JURNAL AGROTEKNOLOGI
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Controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) outcomes in Kenyan adults is associated with prior history of malaria exposure and anti-schizont antibody response
No full textBackground
Individuals living in endemic areas acquire immunity to malaria following repeated parasite exposure. We sought to assess the controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) model as a means of studying naturally acquired immunity in Kenyan adults with varying malaria exposure.
Methods
We analysed data from 142 Kenyan adults from three locations representing distinct areas of malaria endemicity (Ahero, Kilifi North and Kilifi South) enrolled in a CHMI study with Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites NF54 strain (Sanaria® PfSPZ Challenge). To identify the in vivo outcomes that most closely reflected naturally acquired immunity, parameters based on qPCR measurements were compared with anti-schizont antibody levels and residence as proxy markers of naturally acquired immunity.
Results
Time to endpoint correlated more closely with anti-schizont antibodies and location of residence than other parasite parameters such as growth rate or mean parasite density. Compared to observational field-based studies in children where 0.8% of the variability in malaria outcome was observed to be explained by anti-schizont antibodies, in the CHMI model the dichotomized anti-schizont antibodies explained 17% of the variability.
Conclusions
The CHMI model is highly effective in studying markers of naturally acquired immunity to malaria.
Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov number NCT02739763. Registered 15 April 201
Termination 1 millennial‐scale rainfall avents over the Sunda Shelf
No full textRecent paleoclimate reconstructions have suggested millennial-scale variability in the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool region coincident with events of the last deglaciation. Here we present a new stalagmite oxygen isotope record from northern Borneo, which today is located near the center of the region’s mean annual inter-tropical convergence zone. The record spans the full deglaciation, and reveals for the first time distinct oxygen isotope variations at this location connected with the Bølling-Allerød onset and the Younger Dryas event. The full deglaciation in the Borneo stalagmite proxy reconstruction appears remarkably similar to a 20-11 ka transient simulation of rainfall over the area produced using the isotope-enabled Community Earth System Model. In this model, periods of weakened Atlantic Ocean meridional overturning circulation are associated with an anomalous Western North Pacific anticyclone, which is produced in boreal autumn and shifts south over Borneo during boreal winter, causing dry conditions
An experiment for electron-hadron scattering at the LHC
No full textNovel considerations are presented on the physics, apparatus and accelerator designs for a future, luminous, energy frontier electron-hadron (eh) scattering experiment at the LHC in the thirties for which key physics topics and their relation to the hadron-hadron HL-LHC physics programme are discussed. Demands are derived set by these physics topics on the design of the LHeC detector, a corresponding update of which is described. Optimisations on the accelerator design, especially the interaction region (IR), are presented. Initial accelerator considerations indicate that a common IR is possible to be built which alternately could serve eh and hh collisions while other experiments would stay on hh in either condition. A forward-backward symmetrised option of the LHeC detector is sketched which would permit extending the LHeC physics programme to also include aspects of hadron-hadron physics. The vision of a joint eh and hh physics experiment is shown to open new prospects for solving fundamental problems of high energy heavy-ion physics including the partonic structure of nuclei and the emergence of hydrodynamics in quantum field theory while the genuine TeV scale DIS physics is of unprecedented rank
PERUBAHAN KIMIA DAN MIKROBIOLOGI TEMPE BUSUK SELAMA FERMENTASI
Get PDFTempeh is a very popular food because it is delicious and has good nutritional value. Overfermented tempeh is used as a seasoning in dishes such as lodeh and sambal tumpang. Thus, it is necessary to know the length of time tempeh fermentation is safe for consumption. The purpose of this study was to determine the chemical and microbiological quality of over-fermented tempeh and the effect of the packaging used. This study used a 2-factor factorial completely randomized design. The first factor is the storage time of tempeh (1 day, 3 days, 5 days, 7 days, and 9 days), and the second factor is the type of tempeh packaging (plastic, teak leaves, and banana leaves). The results of the water content test showed that the tempeh began to decay in storage for 5 days. Teak leaf packaging has the lowest water content of the others. Tempeh, which has the highest protein content of 0.60 g/L, is tempeh packaged in teak leaves that has been stored for 3 days. Tempeh stored for 9 days has high water content, exceeding the maximum SNI standard (SNI 3144:2015) by about 65%. Soluble protein levels increased and then decreased during the decomposition process. Free fatty acids continued to experience a decrease in storage for 9 days, which indicated that the process of decay had occurred. The highest free fatty acids were found after 3 days of storage in plastic packaging, which reached 6.2 mg NaOH/g, while tempeh packaged with teak on the third day still showed a lower value of 3.83 mg NaOH/g. The total bacteria test showed an increasing trend from the first day to the ninth day of storage. Tempeh was still suitable for consumption up to five days after being stored. After 5 days of storage, tempeh has decreased in quality. Teak leaves have been proven to be able to maintain the quality of tempeh better than plastic packaging or banana leaf packaging.
Keywords: banana leaf, FFA (free fatty acid), teak leaf, tempe
Camera trapping and spatially explicit capture–recapture for the monitoring and conservation management of lions: Insights from a globally important population in Tanzania
No full text1. Accurate and precise estimates of population status are required to inform and evaluate conservation management and policy interventions. Although the lion (Panthera leo) is a charismatic species receiving increased conservation attention, robust status estimates are lacking for most populations. While for many large carnivores population density is often estimated through spatially explicit capture–recapture (SECR) applied to camera trap data, the lack of pelage patterns in lions has limited the application of this technique to the species.
2. Here, we present one of the first applications of this methodology to lion, in Tanzania's Ruaha-Rungwa landscape, a stronghold for the species for which no empirical estimates of status are available. We deployed four camera trap grids across habitat and land management types, and we identified individual lions through whisker spots, scars and marks, and multiple additional features.
3. Double-blind identification revealed low inter-observer variation in photo identification (92% agreement), due to the use of xenon-flash cameras and consistent framing and angles of photographs.
4. Lion occurred at highest densities in a prey-rich area of Ruaha National Park (6.12 ± SE 0.94 per 100 km2), and at relatively high densities (4.06 ± SE 1.03 per 100 km2) in a community-managed area of similar riparian-grassland habitat. Miombo woodland in both photographic and trophy hunting areas sustained intermediate lion densities (1.75 ± SE 0.62 and 2.25 ± SE 0.52 per 100 km2, respectively). These are the first spatially explicit density estimates for lion in Tanzania, including the first for a trophy hunting and a community-managed area, and also provide some of the first insights into lion status in understudied miombo habitats.
5. We discuss in detail the methodology employed, the potential for scaling-up over larger areas, and its limitations. We suggest that the method can be an important tool for lion monitoring and explore the implications of our findings for lion management
Dataset - Improving the connectivity of MgB2 bulk superconductors by a novel liquid phase sintering process
No full textDataset including the raw data from XRD, magnetisation and FAST measurements performed on the samples analysed in the article "Improving the connectivity of MgB2 bulk superconductors by a novel liquid phase sintering process
Targeting the ubiquitylation and ISGylation machinery for the treatment of COVID-19
No full textUbiquitylation and ISGylation are protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) and two of the main events involved in the activation of pattern recognition receptor (PRRs) signals allowing the host defense response to viruses. As with similar viruses, SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19, hijacks these pathways by removing ubiquitin and/or ISG15 from proteins using a protease called PLpro, but also by interacting with enzymes involved in ubiquitin/ISG15 machinery. These enable viral replication and avoidance of the host immune system. In this review, we highlight potential points of therapeutic intervention in ubiquitin/ISG15 pathways involved in key host–pathogen interactions, such as PLpro, USP18, TRIM25, CYLD, A20, and others that could be targeted for the treatment of COVID-19, and which may prove effective in combatting current and future vaccine-resistant variants of the disease
Resilient by design: Preventing wildfires and blackouts with microgrids
No full textThis paper proposes a strategy for managing wildfire risks and preventing blackouts using microgrids. To demonstrate this approach, not seen in previous literature, we use the power network of Victoria, Australia, in December 2019 as a case study. The Fire Weather Index (FWI) is a crucial indicator of global fire behaviour both spatially and temporally, as proved with its robust analysis within many previous studies. The FWI is applied to a Wildfire-Energy System for the first time, contributing to a higher spatial and temporal resolution to position the wildfire risk in a grid. A novel method is proposed to automatically correlate the wildfire risk index and the power network model using geographical information of the transmission lines. The optimal power flow and grid performances are obtained from a grid model which incorporates wildfire risk distributions. It is shown that a system with installed microgrids can maintain operation under severe fire-related conditions without scheduled or unplanned outages. Finally, a cost-benefit analysis is conducted, which demonstrates that 68% of system costs can be recuperated by implementing networked microgrid solutions
Exactness of quadrature formulas
No full textThe standard design principle for quadrature formulas is that they should be exact for integrands of a given class, such as polynomials of a fixed degree. We review the subject from this point of view and show that this principle fails to predict the actual behavior in four of the best-known cases: Newton–Cotes, Clenshaw–Curtis, Gauss–Legendre, and Gauss–Hermite quadrature. New results include (i) the observation that is integrated accurately by the Newton–Cotes formula even though the Chebyshev polynomial is not; (ii) the introduction of a parameter-free variant of band-limited quadrature for arbitrary integrands, which is demonstrated to have a factor advantage over Gauss quadrature in integrating complex exponentials; (iii) a theorem establishing that chopping the real line to a finite interval achieves convergence for -point quadrature of Gauss–Hermite integrands, whereas for the Gauss–Hermite formula it is just ; and (iv) an explanation of how this result is consistent with the “optimality” of the Gauss–Hermite formula
A new organocatalytic desymmetrization reaction enables the enantioselective total synthesis of madangamine E
No full textThe enantioselective total synthesis of madangamine E has been completed in 30 steps, enabled by a new catalytic and highly enantioselective desymmetrizing intramolecular Michael addition reaction of a prochiral ketone to a tethered β,β′-disubstituted nitroolefin. This key carbon–carbon bond forming reaction efficiently constructed a chiral bicyclic core in near-perfect enantio- and diastereo-selectivity, concurrently established three stereogenic centers, including a quaternary carbon, and proved highly scalable. Furthermore, the pathway and origins of enantioselectivity in this catalytic cyclization were probed using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, which revealed the crucial substrate/catalyst interactions in the enantio-determining step. Following construction of the bicyclic core, the total synthesis of madangamine E could be completed, with key steps including a mild one-pot oxidative lactamization of an amino alcohol, a two-step Z-selective olefination of a sterically hindered ketone, and ring-closing metatheses to install the two macrocyclic rings