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International IT security analysis: Comparing enterprise vulnerabilities and risks
Full text linkIn an increasingly networked and digitalised world, IT systems are exposed to constant threats. Cyber attacks, data leaks, ransomware attacks or the compromise of user accounts can all have serious economic and legal consequences (Cremer, 2024). This brief report provides the written elaboration of a previously held lecture and research project offering an international comparison of IT-security analyses of enterprises
Cat Bonds vs. traditionelle Rückversicherung – Markttrends und Performance im Vergleich
Full text linkTrotz der aktuellen Normalisierung des Rückversicherungsmarkts und gestiegener
Kapazitäten setzt sich das starke Wachstum im Cat-Bond-Markt ungebrochen fort. Im Jahr 2024 wurde mit einem Emissionsvolumen von 17,7 Mrd. USD ein historischer
Höchststand erreicht. Bereits im ersten Quartal 2025 wurden weitere 7,1 Mrd. USD emittiert, sodass das kumulierte Volumen bis Mitte 2025 auf über 15 Mrd. USD anstieg. Parallel dazu stieg das alternative Rückversicherungskapital auf 115 Mrd. USD an, während das gesamte globale Rückversicherungskapital einen neuen Höchststand von 715 Mrd. USD erreichte. Vor diesem Hintergrund stellt sich die Frage, weshalb sich Erst- und Rückversicherer weiterhin für Cat-Bond-Emissionen entscheiden, obwohl das Marktumfeld durch hohe Rückversicherungskapazitäten und rückläufige Preise geprägt ist
Aging Behavior of EPDM Compounds with Ground Tire Rubber (GTR) as a Functional Substitute for Calcium Carbonate
Full text linkThis study investigates the substitution of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) with ground tire rubber (GTR) in EPDM-based elastomer formulations as a strategy for sustainable material development. Unlike conventional approaches, this work employs GTR as a direct filler replacement. Temperature scanning stress relaxation (TSSR) analyses confirm that GTR participates in vulcanization. Initial incorporation of GTR reduces crosslink density (CLD) and mechanical performance due to structural defects, while accelerators present in the recycled phase promote faster curing. This study focuses on the aging behavior of the compounds to evaluate possible long-term effects on the material. The thermo-oxidative stress leads to further crosslinking, resulting in higher CLD, increased stiffness and reduced elongation at break. Overall, partial replacement of CaCO3 by GTR proves feasible, offering a balanced compromise between sustainability and performance, whereas high GTR contents significantly impair mechanical properties
Integration of Vision Transformer Networks in YOLOv8 for Object Detection: Comparative Study on Plant Disease Detection
Full text linkAccurate detection of plant diseases is vital for global food security. While YOLOv8 represents a state-of-the-art detector, its convolutional backbone may lack a global contextual understanding of modern Vision Transformers (ViT). This paper presents a comprehensive study that integrates three ViT backbones—the Pyramid Vision Transformer (PVT), the Swin Transformer (SwinT), and the BiFormer—into the YOLOv8 architecture to benchmark their performance for plant disease detection. To ensure robust performance estimates, all models are trained three times on stratified dataset splits and evaluated on the PlantDoc dataset. While YOLOv8 is already a strong baseline for plant disease detection, our study demonstrates that integrating ViT backbones can elevate its performance substantially. The BiFormer-Small (BiFormer-S) yields the most significant improvement, reaching a mean mAP50-95 of 53.39% on the PlantDoc dataset. This represents a gain of 6.39 percentage points over its direct architectural baseline, YOLOv8s, which achieves 47.00% mAP50-95. Furthermore, it even surpasses the largest model in the family, YOLOv8x (49.22%), demonstrating a superior accuracy-efficiency trade-off. Beyond quantitative metrics, Explainable AI (XAI) analyses reveal that the BiFormer-S backbone produces sharper, more context-aware feature maps than the convolutional baseline, thereby improving the model’s ability to detect subtle or early-stage disease symptoms
Effect of Heat Treatment on the Corrosion Behavior of Additively Manufactured and Cast AlSi10Mg
Full text linkThis study investigates the corrosion resistance of aluminum alloy AlSi10Mg to evaluate the influence of both manufacturing methods and heat treatments on its durability. The research compares samples produced via laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) and conventional casting, with subsets subjected to either no, T5 (artificial aging), and T6 (solution annealing and aging) heat treatment. All samples were exposed to an accelerated cyclic corrosion test, using immersion and drying cycles. Corrosion performance was quantified via mass loss (ML) measurements and analyzed using metallography. The analysis revealed that heat treatment (factor A) is the only statistically significant factor affecting mass loss. Even short exposure to the corrosive environment caused clearly visible surface changes. This suggests a significant decrease in corrosion resistance, linked to microstructural changes. While LPBF parts exhibited lower mass loss in the as-manufactured and T5 states, the T6 treatment negatively impacted both manufacturing routes
Cat Bonds vs. Traditional Reinsurance – A Comparison of Market Trends and Performance
Full text linkRobust growth in the cat bond market is ongoing in spite of increased capacities and the current normalisation of the reinsurance market. A historic high was reached in 2024 with an issue volume of USD 17.7 bn. An additional USD 7.1 bn was issued already in the first quarter of 2025, with cumulative volume rising by mid-year to more than USD 15 bn. Parallel to this, alternative reinsurance capital climbed to USD 115 bn, and total global reinsurance capital marked a new high of USD 715 bn. Against this backdrop, one can ask why primary insurers and reinsurers continue to opt for cat bond issues even as the market environment is characterised by high reinsurance capacities and falling prices
Orthodox Terminology in the Polish Language. Word Calques
No full textContemporary Orthodox terminology in Polish is a lexical area in the process of formation. In addition to native words, as well as proper borrowings, primarily Church Slavonic, Greek, a few Latin and East Slavonic, a group of lexical calques can be found. The paper characterises word calques, which are structural and semantic copies of foreign terms, especially Church Slavicisms, Graecisms and Latinisms. In the case of many calques, it is difficult to clearly determine their origin, so the most likely sources are cited. Some of such formations have been borrowed from general Polish and Catholic terminology, e.g. jutrznia, miłosierdzie, błogosławieństwo, while others were created in modern times in order to introduce missing or more precise nominations concerning Orthodox spirituality, e.g. dwupieśń, nowomęczennik, ucerkiewnianie. The parallel functioning of proper borrowings and their calqued equivalents is noteworthy, e.g. Theotokos – Bogarodzica, ortodoksja – prawosławie, staurofor – krucyferariusz – krzyżonośca, koncelebrans – współsprawujący. The characteristic of word calques presented in the paper, although selective and incomplete, allows for the indication of quite important features related to the etymology, structure and functioning of such formations in contemporary Orthodox [email protected] w BiałymstokuBańkowski A., 2000, Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego, t. 1–3, Warszawa.Bednarczuk L., 2018, Początki i pogranicza polszczyzny, Kraków.Bogacz K., 2014, Kalki z języka angielskiego w dyskursie religijnym polskich protestantów pentekostalnych, „Studia Językoznawcze”, t. 13, s. 29–38.Brückner A., 1989, Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego, Warszawa.Cejtlin R.M., 1977, Leksika staroslavânskogo âzyka, Moskva. [Цейтлин Р.М., 1977, Лексика старославянского языка, Москва.]Czarnecka K., 2022, Struktura „Słownika polskiej terminologii prawosławnej”, [w:] Słownik polskiej terminologii prawosławnej, red. W. Przyczyna, K. Czarnecka, M. Ławreszuk, Białystok, s. 37–62.Dębowiak P., Ostrowski B., Waniakowa J., 2018, Informacja o pochodzeniu wyrazów w WSJP PAN, [w:] Wielki słownik języka polskiego PAN. Geneza, koncepcja, zasady opracowania, red. P. Żmigrodzki, M. Bańko, B. Batko‑Tokarz, J. Bobrowski, A. Czelakowska, M. Grochowski, R. Przybylska, J. Waniakowa, K. Węgrzynek, Kraków, s. 103–113.EJO: Encyklopedia językoznawstwa ogólnego, 2003, red. K. Polański, Wrocław.Fiediukina E., 2007, Kultura słowna jako filar kultury prawosławnej we współczesnej Polsce, „Elpis”, t. 9, s. 63–75.Grupa‑Dolińska M., 2019, Frazeologiczne kalki, półkalki i hybrydy w mowie dwujęzycznej społeczności staroobrzędowców mieszkających w Polsce, „LingVaria”, t. XIV, nr 27, s. 249–258.Karpluk M., 2001, Słownik staropolskiej terminologii chrześcijańskiej, Kraków.Klemensiewicz Z., 1985, Historia języka polskiego, Warszawa.Lewaszkiewicz T., 2021, Język niemiecki jako źródło kalk leksykalnych w polszczyźnie XIX i XX wieku, [w:] Projektowanie niepodległości i dziedzictwo polszczyzny. W stulecie odzyskania niepodległości, red. W. Ratajczak, M. Osiewicz, Poznań, s. 337–351.Lewicki R., 2002, Chrześcijaństwo. Słownik rosyjsko‑polski, Warszawa.Łach O., Wojnarowicz J., Wilemska‑Kucharzewska K., Kucharzewski M., 2017, Święci Kosma i Damian – bezpieniężni patroni transplantacji, „Leczenie Ran”, nr 14(2), s. 77–81, https://evereth.pl/category/lr/2017‑lr/lr‑2017-2 [6.05.2025].Ławreszuk M., 2022, Problemy współczesnej polskiej terminologii prawosławnej wynikające z jej relacji z terminologią cerkiewnosłowiańską, „Elpis”, nr 24, s. 15–19.Moszyński L., 2006, Wstęp do filologii słowiańskiej, Warszawa.Obara J., 1989, Teoretyczne problemy kalkowania, Wrocław.Obara J., 1993, Obce nazwy własne w polskiej oraz polskie w obcej „szacie” językowej (z problematyki kalkowania w zakresie nazw własnych), „Acta Universitatis Lodziensis, Folia Linguistica”, nr 27, s. 205–213.Ochmann D., 2010, Współczesne polskie composita. Próba typologii, [w:] Symbolae grammaticae in honorem Boguslai Dunaj, Biblioteka LingVariów, t. 9, red. R. Przybylska, J. Kąś, K. Sikora, Kraków, s. 427–436.Popiołek B., 2013, Z problematyki kalk językowych w terminologii anatomicznej (na materiale chorwackim), „Zeszyty Cyrylo‑Metodiańskie”, t. 2, s. 45–53.Rybińska H., 1976, Losy wyrazów obcych w języku polskim, Warszawa.Rygorowicz‑Kuźma A., 2019, Rutenizmy w staropolskiej terminologii religijnej (na przykładzie Słownika staropolskiej terminologii chrześcijańskiej Marii Karpluk), „Studia Wschodniosłowiańskie”, t. 19, s. 373–385.Siatkowski J., 1982, O cerkiewizmach w najstarszej polskiej terminologii chrześcijańskiej, [w:] Zeszyty Naukowe Wydziału Humanistycznego, Slawistyka 3, Polskie kontakty z piśmiennictwem cerkiewnosłowiańskim do końca wieku XV, Gdańsk, s. 97–105.Słownik polskiej terminologii prawosławnej, 2022, red. W. Przyczyna, K. Czarnecka, M. Ławreszuk, Białystok.Walczak B., 1999, Zapożyczenia leksykalne (formalnosemantyczne) czy kalki? O pewnym typie zapożyczeń w kontaktach języków blisko spokrewnionych, [w:] Słowotwórstwo, semantyka i składnia języków słowiańskich, red. M. Blicharski, H. Fontański, Katowice, s. 124–133.Wielki słownik języka polskiego PAN, 2007–, red. P. Żmigrodzki, Kraków, https://wsjp.pl [14.02.2025].Wielki słownik wyrazów obcych PWN, 2010, red. M. Bańko, Warszawa.Witalisz A., 2016, Przewodnik po anglicyzmach w języku polskim, Kraków.Wojan K., 2010, Przypadkowe i nieprzypadkowe wędrówki leksemów, Gdańsk.2521823
In the cauldron of parody and pastiche: on Uzdański’s Mickiewicz improv(is)ed
No full textThe paper aims to portray the literary depiction of Adam Mickiewicz depicted in Grzegorz Uzdański’s Wypiór. This modernized figure of the Bard, utilizing the mechanism of collaboration of two stylistic devices (pastiche and parody), is illuminated while underscoring the motifs indicating the titular character’s ties to Ukraine (the etymology of the word “wypiór,” the playful tone of Malorussian literature, the emotional qualities of longing and sadness characteristic of one of the Crimean sonnets, “The Akkerman Steppe”). The climax of the considerations is the proposition on the absence of devaluation of Adam Mickiewicz’s figure and work, the source of the presented creation, juxtaposed to contemporary culture, reality in general, and in particular, the lifestyle this culture favours (devaluing the notion “truth”).Beata Garlej – dr hab., prof. UKSW, pracownik Katedry Teorii Literatury w Instytucie Literaturoznawstwa na Wydziale Nauk Humanistycznych Uniwersytetu Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Warszawie. Zajmuje się teorią literatury, poetyką dzieła literackiego, aksjologią i estetyką literacką przy szczególnym uwzględnieniu filozofii fenomenologicznej Romana Witolda Ingardena. Autorka licznych prac, w tym książek: Warstwowość dzieła literackiego w ujęciu Romana Ingardena. Koncepcja, rozwinięcie, recepcja (Kraków 2015), Ingardenowskie jakości metafizyczne – między otwartością a ścisłością pojęcia (Warszawa 2016), O (podstawowym) znaczeniu Ingardenowskiej kategorii konkretyzacji estetycznej (Kraków 2018).Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Warszawie, Katedra Teorii Literatury, Wydział Nauk HumanistycznychAdama Mickiewicza wspomnienia i myśli, oprac. S. Pigoń, Warszawa 1958.Boy-Żeleński T., Obiad literacki. Proust i jego świat, Warszawa 1958.Dwulit A., Od tłumaczki, [w:] M. Proust, Sprawa Lemoine’a. Pastisze, przeł. i wstęp A. Dwulit, Kraków 2020.Eco U., Imię róży, przeł. A. Szymanowski, Warszawa 2000.Głowiński M., O stylizacji, [w:] Problemy socjologii literatury, red. J. Sławiński, Wrocław–Warszawa–Kraków–Gdańsk 1971.Hellich A., Jak rozpoznać pastisz (i odróżnić go od parodii?), „Zagadnienia Rodzajów Literackich” 2014, z. 2.Ingarden R., Dwuwymiarowa budowa dzieła sztuki literackiej, [w:] tegoż, Szkice z filozofii literatury, wstęp W. Stróżewski, Kraków 2000.Janion M., Wampir. Biografia symboliczna, Gdańsk 2008.Jaworska J., Pastisz jako gest wampiryczny, [w:] G. Uzdański, Wypiór, Warszawa 2021.Karłowicz J., Słownik gwar polskich, T. 6, U–Ż, Kraków 1911.Kozak Ł., Upiór. Historia naturalna, Warszawa 2021.Kozak S., Polacy i Ukraińcy. W kręgu myśli i kultury pogranicza. Epoka romantyzmu, Warszawa 2005.Kuczera-Chachulska B., Wstęp, [w:] A. Mickiewicz, Wsłuchać się w szum wód, Warszawa 2021.Ławski J., Mickiewicz – mit – historia. Studia, Białystok 2010.Markiewicz H., Kariera pastiszu, [w:] Poetyka. Polityka. Retoryka, red. W. Bolecki i R. Nycz, Warszawa 2006.Markowski M.P., Proust: sztuka pastiszu, „Literatura na Świecie” 1998, nr 1–2.Melville H., Billy Budd. Opowieść wtajemniczonego, przeł. B. Zieliński, Warszawa 2019.Mickiewicz A., Stepy Akermańskie, [w:] tegoż, Sonety i sonety krymskie, Warszawa 1922.Mickiewicz W., Moja matka, Kraków 1926.Miller M., Kirke, przeł. P. Korombel, Warszawa 2018.Nowacki A., rec. S. Kozak, Polacy i Ukraińcy. W kręgu myśli i kultury pogranicza. Epoka romantyzmu, Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, 2005, ss. 307, „Roczniki Humanistyczne” 2006–2007, z. 7.Proust M., Sprawa Lemoine’a. Pastisze, przeł. i wstęp A. Dwulit, Kraków 2020.Revel J.-F., O Marcelu Prouście, przeł. G. Majcher, Warszawa 2021.Słownik terminów literackich, red. J. Sławiński, Wrocław–Warszawa–Kraków 2000.Stawiszyński T., Reguła 2: ogranicz używanie mediów społecznościowych, [w:] tegoż, Reguły na czas chaosu, Kraków 2022.Stoff A., Warstwa brzmieniowa powieści jako przedmiot percepcji czytelniczej (na przykładzie „Trylogii”), [w:] Problematyka tekstu głosowo interpretowanego (III), red. W. Sawrycki, P. Tański, D. Kaja i E. Kruszyńska, Toruń 2010.Stoker B., Dracula, przeł. M. Moltzan-Małkowska, Poznań 2011.Sudolski Z., Panny Szymanowskie i ich losy, Warszawa 1982.Szewczenko I., Adam Mickiewicz a debiut ukraińskiego romantyzmu, [w:] Debiuty Mickiewicza, debiuty romantyków. Studia. W 200. rocznicę debiutu wieszcza: 1818–2018, red. J. Ławski i Ł. Zabielski, Kraków 2021.Telicki M., Pedagogika pastiszu – co spodobałoby się Ignacemu Loyoli w „Nowych wierszach sławnych poetów” Grzegorza Uzdańskiego, „Horyzonty Wychowania” 2022, T. 21, nr 57.Uzdański G., Nowe wiersze sławnych poetów, Kraków 2021.Uzdański G., Wypiór, Warszawa 2021.Witkowska A., Celina i Adam Mickiewiczowie, Kraków 1998.19120
Leveraging Financial Networks for Sustainable Outcomes: An Integrative Literature Review
No full textPurpose - The study aims to explore the integration of financial networks with sustainability goals and examine the challenges and potential of this relationship. It seeks to understand the historical trajectories of financial networks and decipher how they can be leveraged for sustainable development.
Research metod - An integrative literature review of peer-reviewed journals from the past decade was employed. The research was conducted in two stages: first, examining the evolution of financial networks; second, interpreting these findings in the context of sustainable development, with sustainability as a primary filter in the review.
Results - The outcomes highlight the complexity, vulnerability to instability and contagion, globalisation, centralisation, and the impact of technology on financial networks as the main features of their modern development. The findings emphasise the recent convergence of financial systems with sustainability imperatives, reflecting businesses’ multifaceted responses to these pressures. Financial networks navigate between traditional economic practices and emerging sustainability requirements.
Originality / value / implications / recommendations - The study offers insights into integrating sustainability within financial frameworks to address the urgent need to reconfigure financial systems’ practices to mitigate their adverse impacts on sustainable development. The research underscores the importance of resilient, transparent, and adaptable financial networks amid global interconnectivity, dependencies, and associated risks.The Ministry of Science and Higher Education supported the article as part of a subsidy to maintain the SGH Warsaw School of Economics research [email protected] Warsaw School of EconomicsBanerjee S., Guhathakurta K., 2020, Change-Point Analysis in Financial Networks, “Stat”, vol. 9(1), pp. 1–16, DOI: 10.1002/sta4.269.Brummer C., Gorfin D., 2014, FinTech: Building a 21st-Century Regulator’s Toolkit, Center for Financial Markets, https://milkeninstitute.org/sites/default/files/reports-pdf/3.14-FinTech-Reg-Toolkit-NEW_2.pdf [date of access: 7.2.2023].Cui L., Bai L., Rossi L., Zhang Z., Jiao Y., Hancock E.R., 2018, A Preliminary Survey of Analysing Dynamic Time-Varying Financial Networks Using Graph Kernels, “Structural, Syntactic, and Statistical Pattern Recognition”, vol. 11004 LNCS, pp. 237–247, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-97785-0_23.D’Orazio P., Popoyan L., 2019, Fostering Green Investments and Tackling Climate-Related Financial Risks: Which Role for Macroprudential Policies?, “Ecological Economics”, vol. 160, pp. 25–37, DOI: 10.1016/J.ECOLECON.2019.01.029.Dedeurwaerdere T., 2005, The Contribution of Network Governance to Sustainable Development, “Les Séminaires de l’Iddri”, vol. 13, pp. 1–15.Dungey M., Kangogo M., Volkov V., 2022, Dynamic Effects of Network Exposure on Equity Markets, “Eurasian Economic Review”, vol. 12(4), DOI: 10.1007/s40822-022-00210-y.Elliott M., Golub B., Jackson M.O., 2014, Financial Networks and Contagion, “American Economic Review”, vol. 104(10), pp. 3115–3153.Fama E.F., 1970, Efficient Capital Markets: A Review of Theory and Empirical Work, “The Journal of Finance”, vol. 25(2), pp. 383–417, DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1970.tb00518.x.Gancarczyk M., Łasak P., Gancarczyk J., 2022, The Fintech Transformation of Banking: Governance Dynamics and Socio-Economic Outcomes in Spatial Contexts, “Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review”, vol. 10(3), pp. 143–165, DOI: 10.15678/EBER.2022.100309.Grilli R., Tedeschi G., Gallegati M., 2020, Business Fluctuations in a Behavioral Switching Model: Gridlock Effects and Credit Crunch Phenomena in Financial Networks, “Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control”, vol. 114, 103863, DOI: 10.1016/J.JEDC.2020.103863.Haberly D., Wójcik D., 2022, Sticky Power: Global Financial Networks in the World Economy, Oxford University Press, DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198870982.001.0001.Hemenway B., Khanna S., 2016, Sensitivity and Computational Complexity in Financial Networks, “Algorithmic Finance”, vol. 5(3–4), pp. 95–110, DOI: 10.3233/AF-160166.IFC, 2020, Annual report 2020, DOI: 10.3934/math.2021814.Inter-agency task force on financing for Development, 2021, Financing for Sustainable Development Report 2022, UN 209, https://financing.desa.un.org/post-news/2021-financing-sustainable-development-report-released [date of access: 26.10.2023].International Monetary Fund, 2023, Safeguarding Financial Stability Amid High Inflation and Geopolitical Risks, DOI: 10.5089/9798400233241.082.Jackson M.O., Pernoud A., 2021, Systemic Risk in Financial Networks: A Survey, “Annual Review of Economics”, vol. 13, pp. 171–202, DOI: 10.1146/annurev-econom ics-083120-111540.Keller-Ressel M., Nargang S., 2021, The Hyperbolic Geometry of Financial Networks, “Nature Portfolio Scientific Reports”, vol. 11(1), pp. 1–12, DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83328-4.Kim D.H., Kim D.H., Lee D.H., Park S., Kim S.I., 2019, Centralization of the Global REDD+ Financial Network and Implications under the New Climate Regime, “Forests”, vol. 10(9),
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