance including: the imaging protocol used for cardiac assessment (including use of Colour Doppler), mode of ultrasound, publication year of study, and the index of sonographer suspicion at the time of scan. A risk of bias and quality assessment was undertaken for all included studies using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2).
Results
An electronic search of four databases (Medline, Embase, Web of Science Core Collection and Cochrane Library) was conducted from January 1998 until July 2020 and identified 4108 citations. This led to 223 full text reviews from which a total of 63 studies were selected for inclusion. Data from a total of 328,214 screened fetuses were included. In non-high risk populations (45 studies, 306,872 fetuses), 1,445 major cardiac anomalies were identified (prevalence 0.41 (95% C.I. 0.39 – 0.43)). Of these, 767 were correctly detected by first trimester examination of the heart and 678 were not detected. Pooled sensitivity was 55.80% (95% CI 45.87– 65.50%,), specificity 99.98% (95% CI 99.97 – 99.99%) and positive predictive value 94.85% (95% CI 91.63– 97.32%). The cases diagnosed in the first trimester represent 63.67% (95% CI 54.35 – 72.49%) of all antenatally diagnosed major cardiac abnormalities. In high risk populations (18 studies, 21,342 fetuses) 480 major cardiac anomalies were identified (prevalence 1.36 (95% C.I. 1.20 – 1.52)). Of these, 338 were correctly detected in the first trimester, and 142 were not detected. The sensitivity was 67.74% (95% CI 55.25 – 79.06%), specificity 99.75% (95% CI 99.47 – 99.92%) and positive predictive value 94.22% (95% CI 90.22 – 97.22%). The cases diagnosed in the first trimester represent 79.86% (95% CI 69.89 – 88.25%) of all antenatally diagnosed major cardiac abnormalities in high risk populations. The imaging protocol used for examination was found to have an important impact on screening performance in all populations (p<0.0001), with significantly higher detection rates in those studies using outflow tract views and colour-flow Doppler imaging (both p<0.0001). Results showed that individual cardiac anomalies are not equally amenable to first trimester detection.
Conclusions
First trimester examination of the heart allows identification of over half of fetuses who are highly likely to be affected by major cardiac pathology. Future first-trimester screening programmes should follow structured anatomical assessment protocols, and introduction of outflow tract views and colour Doppler would be expected to improve detection rates
Reflections on a specialist HIV menopause service
No full textObjectives: We describe here characteristics and clinical outcomes of women living with HIV attending an HIV menopause service.
Methods: This was a retrospective case note review of women attending the monthly HIV menopause clinic from January 2015 to July 2018.
Results: In all, 55 women attended the service. The overall mean age was 49 years; 50% were black and 20% had a previous AIDS-defining condition. All were on antiretroviral therapy (ART); the median CD4 count was 678 cells/µL; 93% had a viral load < 50 copies/mL; 7% had previous hepatitis C infection; 27% had a history of smoking; 45% had risk factors or existing cardiovascular disease; 24% had a mental health condition. The median duration of symptoms before clinic attendance was 18 months. Vasomotor symptoms (84%), menstrual cycle changes (62%), psychological (56%) and urogenital symptoms (29%) were reported. Twenty-two per cent had early menopause or premature ovarian insufficiency. The mean age at attendance of women diagnosed with menopause (n = 24) was 52 years. However, their average duration of symptoms prior to review was 28 months. A total of 61% had osteopenia/osteoporosis, 73% received menopausal hormone therapy (MHT), and 73% had symptomatic improvement, although 58% of these required higher doses of MHT. Median time on MHT was 10 months. Five patients had their ART modified. No serious MHT adverse effects were observed.
Conclusions: Menopausal hormone therapy uptake was high, with most women observing an improvement in symptoms. Comorbidities were common, highlighting the need for integrated care based on a woman's needs. The long delay from initial symptoms to treatment demonstrates the need for better access to specialist advice for women experiencing menopause
Cross-reactive memory T cells associate with protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in COVID-19 contacts
No full textCross-reactive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 have been observed in pre-pandemic cohorts and proposed to contribute to host protection. Here we assess 52 COVID-19 household contacts to capture immune responses at the earliest timepoints after SARS-CoV-2 exposure. Using a dual cytokine FLISpot assay on peripheral blood mononuclear cells, we enumerate the frequency of T cells specific for spike, nucleocapsid, membrane, envelope and ORF1 SARS-CoV-2 epitopes that cross-react with human endemic coronaviruses. We observe higher frequencies of cross-reactive (p = 0.0139), and nucleocapsid-specific (p = 0.0355) IL-2-secreting memory T cells in contacts who remained PCR-negative despite exposure (n = 26), when compared with those who convert to PCR-positive (n = 26); no significant difference in the frequency of responses to spike is observed, hinting at a limited protective function of spike-cross-reactive T cells. Our results are thus consistent with pre-existing non-spike cross-reactive memory T cells protecting SARS-CoV-2-naïve contacts from infection, thereby supporting the inclusion of non-spike antigens in second-generation vaccines
ENKAPSULASI SERBUK SIMPLISIA DAN EKSTRAK KULIT JERUK SERTA APLIKASINYA PADA VEGETABLES JAM
Full text linkMandarin peel contains essential oil with limonene as the dominant compound that can be used as a flavor additive and source of antioxidants in food products. Vegetables jam is an innovation of vegetable processing that requires flavor additive to increase its acceptability and quality. The aim of this study was to determine formulation, sensory, and chemical characteristics of vegetables jam with addition of encapsulated mandarin peel simplicia powder and extract. The factors that used in this study are type of active substance [simplicia powder (A1) and extract (A2)] and proportion of maltodextrin and arabic gum [1:3 (E1), 2:3 (E2), 3:3 (E3), 3:2 (E4) and 3:1 (E5)]. Based on the results of the study, vegetables jam with addition of encapsulated essential oil extract with proportion of maltodextrin and arabic gum 2:3 (A2E2) was the best treatment, where the sensory evaluation consisted of color has a score of 3.67 (orange-green to greenish orange), aroma 3.53 (slightly typical of jam to typical of jam), taste 3.00 (slightly sweet), smearing power of 4.53 (average to very average), total liking of 3.4 (slightly like to like), the water content of 77.32%, the antioxidant activity of 7.75%, beta carotene content of 15017.99 μg/100 g, and total dietary fiber content of 0.62%.
Keywords: encapsulation, extract, mandarin peel, simplicia powder, vegetables ja
