Seminar Nasional Teknik Kimia Kejuangan
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Studi Awal Pembuatan Koloid Kromik Fosfat Bertanda Radioisotop 32P Sebagai Bahan Pembuatan Skin Patch
Get PDFKeloids are skin disorders or benign tumors that are due to abnormal wound healing in the binding tissue after a trauma, inflammation, surgical wounds, or burns. Low activity radioisotopes have shown to be effective in curing or eliminating keloids on the skin. One of these radioisotopes is phosphorus-32 (32P), a beta (β-) emitter with a half-life of 14.3 days. This radioisotope can also be developed for the treatment of keloid and skin tumors. Currently, keloid is treated by a conventional method e.g. by applying the bulk of 32P radioisotope directly on keloid area and this method is considered inefficient and less secure. The purpose of this research is to obtain technology for preparing of a 32P-labeled skin patch. The first step of this research is to produce 32P-labeled chromic phosphate (Cr32PO4) colloids, through condensation involving oxidation-reduction reaction. In this step, Cr (VI) is reduced to Cr (III) to form Cr32PO4 with a particle size of <1 μm. These particles (Cr32PO4) are to expect to distribute evenly when mixed with silicon to form skin patch which will not decompose easily. Characterization of the prepared Cr32PO4 colloids gave a yield of 97,8%. Geometric standard deviation (sg) of colloidal particles amounted to 163.7 nm shaped poly-disperse. Further study needs to be performed in due time in order to have Cr32PO4 colloids with suitable particle size
Mengurangi Getah (Degumming) pada Minyak Biji Karet Menggunakan Zeolit Alam
Get PDFRubber plants are useful for rubber industry. Generally, rubber companies produce tires from rubber plants. However, rubber seeds of rubber plants can be utilized to produce a kind of oil which is useful especially for paint industry. The oil produced from the seed is known as semi drying oil. A problem related to the use of rubber seed oil is sap that may contained in the oil. In this paper, it will be discussed the study of degumming of rubber seed oil using activated natural zeolite. The variables to be studied includes amount of zeolite to reduce the sap in rubber seed oil. It is also studied the effect of the temperature and immersion time of zeolite during degumming of rubber seed oil. The natural zeolite used in this study were supplied from Klaten, Central Java. Whereas, the rubber oil was obtained by pressing of the rubber seed supplied from Banjar, West Java. The results of experiment show that the activated natural zeolite can remove sap from the rubber seed oil up to 76.75%. The results also show that the soaking temperature influences removing of sap from rubber seed oil
Underground Coal Gasification in the North Muara Tiga Besar Utara Area, East Merapi District, Lahat Regency, South Sumatera
Get PDFThe location of research is located in the North Muara Tiga Besar Area, East Merapi Sub-District, Lahat Regency, South Sumatera. The Geological setting of the North Muara Tiga Besar Area in the South Sumatra Basin is included in the Muara Enim Formation the age is Late Miocene.Coal in the Muara Tiga Besar Utara Area, has a calorific value of 5101-6399 Kcal / kg and is rank High in Bituminous Volatile C-High Volatile Bituminous B according to the ASTM classification. Average quality (proximate test) of Muara Enim Formation coal: sulfur 0.3-1.5% (adb); 1.3-2% ash (adb); inherent moisture 10-12% (adb); volatile matter 40.7-43.4% (adb); fixed carbon 44.5-44.9% (adb), total moisture 29.1-29.8% (Ar); relative density 1.29. Tanjung Enim South Sumatera coal average vitrinite content is (91,4% vol.); liptinite (3.9% vol.); inertinite (4,7% vol.). Eachmaceral or group maceralhas different physical and chemical properties. The variation of composition microscopy showed the changes ofplant communities or coal facies leading to varies of coal quality, with a average vitrinite reflectance value 0.47-0.84, generally the coal rank is subbituminous-bituminous Coal gasification is the process of converting coal into synthesis gas. One of the gas produced is a flammable methane gas. The process of coal gasification can be done by drilling at 2 (two) drill holes toward the coal seam which is the target of gasification coal seam at depth more than 100 meter. The first drill to inject oxygen (O2) is pressurized like air or water, so it will burn in coal layer, while the second drill serves as a production well to drain raw gas to the gasification reactor for binds CO2 and eventually methane gas (CH4) will be flowed to a power plan
Pengaruh Properti Kopolimer Zwitterionic Sulfobetaine terhadap Kemampuan Adsorpsi-Desorpsi Gel pada Ion Logam Berat
Get PDFIn 2016, it was stated that 92.1% of the quality of river water in Indonesia was polluted by a heavy metal ion. Such heavily polluted water is not feasible to use, let alone consumed. In this study, NIPAM-co-DMAAPS gel which consists of monomer N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and N,N’-dimethyl(acrylamidopropyl) ammonium propane sulfonate (DMAAPS) was synthesized to be applied as an adsorbent to overcome the environmental pollution. DMAAPS is thermosensitive and zwitterionic. This zwitterionic has two charges, positive and negative, in the same repeating unit, which can be used to adsorb cations and anions simultaneously. While NIPAM is thermosensitive, it is used as a spacer to avoid inter-chain, intra-chain, and intra-group bonding between charged groups on DMAAPS zwitterion homopolymers. It is also used as an adsorption agent because the ability to change from hydrophilic to hydrophobic with temperature change. In this research, poly(NIPAM-co-DMAAPS) properties such as functional groups, hydrophobic or hydrophilic properties, viscosity, transition temperature and correlation with its gel adsorption ability were evaluated in various concentrations of NIPAM:DMAAPS of 95:5, 90:10, and 85:15 in Cr(NO3)3 solutions as the source of Cr3+ ion which are dominantly found in electroplating waste. Poly(NIPAM-co-DMAAPS) was synthesized through free radical polymerization reactions with N,N,N’,N’-tetramethylenediamine (TEMED) as an accelerator, ammonium peroxodisulfate (APS) as the initiator. Whereas for gel synthesis, cross-linker of N,N’-methyl-enebisacrylamide (MBAA) was added. The polymerization reaction lasts for 6 hours at 10 oC by keep flowing the nitrogen gas during the reaction. The IR spectra showed that the polymerization process was carried out successfully, and the highest adsorption of heavy metal ions occurred in the copolymer gel with the ratio NIPAM:DMAAPS of 85:15
Efisiensi Penyerapan Phospat Limbah Laundry Menggunakan Kangkung Air (Ipomoea aquatic forsk) dan Jeringau (Acorus calamus)
Get PDFNowadays, home industries such as home laundry grow rapidly. However, this small industry also affects the surrounding environment since the industrial wastewater contains phosphate which is usually directly discharged into the environment. The detergent contains Sodium Tripolyphosphate (STPP) that makes the wastewater has phosphate substances. The excessive level of phosphate in water can cause eutrophication. This study aims to discover the change in water pH, the turbidity of water, and the decrease in laundry waste phosphate using water spinach and calamus through phytoremediation. Phytoremediation means making use of water plants as an absorbent for waste to neutralize certain substances in water and soil. These plants are hyperaccumulators which are relatively resistant to various kinds of pollutants and accumulate them into tissues in a considerable amount. Water spinach and calamus showed good results for phytoremediation. However, the finding discloses that within five, calamus showed slightly better outcome than the water spinach. Water spinach with weight 55g can reduce phosphate 76,6% and calamus with weight 55g can reduce phosphate levels 78,71%. Water spinach with weight 55g also can reduce pH water 30,4% and turbidity 84,7% and calamus with weight 55g reduce pH 31,13% and turbidity 90,6%
Spesifikasi dan Kualifikasi Gas di Central Processing Plant FTK PT.Pertamina EP Asset 4 Untuk Memenuhi Kebutuhan PLTU Tambak Lorok
Get PDFThe gas produced from wells in the Milan block has not met the gas specification and qualification standards that has been approved with the Tambak Lorok PLTU as consumers. Therefore, gas enters the FTK Central Processing Plant (CPP) to be purified to conform to the gas sales contract. After releasing between gas and liquid in Gas Separation Unit (GSU), the gas entering the Gas Acid Removal Unit (AGRU) to remove impurities and make the gas product into a sweet gas using a solution of Methyl Diethanolamine (MDEA). Then, the gas product enters the Dehydration Unit (DHU) to reduce the water content that is still contained in the gas product. In this process use the Triethylene Glycol (TEG) solution. After that the gas lead to the metering system, and the sample is also taken to calculate the Gross Heating Value (GHV) of the product gas. Related to the results, it can be stated that the FTK CPP gas product is still in accordance with the gas sales contrac
Central Composite Statistical Design of Tapioca Starch Hydrolysis using Immobilized Glucoamylase on Mesostructured Cellular Foam Silica (MCF-9.2T-3D)
Get PDFBioethanol is a renewable fuel that can be produced from tapioca starch via fermentation pathway. This substrate must be reduced either by enzymatic or acidic hydrolysis. As the hydrolysis of tapioca starch employing immobilised glucoamylase enzyme increase reusability of the enzyme, the process catalysed by the glucoamylase immobilised on/in mesostructured cellular foam silica (MCF-9.2T-3D) was optimised. Effects of temperature, pH of acetate buffer, and agitation speed were studied using response surface methodology based-on central composite design. The saccharification results were analyzed using Design-Expert®6.0.6 software. The model is validated by the F-test for analysis of variance (ANOVA) where p is 0.001. The ANOVA indicated that the acetate buffer pH and agitation speed were not significant, while temperature of hydrolysis showed significant effect. The optimum condition was found at 70⁰C, 4.6, and 140 rpm. The glucose yield at this optimum condition was 2.06 mg/ml, which was equivalent to 68.05% dextrose value
Improving Ethanol Level by Batch Method with Corn Starch Adsorbent
Get PDFRelatively pure raw materials are needed in the chemical industry, both in industrial processes and in industrial products. To obtain a pure material, separation process is needed to separate the material from the mixture with other materials. One of the most common materials used in industrial processes is ethanol.Ethanol can be produced by various methods, one of them is fermentation. This method produces a low-purity ethanol so, the purification process is required. This study was conducted to obtain the maximum ethanol which can be produced from the adsorption process using corn starch.From this research, the best level ethanol was obtained by using 30 gram adsorbent mass and 100 mesh for diameter of corn flour for 120 minutes. The increase of ethanol content obtained by 0.82% from the initial ethanol 96% to 96.82%.
Cellulose Depolymerization By Hydrothermal Process Using Ionic Liqud/Acid
Get PDFCellulose is natural polysaccharide formed from D-glucose units, which are linked through β(1→4)-glycosidic bonds. For wider industrial applications, cellulose is depolymerized to produce reducing sugar such as glucose, fructose and others. The common method to depolymerize cellulose is acid hydrolysis, ionic liquid, and hydrothermal process. The aim of this research is to study the effect of reaction time in hydrothermal process using sodium chloride (NaCl) as ionic liquid analog and oxalic acid as catalyst in cellulose depolymerization to produce reducing sugar. In this study, hydrothermal process has been done in subcritical condition at 70 bar and 185oC in various reaction time (30-180 minutes) using nitrogen gas as pressurizing agent. After hydrothermal process, the sample was separated as liquid and solid product. The solid product was analyzed using XRD. And liquid product was analyzed by di-nitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method to determine the reducing sugar concentration. The results show that reducing sugar was increase in 60-120 minutes and decrease in 150 and 180 minutes. The highest reducing sugar was achieved at 60 minutes (0,324 mg/mL)
Sintesis dan Karakteristik CeNi5 dari Oksida Logam Tanah Jarang dengan Metode Solid State
Get PDFRENi5 (RE = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Gd, Mm, etc) intermetallic compounds have been widely investigated as anode materials of Ni-MH batteries because of the excellent properties such as attractive hydrogen storage, moderate plateau pressures, and easy activation. RENi5-type compounds are commonly prepared by a complicated method, which involves several steps of melting, alloying, casting, annealing and making it into powders. This study aims to examine synthesis CeNi5 by solid state reaction. Commercial product of rare-earth oxide (CeO2) and nickel oxide (NiO) as the raw material were mixed to prepare CeNi5 by mechanical milling. The powders were mechanically milled at 400 rpm for 4 hours using ball mill. To study the calcination behaviours, calcination temperature was varied of 850°C and 1150°C for 4 hours.The powders properties were characterized by XRD, SEM-EDX, and TGA. Non calcine powder shows no difference color with the raw oxide. It means there was an oxide in milling powder. The calcination temperature affect the electrode material and produced the difference color between powder with calcinations and without calcinations. This difference was caused by a phase change, decomposition of organic compounds, or may be due to oxidation. The oxidation process can also be seen from the increase in mass when conducted calcination on powder CeNi5. Physical properties show that the higher calcination temperature the higher intensity phase of the CeNi5. This means the higher calcination temperature made CeNi5more crystalize