JURNAL AGROTEKNOLOGI
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A defense of explanation-first truthmaking: Some thoughts on Jamin Asay’s A Theory of Truthmaking
No full textJamin Asay’s A Theory of Truthmaking is one of the most important books on truthmaking, full of important ideas from beginning to end. One of the most interesting parts of the book is Asay's attack on the explanation-first truthmaking. Explanation-first truthmaking is the explanatory project of explaining why truths are true. This is in contrast with ontology-first truthmaking, the project defended by Asay, and which is the project of answering the fundamental ontological question “What is there?”. Asay thinks explanation-first truthmaking should be abandoned because (a) it is problematic and (b) it offers no benefits over those of ontology-first truthmaking. In this brief paper, I argue that he has not established the problematicity of explanation-first truthmaking, and that explanation-first truthmaking offers benefits over ontology-first truthmaking
Economic models of community-based falls prevention: a systematic review with subsequent commissioning and methodological recommendations
No full textBackground
Falls impose significant health and economic burdens among older populations, making their prevention a priority. Health economic models can inform whether the falls prevention intervention represents a cost-effective use of resources and/or meet additional objectives such as reducing social inequities of health. This study aims to conduct a systematic review (SR) of community-based falls prevention economic models to: (i) systematically identify such models; (ii) synthesise and critically appraise modelling methods/results; and (iii) formulate methodological and commissioning recommendations.
Methods
The SR followed PRISMA 2021 guideline, covering the period 2003–2020, 12 academic databases and grey literature. A study was included if it: targeted community-dwelling persons aged 60 and over and/or aged 50–59 at high falls risk; evaluated intervention(s) designed to reduce falls or fall-related injuries; against any comparator(s); reported outcomes of economic evaluation; used decision modelling; and had English full text. Extracted data fields were grouped by: (A) model and evaluation overview; (B) falls epidemiology features; (C) falls prevention intervention features; and (D) evaluation methods and outcomes. A checklist for falls prevention economic evaluations was used to assess reporting/methodological quality. Extracted fields were narratively synthesised and critically appraised to inform methodological and commissioning recommendations. The SR protocol is registered in the Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42021232147).
Results
Forty-six models were identified. The most prevalent issue according to the checklist was non-incorporation of all-cause care costs. Based on general population, lifetime models conducting cost-utility analyses, seven interventions produced favourable ICERs relative to no intervention under the cost-effectiveness threshold of US$41,900 (£30,000) per QALY gained; of these, results for (1) combined multifactorial and environmental intervention, (2) physical activity promotion for women, and (3) targeted vitamin D supplementation were from validated models. Decision-makers should explore the transferability and reaches of interventions in their local settings. There was some evidence that exercise and home modification exacerbate existing social inequities of health. Sixteen methodological recommendations were formulated.
Conclusion
There is significant methodological heterogeneity across falls prevention models. This SR’s appraisals of modelling methods should facilitate the conceptualisation of future falls prevention models. Its synthesis of evaluation outcomes, though limited to published evidence, could inform commissioning
Bifunctional iminophosphorane-catalyzed enantioselective sulfa-michael addition to unactivated α,β-unsaturated amides
No full textThe first metal-free catalytic intermolecular enantioselective Michael addition to unactivated α,β-unsaturated amides is described. Consistently high enantiomeric excesses and yields were obtained over a wide range of alkyl thiol pronucleophiles and electrophiles under mild reaction conditions, enabled by a novel squaramide-based bifunctional iminophosphorane catalyst. Low catalyst loadings (2.0 mol %) were achieved on a decagram scale, demonstrating the scalability of the reaction. Computational analysis revealed the origin of the high enantiofacial selectivity via analysis of relevant transition structures and provided substantial support for specific noncovalent activation of the carbonyl group of the α,β-unsaturated amide by the catalyst
Controlling synthetic cell-cell communication
No full textSynthetic cells, which mimic cellular function within a minimal compartment, are finding wide application, for instance in studying cellular communication and as delivery devices to living cells. However, to fully realise the potential of synthetic cells, control of their function is vital. An array of tools has already been developed to control the communication of synthetic cells to neighbouring synthetic cells or living cells. These tools use either chemical inputs, such as small molecules, or physical inputs, such as light. Here, we examine these current methods of controlling synthetic cell communication and consider alternative mechanisms for future use
Scene context-aware salient object detection
No full textSalient object detection identifies objects in an image that grab visual attention. Although contextual features are considered in recent literature, they often fail in real-world complex scenarios. We observe that this is mainly due to two issues: First, most existing datasets consist of simple foregrounds and backgrounds that hardly represent real-life scenarios. Second, current methods only learn contextual features of salient objects, which are insufficient to model high-level semantics for saliency reasoning in complex scenes. To address these problems, we first construct a new large-scale dataset with complex scenes in this paper. We then propose a context-aware learning approach to explicitly exploit the semantic scene contexts. Specifically, two modules are proposed to achieve the goal: 1) a Semantic Scene Context Refinement module to enhance contextual features learned from salient objects with scene context, and 2) a Contextual Instance Transformer to learn contextual relations between objects and scene context. To our knowledge, such high-level semantic contextual information of image scenes is under-explored for saliency detection in the literature. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms state-of-the-art techniques in complex scenarios for saliency detection, and transfers well to other existing datasets. The code and dataset are available at https://github.com/SirisAvishek/Scene_Context_Aware_Saliency
Karakteristik Fruit Leather Kering dari Apel (Malus sylvestris) dan Buah Naga Merah (Hylocereus polyrhizus)
Full text linkProcessing apples into products such as fruit leather is an effort to extend its shelf life, provide added value, easy to distribute, and potentially an export product, but it has an unattractive color, so it needed to combine with red dragon fruit. In addition, fruit leather has water content of 10-20%, so it has a limited shelf life. Therefore, it’s necessary to study dried fruit leather. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of dried fruit leather made from apple and dragon fruit. The experimental design used a randomized block design (RBD) with two factors, i.e. proportion of apples and red dragon fruits (75%:25%, 50%:50%, 25%:75%) and citric acid concentration (0%, 0.1%). The combination of those treatments was conducted in triplicate. Elasticity, tensile strength, L*a*b color, water content, total sugar, and vitamin C were parameters observed of the dried fruit leather. Sensory testing used a rank test of taste, color, texture, and aroma preferences. The data were analyzed by ANOVA (α=5%). If there was a difference, Duncan's test was performed. The Friedman test was used to analyze organoleptic test data. The results showed that there was an interaction between treatments on each parameter and between the treatments of the panelists' preference for the color and texture of the dried fruit leather. The characteristics of dried fruit leather have ranges of elasticity 13.00–33.00%, tensile strength 1.2–3 N, water content ranges from 1.3–5.3%, total sugar ranges from 67.30–71.70%, and vitamin C ranges from 50.00 mg/100g–94.00mg/100g. Brightness values ​​(L) range from 29.50 to 31.40, a* values ​​range from 12.9 to 17.7(red), and b* values ​​range from -8.2 to -14.8 (blue). Apple and red dragon fruit can make into dried fruit leather, which has a reddish-blue color.
Keywords: apple, citric acid, dragon fruits, dried fruit leathe
Alcohol metabolism genes and risks of site-specific cancers in Chinese adults: an 11-year prospective study
No full textTwo genetic variants that alter alcohol metabolism, ALDH2-rs671 and ADH1B-rs1229984, can modify oesophageal cancer risk associated with alcohol consumption in East Asians, but their associations with other cancers remain uncertain. ALDH2-rs671 G>A and ADH1B-rs1229984 G>A were genotyped in 150,722 adults, enrolled from ten areas in China during 2004-2008. After 11 years’ follow-up, 9339 individuals developed cancer. Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for site-specific cancers associated with these genotypes, and their potential interactions with alcohol consumption. Overall, the A-allele frequency was 0.21 for ALDH2-rs671 and 0.69 for ADH1B-rs1229984, with A-alleles strongly associated with lower alcohol consumption. Among men, ALDH2- rs671 AA genotype was associated with HR of 0.69 (95% CI: 0.53-0.90) for IARC alcohol related cancers (n=1900), compared with GG genotype. For ADH1B-rs1229984, the HRs of AG and AA versus GG genotype were 0.80 (0.69-0.93) and 0.75 (0.64-0.87) for IARC alcohol-related cancers, 0.61 (0.39-0.96) and 0.61 (0.39-0.94) for head and neck cancer (n=196), and 0.68 (0.53-0.88) and 0.60 (0.46-0.78) for oesophageal cancer (n=546). There were no significant associations of these genotypes with risks of liver (n=651), colorectal (n=556), stomach (n=725) or lung (n=1135) cancers. Among male drinkers, the risks associated with higher alcohol consumption were greater among ALDH2-rs671 AG than GG carriers for head and neck, oesophageal, and lung cancers (p-interaction<0.02). Among women, only 2% drank alcohol regularly, with no comparable associations observed between genotype and cancer. These findings support the causal effects of alcohol consumption on upper aero-digestive tract cancers, with ALDH2-rs671 AG genotype further exacerbating the risks
C-type lectin receptor CLEC4A2 promotes tissue adaptation of macrophages and protects against atherosclerosis
No full textMacrophages are integral to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, but the contribution of distinct macrophage subsets to disease remains poorly defined. Using single cell technologies and conditional ablation via a LysMCre+ Clec4a2flox/DTR mouse strain, we demonstrate that the expression of the C-type lectin receptor CLEC4A2 is a distinguishing feature of vascular resident macrophages endowed with athero-protective properties. Through genetic deletion and competitive bone marrow chimera experiments, we identify CLEC4A2 as an intrinsic regulator of macrophage tissue adaptation by promoting a bias in monocyte-to-macrophage in situ differentiation towards colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) in vascular health and disease. During atherogenesis, CLEC4A2 deficiency results in loss of resident vascular macrophages and their homeostatic properties causing dysfunctional cholesterol metabolism and enhanced toll-like receptor triggering, exacerbating disease. Our study demonstrates that CLEC4A2 licenses monocytes to join the vascular resident macrophage pool, and that CLEC4A2-mediated macrophage homeostasis is critical to combat cardiovascular disease
Hierarchical integration of communicative and spatial perspective-taking demands in sensorimotor control of referential pointing
No full textRecognized as a simple communicative behavior, referential pointing is cognitively complex because it invites a communicator to consider an addressee's knowledge. Although we know referential pointing is affected by addressees’ physical location, it remains unclear whether and how communicators’ inferences about addressees’ mental representation of the interaction space influence sensorimotor control of referential pointing. The communicative perspective-taking task requires a communicator to point at one out of multiple referents either to instruct an addressee which one should be selected (communicative, COM) or to predict which one the addressee will select (non-communicative, NCOM), based on either which referents can be seen (Level-1 perspective-taking, PT1) or how the referents were perceived (Level-2 perspective-taking, PT2) by the addressee. Communicators took longer to initiate the movements in PT2 than PT1 trials, and they held their pointing fingers for longer at the referent in COM than NCOM trials. The novel findings of this study pertain to trajectory control of the pointing movements. Increasing both communicative and perspective-taking demands led to longer pointing trajectories, with an under-additive interaction between those two experimental factors. This finding suggests that participants generate communicative behaviors that are as informative as required rather than overly exaggerated displays, by integrating communicative and perspective-taking information hierarchically during sensorimotor control. This observation has consequences for models of human communication. It implies that the format of communicative and perspective-taking knowledge needs to be commensurate with the movement dynamics controlled by the sensorimotor system
Collecting silences: creating value by assetizing carbon emission mitigations and energy demand reductions
No full textThis paper reviews circumstances where governance arrangements and organizational innovations assign value to carbon emission mitigations or energy demand reductions. The creation of such value hinges upon 1) the effective governance of financial mechanisms to create demand; and 2) the ability of organizations to assetize and supply carbon emission mitigations and energy demand reductions as commodified private goods. To analyse the political and organizational governance of such demand and supply systems, this paper uses insights from transaction cost economics. On the demand side, transaction costs are reduced through the innovative governance of markets at national level, such as white certificate markets for energy savings, and international level, such as baseline-and-credit systems for carbon emissions reductions. Strict rules regarding accountability, transparency, measurement, reporting, verification, and inclusion reduce transaction costs for organizations to assetize reductions and mitigations on the supply side. Despite limited success to date, these innovations provide the basis for international carbon emissions mitigation governance through climate clubs based on Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. This paper concludes that such clubs provide the basis for creating consistent demand for carbon emission mitigations and associated energy demand reductions through the positive pricing of mitigation actions