Seminar Nasional Teknik Kimia Kejuangan
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Pengolahan Sampah Plastik dengan Metoda Pirolisis menjadi Bahan Bakar Minyak
Get PDFProses pirolisis sampah plastik merupakan proses dekomposisi senyawa organik yang terdapat dalam plastik melalui proses pemanasan dengan sedikit atau tanpa melibatkan oksigen. Pada proses pirolisis senyawa hidrokarbon rantai panjang yang terdapat pada plastik diharapkan dapat diubah menjadi senyawa hidrokarbon yang lebih pendek dan dapat dijadikan sebagai bahan bakar alternatif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh suhu terhadap perolehan minyak hasil pirolisis, mengetahui pengaruh suhu dan jenis plastik terhadap sifat fisik dan sifat kimia dari minyak hasil pirolisis. Pirolisis sampah plastik ini dilakukan dengan umpan yaitu sampah plastik jenis PolyPropylene dan sampah plastik jenis Low Density PolyEthylene. Proses pirolisis dijalankan dalam reaktor semi batch dimana umpan sebanyak 500 gram dimasukan sekaligus dalam reaktor dan produk akan dihasilkan secara terus menerus. Proses pirolisis dilaksanakan selama 60 menit dengan variasi suhu 250oC, 300oC, 350oC serta 400oC. Untuk memaksimalkan hasil pirolisis maka proses pirolisis dilakukan pada kondisi vakum. Selain itu di dalam reaktor diisi oleh pasir silika sebagai penahan panas serta zeolit sebagai katalis proses cracking hidrokarbon. Minyak hasil pirolisis terbanyak dari sampah plastik PolyPropylene diperoleh pada suhu operasi 400oC sebanyak 27,05% sedangkan minyak hasil pirolisis terbanyak dari sampah plastik Low Density PolyEthylene diperoleh pada suhu operasi 300oC sebanyak 37,43%. Viskositas minyak hasil pirolisis mendekati nilai viskositas dari bensin. Densitas minyak hasil pirolisis mendekati nilai densitas dari solar dan minyak tanah. Nilai kalor minyak hasil pirolisis mendekati nilai kalor dari solar dan minyak tanah
Perbandingan Kinerja Flokulasi Bioflokulan dari Pati Talas (Colocasia Esculenta L. Schoott) Termodifikasi dengan Pati Singkong (Manihot Utilissima) Termodifikasi Menggunakan Metode Pencangkokan (Grafting)
Get PDFFlocculation is one of processes to obtain clean water. Starch-graft-polyacrylamide (St-g-PAM) is a copolymer flocculant. This flocculant is synthesized by the “grafting to” method. This study aims to determine the effects of initiator concentration ratio, the terminator concentration and the termination time towards the obtained flocculant performance. Polymerization was carried out in a glass reactor equipped with a stirrer and isothermal conditions. The resulting products were analyzed by FT-IR. The analysis shows the existence bonds of starch and acrylamide. The presence of these groups proves that St-g-PAM was formed. The effect of initiator concentration ratio showed that the performance bioflocculant from mocaf more effective than bioflocculant from modified taro strach, with the higher change value is 76,19 %. Meanwhile, the effect of the terminatorconcentration and the termination timeshowed that the performance bioflocculant from modified taro strach more effective than mocaf, the higher change valuesare 68,57% and 71,76%, respectively
Pengaruh Variasi Ukuran Daun Stevia dan Perbandingan Umpan pada Karakterisasi Produk Gula Cair Stevia
Get PDFSweetener is one of the food ingredients that consumed the most by humans. Sweeteners are classified into artificial and natural sweeteners. The excessive consumption of artificial sweeteners could lead into many diseases, such as obesity, cancer, etc. Moreover, the consumption of sweeteners increases significantly, but the sweeteners production in Indonesia still couldn’t balance the populations’ demand. Stevia contains glycosides which are up to 450 times sweeter than sucrose, but with low calories. The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of feed to solvent ratio (F:S) and Stevia leaves’ size variation to the extract’s concentration. This research was carried out using solid extraction method with an agitated tank. Stevia leaves were extracted with aquadest as the solvent at 60°C for 2 hours with feed to solvent ratio variations (1:100, 1:150, and 1:200) and leaves’ sizes variations (without mesh, -20+30 mesh, -40+60 mesh). The extracts then were analyzed using colorimeter and turbidimeter to determine the extracts’ concentrations, and also organoleptic testing. The results showed a tendency. From F:S=1:100, 1:150, and 1:200, the higher F:S, the lower the extract’s concentration obtained. On the other hand, the smaller the Stevia leaves, then the higher the extract’s concentration obtained
Ekstraksi dan Uji Stabilitas Antosianin dari Kulit Buah Naga Super Merah (Hylocereus costaricensis)
Get PDFNatural food colorant is better for our healthrather than synthetic food colorant. Based on that case, natural colorant is recommended. The natural colorant is potential to be extracted as anthocyanin from super red dragon fruit (Hylocereus costaricensis) peel.Super red dragon fruit has been processed to be food products such as syrup, cup drink, fermented drink, etc, but its peel generates waste.However, the peel contains of anthocyanin as an antioxidant that can be used for nutraceuticals. This research consisted of two steps. The first step was to determine optimum condition for the anthocyanin extraction from super red dragon fruit peel such as the variation of solvent, temperature, ratio of super red dragon fruit peel and solvent. The second step was to test the stability of anthocyanin at various pH, heating, oxidator, storage condition,sunlight exposure. Anthocyanin was extracted using batch extraction. The optimum variables were achieved at aquadest as solvent, 50oC, ratio substance and solvent 1:6 for 70 minutes extraction time.The anthocyanin extract from super red dragon fruit peel was stable at pH 4 and low temperature (10oC) storage. Red colorant from super red dragon fruit peel extract was not stable of heating, contacting with oxidator H2O2, and sunlighting exposur
Pengaruh Perubahan Suhu pada Properti Adsorpsi dan Desorpsi Thermosensitive NIPAM-co¬-DMAAPS Gel
Get PDFAdsorbent gels with ability to absorb and desorb ion simultaneously with temperature swing are synthesized by free radical copolymerization reaction of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and N,N-dimethyl(acrylamidopropyl)ammonium propane sulfonate (DMAAPS). In this study, NIPAM acts as a thermosensitive agent and DMAAPS as an adsorbent agent. The purposes of this research are to investigate the effects of temperature on the swelling, adsorption and desorption behaviors of ion onto thermosensitive NIPAM-co-DMAAPS gel, and to study the relationship between these behaviors. NaNO3 solution was selected as the target solution and used in swelling, adsorption and desorption test. Swelling test was done by measuring diameter of the cylindrical gel after and before immersion in the NaNO3 solution for 12 hours. The result revealed that at high temperature, the amount of ion adsorbed onto the gels was low. On the contrary, the gel exhibited a high degree of swelling and high amount of ion desorbed from the gel. Moreover, higher concentration of NaNO3 solution resulting in the higher value of the swelling degree, adsorption and desorption ability. Based on the relationship between the swelling properties and adsorption properties, it can be concluded that at a lower degree of swelling, the amount of ion adsorbed onto the gels showed a constant value. However, the amount of ion adsorbed decrease with further increasing the swelling degree
Pengambilan Kembali Logam Litium dan Cobalt dari Baterai Li-Ion dengan Metode Leaching Asam Sitrat
Get PDFBatteries are often used in mobile phones is a type of battery Li-Ion or Lithium Ion Battery (LIB). Cobalt and lithium used in batteries is important metal that is often used in various fields. Batteries that are not used become hazardous waste. Metal recovery from waste batteries is one solution to maintain the availability of raw materials of lithium and cobalt. In this study the recovery of lithium and cobalt was done with leaching method, which dissolves metals from the waste battery into the leaching agent. Citric Acid (C6H8O7) was used as the leaching agent, because it is one of the organic acids that can be used in the leaching process lithium. The results showed that the metal content in batteries LIB 35.30 ppm lithium metal and 408.55 ppm cobalt metal. The concentration of leaching agent take effect on the percentage of leaching. The optimum operating conditions for the leaching process is at a concentration of citric acid of 1.5 M; with a contact time of 30 minutes and a temperature of 55 ° C. In these conditions, the optimum percentage was obtained for the leaching of metal lithium and cobalt are 98.08% and 86.28%, respectively, respectively
Evaluasi Waktu Start Up pada Proses Peruraian Limbah Stillage secara Anaerobik Menggunakan Reaktor Fluidized Bed Kontinyu dengan Zeolit sebagai Media Imobilisasi
Get PDFStillage is wastewater from the ethanol industry. Organic matter content in the stillage is quite high, so it can damage to the environment if disposed of directly into the environment. Stillage has great potential to produce biogas that can be converted into energy by anaerobic treatment process. One of the anaeobic digestion methods is the bacterial cell immobilization technique. One of the reactor types using cell immobilization technique is Anaerobic Fluidizied Bed Reactor (AFBR). This study uses a set of AFBR reactor containing zeolite media with particle diameters of 0.5 - 0.8 mm and operated at a fluidization level (FL) 20% - 40% of the total effective volume of the reactor. This work studied the effect initial organic concentrations and time dring start up process on decomposition of stillage using AFBR. Scope of this work was evaluating AFBR performance by comparing the matematical model simulation result with experimental data. The simulation results were used as standard, that described AFBR performance under ideal conditions. This esperiment was conducted for 57 days in two cycles with varied sCOD concentrations and was done in batch recirculation process. The experiment showed that initial organic concentration was affected start up process. On high organic concentration, start up process failed, but the maximum concentrations limits have not been determined yet. Experiment showed that charging 50.000 mg sCOD/L to the reactor have made the system failed due the organic shock loading and inhibiton by VFA. Optimum time of start up was determined in first cycle, with initial organic concentration 10.000 mg sCOD/L. Optimum time of start up is 7 until 10 days. If start up process was longer than 10 days, bacteria entered the decay phase due insufficiency of substrat. AFBR performance evaluation using mathematical approaches produced more objective and more accurate result, although there were several factor not evaluated in the mathematical model such as the inhibition effect. These results could be used as a reference for reactor performance optimization especially in addressing the problem of inhibitio
Penurunan Kadar Krom (Cr) dalam Limbah Cair Industri Penyamakan Kulit dengan Metode Elektrokoagulasi secara Batch
Get PDFSome industries produce wastewatercontaining heavy metals, such as chromium, that can pollutethe environment and is harmful to the living things. An alternativewayto treat such wasteis electro-coagulationwhichis an integration of both electrochemical andcoagulation processes by passing a direct electrical current. This research was aimed to treat wastewater containing chromium from a leather tanning industry by applying electro-coagulation process and to obtain the optimum voltage and time, as well. This laboratory work was carried outon the wastewaterfromPTAdiSatriaAbadiBantul withhigh content ofchromium(about761.504ppm). It was conducted in a batch mode by processing 7.5liters of waste in a glass tuband by using an electrode of aluminum (Al) plate (20cmx30cmx0.12cm). The electrical voltagewas variedat 2,4, 6, and 8volts,while thetime of electro-coagulation was variedfor 1, 2, 3, 4, and5hours. Content of chromium in the wastewater was therefore analyzed byAAS(atomic adsorptionspectroscopy) method. This study concluded that theelectro-coagulationprocess was effectively able to reduce the contentof chromiumin the wastewater. In addition, the variations ofvoltage and processing time significantly influenced on the decreasing of content ofchromium. The optimum voltageandtimeofelectro-coagulationwas obtained at 6volts and 8 volts for 3hours and 2 hours, respectively. The best result of electro-coagulation process of the wastewater performed on the voltage of 8 volts for 5 hours yielded the chromium content of 1.76 ppm. Such condition has promisingly reduced the content of chromium until 99.77% ofthe initial waste
Synthesis of Nanosilica Originated from Fly Ash using Sol-Gel Method with Methanol as Solvent
Get PDFCoal fly ash could harm environment and dangerous for human health. Coal fly ash could be used as silica precursor because it contains silica in considerable amount. Method that used to isolate silica is alkaline fusion which used NaOH. The goals are to determine the effect of precursor and solvent ratio (1:9; 1:16; 1:23) and ageing time (3, 6, and 9 days) to particle size and characteristic obtain. Procedure of separating silica begin from burnt fly ash at 750°C, dissolved in HCl, filtered the solution to obtain the precipitate, dried the precipitate and dissolved in NaOH to obtained Na2SiO3. Procedure of nanosilica synthesis was carried out with mixed methanol, water, ammonia, and precursor while stirred for 8 hours, ageing for few days, followed with separate solution using centrifugation method. Product obtained was then characterized using SEM-EDS and XRD. From the results obtained, the ratio of precursor and solvent concentration would affect the particle size obtained and the amount of the product. The highest amount of Si obtained when ratio of precursor : methanol = 1:23 and ageing time 9 days which is 22.64%. Meanwhile, ageing time would affect the particle size distribution obtained. The product also known has amorphous structure
The Effect of Catalyst Support on the Bimetallic Ni-Ag Hydrogenation Catalyst Activity
Get PDFHydrogenation is the addition reaction of hydrogen into double bounds molecules that are very important in chemical industry. Nickel, cheaper but less active than platinum and palladium, is widely used as a hydrogenation catalyst. Non-fossil source of hydrogen can be derived from formic acid decomposition reaction aided by a silver catalyst. Although the activity of nickel and silver are normally less than noble metals, the combination with appropriate support are expected to produce catalysts which can compete with the more expensive noble metals. The purpose of this research is to find out which support that gives the best hydrogenation activity in Ni-Ag bimetallic catalyst system. Support used in this research were TiO2, g-Al2O3, and activated C with mole ratio Ni:Ag varied as 2:1, 3:1, and 4:1. Hydrogenation experiments conducted using kemiri sunan (Reutealis trisperma) oil with formic acid as H source, using a supported catalyst for 5 hours. The experimental results showed that all synthesized catalysts had good and comparable activities, capable of lowering the iodine value by about 32%. Catalyst with TiO2 support gave the best activity, followed by activated C, and g-Al2O3. Meanwhile, the metal loading that yielded the best result was Ni:Ag of 4:1 . Prolonged hydrogenation lasted for 10 hours did not cause further hydrogenation reaction