Austrian Academy of Sciences
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Die Gerichtsbarkeit der Prager Altstadt und der vereinten Prager Städte in der Zeit der Jagiellonen (1471–1526). Beiträge zur Rechtsgeschichte Österreichs|Beiträge zur Rechtsgeschichte Österreichs Band 2 / 2020|
No full textThe purpose of this contribution is to present a research project on the judiciary of the Old Town of Prague and the United Prague towns in the time of the Jagiellons and some of its preliminary results. The main starting‐point as to the investigated sources is represented by sentences and verdicts of the town court of the Old Town of Prague from 1475–1518 and by sentences and verdicts intimated by the town court of the United Prague towns from 1518–1526. The sentences and verdicts passed in those years are found predominantly in the Books of verdicts (libri sententiarum). From the entire number of 1,004 registered sentences in law‐suits, 533 were passed by the town court of the Old Town in 1475–1518, and 471 by the town court of the United Prague towns in 1518–1526. From those 1,004 sentences, 257 (25.6 %) concern criminal cases. Also in the paper, the results of the analysis of the abovementioned criminal cases are presented. The analysis led to the conclusion that the greater part of the criminal agenda of the courts under investigation consisted of criminal acts against life and health and honour. Offences against property occurred only in relatively smaller numbers. Regarding the development of town law it is possible to register during the Jagellonian era a conspicuous improvement concerning the adjucative practice of the court of the Old Town. This improvement was reflected also in a better quality and more refined forms of decisions rendered by the court. Whereas the Old Town law is to be regarded from the point of view of its development as representing at the outset of the Jagellonian era in considerable measure an autochthonous legal system sui generis taking over only in an unsystematic way and ad hoc the norms of the south German and Magdeburg town laws, the first tenth of the epoch in question in the Old Town was characterised by the broad and intense taking over of the conspicuously more developed town law of Brno (Brünn) and of Roman law too. Towards the end of the Jagellonian era, this takeover in the Prague towns was completed not only at the theoretical level, but also in the sphere of legal practice, thereby creating one of the central preconditions for the later codification of the Bohemian town law (1579)
Vom Nationalitätenministerium bis zur Vertreibung. Die rechtshistorische Aufarbeitung der Ungarndeutschen in der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts. Beiträge zur Rechtsgeschichte Österreichs|Beiträge zur Rechtsgeschichte Österreichs Band 2 / 2020|
No full textThe topic of this article is the history of the German minority in Hungary in the first half of 20th century from the point of view of the legal history. After the First World War, Hungary became a nation state, in which the approximately half a million Danube Swabians were the biggest minority. Directly after the First World War, Hungary tried to implement another minority policy than at the time of the Austro‐Hungarian Monarchy, and concepts of autonomy were made. This period ended after the peace treaty of Trianon, and the so‐called Horthy regime was characterised by the return to the traditions of the period of the dual monarchy. This changed before the Second World War, as Nazi Germany made the German minorities abroad an instrument of its politics. The Germans founded the Volksbund, a national‐socialistic oriented ethnic organisation, Germans got cultural autonomy but were forced to enlist in the German armed forces. After the Second World War, the deprivation of rights of the Germans begun: in 1945–1946, 60,000 were transported to the Soviet Union for forced labour; in 1946–1948 approximately 166,000 were forced to leave Hungary, and the 200,000 left in Hungary had no citizens’ rights at all
Die Entstehung des österreichischen Gesetzes über die Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung. Beiträge zur Rechtsgeschichte Österreichs|Beiträge zur Rechtsgeschichte Österreichs Band 1 / 2021|
No full textThis article focusses on the origins of the Austrian limited liability company, the law‐making process, the influence of the German legal liability company and the historical and political context that shaped the legal structure
Innovation for Sustainable Cities: The Effects of Nudging and Gamification Methods on Urban Mobility and Sustainability Behaviour. GI_Forum|GI_Forum 2021, Volume 2|
No full textFor more sustainable urban behaviour and mobility, innovative methods are needed to change behaviour. We discuss the results of an explorative study of the use of a personal mobility tracker (a digital, data-based tool) to motivate users to adopt a more sustainable city lifestyle. We examine motivational techniques that can influence citizens’ personal mobility on a day-to-day basis. Using a personal mobility app that incorporates gamified elements and nudging, citizens become part of a community. They are motivated to cycle more and to explore sustainable services in the city through tours and visiting points of interest. We present the first results of a trial of this mobile app: characteristics of users, and empirical data that indicate a change in cycling behaviour. We also show effects of nudging on personal mobility
Habitat suitability evaluation for Paeonia decomposita, based on a MaxEnt model. eco.mont (Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research and Management)|eco.mont Vol. 14 No. 1 14 1|
No full textPaeonia decomposita is on the IUCN’s Red List of endangered species, and occurs only in the northwest part of Sichuan Province, China. For the effective protection of the species, it is important to evaluate the suitability of potential habitats for P. decomposita and natural factors that influence the species. Based on the actual distribution points of P. decomposita in northwest Sichuan from 2016 to 2018, the Maximum Entropy Model (MaxEnt) was used to analyse the main factors affecting its habitat, and to predict suitable habitats. The results show that: (1) the model has high accuracy and is suitable for the prediction and evaluation of habitat suitability for P. decomposita; (2) temperature, slope, precipitation and moisture index will all greatly affect P. decomposita’s distribution; (3) the areas that are potentially suitable for P. decomposita are mainly in Mianyang, Aba, Ganzi and Liangshan, which are greatly affected by human activities; effective protection measures have not been taken. It is proposed that new reserves for the introduction of P. decomposita should be established in areas of high or moderately high suitability. A programme of cultivation of this rare species should also be set up
Early West Tibetan Buddhist Monuments - complete volume. Veröffentlichungen zur Sozialanthropologie|Early West Tibetan Buddhist Monuments Veröffentlichungen zur Sozialanthropologie 29|
No full textIndex. Veröffentlichungen zur Sozialanthropologie|Early West Tibetan Buddhist Monuments Veröffentlichungen zur Sozialanthropologie 29|
No full textExamining Wildfire Spread Variables for Assessing Forest Burn Vulnerability. GI_Forum|GI_Forum 2021, Volume 2|
No full textThe scale and danger of wildfires are a growing concern in Western Canada. The Northwest Fire Centre is one of six designated wildfire management districts in the Canadian Province of British Columbia. It covers 25 million hectares, or a quarter of the area of the province. The centre sees the greatest area burned from wildfire spread in the province, although it experiences the lowest number of active wildfires annually. This study examined two Sentinel-2 images capturing the ‘before’ and ‘after’ of a major wildfire that took place in the Lutz Creek area within the Northwest Fire Centre in 2018. Higher-risk wildfire spread areas were identified by combining Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, Normalized Difference Water Index and slope gradient variables. When slope was included, the Moderately High and High burn vulnerability categories increased to ~54% of the area analysed, compared to ~33% when it was not included. Together, all three variables provide the basis for a more accurate assessment of forest burn spread and vulnerability
3. Lehrer, Reisender und Schriftsteller. Josef Wünsch im Kontext seiner Zeit. Veröffentlichungen zur Sozialanthropologie|Reisen zu den Quellen des Tigris Veröffentlichungen zur Sozialanthropologie 28|
No full text„… Let her remain in the faith of the Greeks”. The Marriage Plan between the Noble Family of Hunyadi and Celje in the Light of the Ecclesiastical Union (1448, 1451). Beiträge zur Rechtsgeschichte Österreichs|Beiträge zur Rechtsgeschichte Österreichs Band 2 / 2020|
No full textOne of the interdisciplinary resources for the research on mixed marriages is the history of law and the history of the medieval family. Some of the regulations of the ecclesiastical union in 1439 refer to the possibility of performing mixed marriages or engagements between the Roman Catholics and the Orthodox in medieval Hungary. This study analyses two such prominent cases from the Hungarian Kingdom, emphasising the practical consequences of mixed marriage, especially its ability to overwrite hostility between opposite families