Indian Journal of Community Health
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Factors associated with Insomnia Severity Index among elderly participants
Get PDFBackground: Amongst various psychiatric disorders in the elderly, insomnia is one of the major challenges. Aims & Objectives: To assess the prevalence of insomnia and the factors associated with it among the elderly. Material & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in a rural and an urban area of Delhi taking 115 participants from each area using systematic random sampling. A semi-structured questionnaire was to collect the data. Results: Out of 230 participants, 121 (52.6%) were females and 109 (47.4 %) were males. Insomnia was more prevalent in the elderly participants of rural area (95%) while just 5% were in the urban population. Out of the 230 participants, 113 (49.1%) had scores of 0-7 whereas 117 (50.9%) had scores between 8-28 which meant they had some degree of insomnia. Insomnia was significantly associated with the locality of the participants (p-value <0.05). Conclusion: In the present study, around half of the elderly persons were suffering from Insomnia. As the cause of insomnia is multi-factorial, it needs a multi-pronged approach to prevention which can be achieved by creating awareness, management, and prevention. Further, screening elderly persons for insomnia and health education regarding the importance of sleep hygiene practices should be started
A Cross-sectional study on Out-of-Pocket expenditure towards Immunization and its consequences faced by families with under-five Children Residing at one of the Cities of Western India
Get PDFBackground: When immunization of under-five children results in Out-of-Pocket Expenditure (OOPE), it affects motivation of parents for vaccination inversely. Objectives: To assess determinants affecting preference for specific/mixed type of health facilities and to estimate out-of-pocket expenditure towards immunization of under-five children. To assess opinion of participants for prevention/decreasing OOPE towards immunization. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted at one of zones of Ahmedabad city, selected by simple random sampling. Following technique of “30×7 cluster survey” with necessary house-hold information received from Municipal Corporation, selection of 7 children was pursued from each cluster reaching to sample-size of 210 (30 X 7). Results: Of 211 children included in study, 124(58.77%), 68(32.23%) and 19(9%) had taken immunization services from government, private and mixed variety respectively. Majority of families (110, 88.71%) preferring government healthcare-facility for immunization incurred expenses <5000 INR/child as while in other two groups, all beneficiaries had expensed>5000 INR/child. Conclusions: Determinants like child’s gender, parents’ education, Type of family, Socio-economic status, delivery place of child and occupation of father had statistically significant association with preferred place of vaccination. Fixation of upper ceiling-limit of vaccines which are recommended by pediatricians but not covered in government run program was one of suggestions
An Analysis of the Activities of Daily Living (ADL) among Aged People in Rural Areas of Western Odisha, India
Get PDFBackground: A decline in fertility rate and expansion in life span has resulted in the growth in the percentage of aged populations in the whole world. India and Odisha are no exceptions. Objectives: The objective of the present paper is to find out the incidence of functional ability/inability among the aged people of the rural areas of western Odisha of India. Materials and Methods: Katz Scale of ADL was used to assess the functional ability of elderly people. Six activities of daily living such as (Bathing, Dressing, Toilet, Mobility, Continence, and Feeding) were analyzed as per age and sex of the samples. Results: Of all the samples (1992), 98.5 percent are physically independent and only 1.4 percent are physically dependent. Out of 945 female elderly people, 931 (98.1%) are independent and out of 1047 male elderly people 1033 (98.6%) are independent. The physical dependency of females is more with a ?2 – value of 0.075 and p – value of 0.466. The age group wise ?2 – value is 20.899 (3) and p – value of 0.001. Conclusion: Lesser physical dependency is found among the elderly people in rural areas. An increase in dependency is seen with the increase in age
Siblings On Artificial Intelligence: “It Is All About The Bottom Line, Period!”
Get PDFIt may appear to be a wordy jargon but moral compass, ethical compass and legal compass in artificial intelligence are nothing but about the bottom line and the bottom line is whether humans and their systems will co-exist with artificial intelligence or whether artificial intelligence will outlast (outlive) humans and their systems
Repercussions of COVID-19 Pandemic on prenatal and antenatal care in Bahadarbad block of Dist Haridwar Uttarakhand, India
Get PDFBackground: The incidence of maternal morbidity and mortality gets reduced if antenatal care (ANC) is provided since it focuses on providing birth preparedness, good health maintenance measures, and awareness regarding pregnancy complications as well as danger signs.
Methodology: The present study was conducted in the selected 10 villages in the Bahadarbad block of Haridwar (Uttarakhand). 479 out of 580 pregnant women (who had visited Antenatal Health Camps), responded to the questionnaire thus, leading to a response rate of 82.8%. Most respondents, i.e. 96% (n=461), were 21–30 years old.
Result: Out of 461 pregnant women, only 45% visited Antenatal Health Camps and 58% were found anemic. The study also indicated that of the pregnant women who visited Antenatal Health Camps during this period, more than 72% of women gave their previous birth in less than two years. Only 15% of women obtained complete ANC (4 Visits) during the study period, just half of the previous year’s coverage (31%) for the same duration. The study found that home deliveries increased significantly during the lockdown period. From April to June 2020, the percentage of home deliveries was 41% while from July to December 2020 it was 24%.
Conclusion: The study suggested reduced utilization of ANC services during the pandemic and significant factors were women’s age, residence, educational status, repurposing of maternity healthcare services, fear of COVID-19 transmission, and transportation disruptions. Thus, efforts should be taken to enhance maternal health services
Challenges of Second-hand Smoke: Are We Asking the Right Questions?
Get PDFSecond-hand tobacco smoke as defined by WHO is the smoke emitted by a smoker or released from a burnt cigarette or any tobacco product. It is highly prevalent all over the globe but its serious health implications are often neglected by the public and the scientific community alike. Second-hand smoke has everlasting impact on all the body’s major organs, especially among the vulnerable population of children, pregnant ladies, people with chronic diseases and senior citizens. Although India started its war against this menace earlier than other counties, all its efforts remain bootless as its approach and implementation have a wide range of lacunae. This review aims to give a big picture of second-hand smoke, highlighting its pathophysiological changes in the body, socioeconomic impact, various strategies, and the gap that prevents these strategies from finding a favorable result in India. It becomes all the more important to reduce its impact owing to the increase in prevalence among youth reducing their vitality, derailing the society and the nation. It is recommended that the health authorities approach this health problem with utmost seriousness as a laid-back approach could welcome this silent killer’s known and unknown repercussions
Association of Dietary and Physical Activity Patterns and Hypertension in Western Rajasthan, 2022
Get PDFIntroduction: Hypertension (HTN) is a modifiable risk factor for coronary artery disease, heart failure, cerebrovascular disease and chronic renal failure. HTN affects about 1 billion people globally; by 2025, up to 1.58 billion adults worldwide are likely to suffer from complications of HTN. This study was done to know the diet and physical activity patterns and HTN among the population of three districts of Western Rajasthan.
Objectives: To study the dietary and physical activity patterns among the population of Western Rajasthan. and to compare key findings among three districts Pali, Jodhpur and Barmer so that lifestyle changes can be recommended.
Methods: A case-control study was done among attendees of NCD clinics of tertiary-level centers in Pali, Barmer and Jodhpur. Hospital Controls were matched to age (± 5 years) and gender Considering the prevalence of HTN to be 20%*, the proportion of exposure in the general population as 0.2, odds ratio to be 2.2, power =80%, alpha=5% sample size is estimated to be 102 cases & 102 controls (from each district).
Results: Overall being married (OR= 3.3), having diabetes Cardiac disease (OR= 2.6), excessive salt consumption (OR= 2.7), moderate physical exercise less than 30 minutes (OR=1.9), using oil other than vegetable oil(OR=1.8) , Age >?60 years (OR =1.4) were the key risk factors. It was found that high BMI (BMI>27), consumption of non-vegetable oils (12.7%) was highest in Jodhpur, lack of moderate exercise for at least 30 minutes (81%), lack of sports activity (92%) was highest in Pali, least number of days/week of fruits and vegetables consumption (~1.64 days) was seen in Barmer.
Conclusions: Change in quantity of salt consumption and incorporation of moderate physical exercise for >30 minutes was most followed in control of HTN among the attendees of NCD Clinics from the multiple advise given
Perceptions About E-Learning Among Undergraduate Medical Students: A Cross Sectional Study
Get PDFThe COVID-19 pandemic times showed the need for blending e-learning in medical education. The current study aims to find the perceptions of undergraduate medical students on e-learning. A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 848 students on perceptions about e-learning. Private college students and Phase IV students significantly faced more data exhaustion. The government college students and phase IV students significantly felt that classes were more monotonous. The longer duration of e-learning caused health effects. Thus, to bring about a better learning environment e-learning can be integrated into the MBBS curriculum as a supplement to bedside and small group learning
Role of Artistic Copper-T Shiksha Model to sensitize women for the use of Copper–T as a safe contraceptive
Get PDFThe contraceptives are integral part of healthy sexual life. The choice of contraceptives depends on family planning and will of couple specially woman. Copper-T, an intrauterine device (IUD) is one of the most effective, cheapest and reversible contraceptive methods. It can be used for both spacing and birth control and it has minimum side effects as compared to other contraceptives. But it is highly neglected contraceptive though Copper- T has High pearl index and has less failure rate than other temporary contraceptive methods. As most of women are unaware of its potential significance & refuse it after misconception of perforation of uterus and expulsion. Copper-T Shiksha Model is innovative way of contraceptive counselling by artistic presentation to female and her family even in presence of children. It is based on the Arts Integration Approach and Neuro-linguistic programming. Copper-T is promoted as ornament of uterus instead of sharp object and displayed beautifully with a framed painting with significant meaning of contraception by famous artist Rahul Bhandare. Woman is also warned of side effects of Copper-T and conditions like excessive bleeding. It boosts up faith and confidence in contraceptive method. Both hand cards and clinic model is used in awareness. 400 women were selected randomly in group meets, door to door survey and individual counselling
Adverse events following immunization among children during primary immunizations in selected health facility of Himachal Pradesh
Get PDFBackground: Vaccine related problems are commonly reported after immunizations and are a matter of concern for health care professionals. A study on the pattern and rate of incidences of vaccine related problems was conducted among children undergoing primary immunizations. Materials and methods: The study was conducted in Zonal hospital, Solan, Himachal Pradesh. 150 mothers and their children undergoing immunization were enrolled in the study using systematic random sampling and followed on every immunization event until nine months. Vaccine related problems were enquired at every immunization events namely birth, six weeks, ten weeks, fourteen weeks and nine months using a self-structured tool to assess vaccine related problems among children. Results: Pain at vaccination site, redness and swelling, excessive crying, fever, and sleep related problems, feeding problems and fever were common AEFIs reported by mothers among children. Conclusion: AEFIs are frequent and need to be reported. None of the child had any severe reaction or hospitalization after immunization