Austrian Academy of Sciences
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An Augmented Reality Learning Environment for Informal Geoinformatics Education. GI_Forum|GI_Forum 2021, Volume 2|
No full textIn this paper, we describe an interactive learning environment for geoinformatics enriched by Augmented Reality (AR) that was designed by researchers and practitioners using a design-based research approach. In total, four AR modules were developed to engage learners physically, cognitively and emotionally in the learning process. AR is thus used not merely as a visualization technology, but also to initiate and scaffold learning activities. To address the known challenges of learning with AR, we designed our learning environment to be used by teams of students. This can counteract the problem of cognitive overload, or frustration due to technical problems. We examined our technological and pedagogical framework in an evaluation with 12 learners. The results show that our design did not lead to cognitive overload; technological aspects, such as usability, were also evaluated positively. However, we also detected possible improvements to our design, such as using AR glasses to free the hands for task completion. Overall, it was shown that AR is a good way to expand traditional learning opportunities with digital ones and to enable holistic learning experiences
Putting Pedestrians First: Sidewalk Infrastructures, Width Patterns and COVID–19. GI_Forum|GI_Forum 2021, Volume 2|
No full textAs the COVID-19 crisis has forced people to adhere to social distancing, the proximity to each other of pedestrians on the sidewalk suddenly becomes meaningful: do pedestrians have enough space to safely move within cities? With decades of urban planning prioritizing roads and automobiles, the answer is ‘no’. Cities all over the world have been forced to make urgent changes to pedestrian infrastructure in order to make it safe for people to move about public spaces during the pandemic. In this study, using the sidewalk infrastructure from the Canadian city of Calgary as an example, we model sidewalk widths and then analyse the spatial patterns across the city. Our results reveal that Calgary's sidewalk widths vary substantially and form clusters of narrow sidewalks among residential zones, while wide sidewalks are typically found in downtown, and in some parks and recreational areas. We recommend that the City of Calgary, and all cities, re-evaluate their sidewalk and pathway development patterns, and upgrade sidewalk infrastructures in those narrow-sidewalk communities. By developing more robust methods for modelling and analysing sidewalk width, paired with adequate sidewalk data, cities can make informed decisions that lead to more inclusive, pedestrian-safe, cities
The Difference between the Legal Status of Minor Children Born In and Out of Wedlock Regarding Maintenance in the Hungarian Customary Law and Court Praxis before 1946. Beiträge zur Rechtsgeschichte Österreichs|Beiträge zur Rechtsgeschichte Österreichs Band 2 / 2020|
No full textBefore Act IV of 1952 on Marriage, Family and Guardianship came into force, the maintenance of minors was only regulated by customary law provisions and the drafts of the Civil Code. Although in 1946, the maintenance of children born out of wedlock was regulated in an act, the comprehensive regulation was delayed until 1952. It is necessary to study the court practice of the era in order to draw a picture of child support before 1946. During my research, I examined the relevant regulations and most importantly, the material of the royal courts between 1938 and 1945 in the National Archives of Hungary Zala County Archives. I will present the legal framework and practice of the era mainly through the royal court decisions of Zala County. Since the legal situation of minor children born in and out of wedlock differed before 1946, it is vital to examine the subject and compare their situations
Corpus of types of ceramic vessels discovered in Proto- and Early Dynastic graves at Tell el-Murra cemetery. Ägypten und Levante|Ägypten und Levante XXXI 31|
No full textExcavation conducted at the Tell el- Murra cemetery between the 2011 and 2018 archaeological seasons revealed 24 graves containing pottery sets. Analyses of vessel forms allow us to arrange them into five chronological groups, determined according to the chronological phases of the Naqada period: Naqada IIIB-C1, Naqada IIIC2, Naqada IIIC, Naqada IIIC2/D, and Naqada IIID.3 Pottery assemblages from each group contain some specific and repeatable types of vessels. There are several aims to this comprehensive presentation of pottery forms occurring in particular groups of graves, and for their comparison to the types recognised in graves assigned to groups at other Nile Delta sites. The first is to provide other scholars with information regarding all vessel types occurring at the Tell el-Murra cemetery. The second is to examine whether the pottery assemblages from Tell el-Murra have been subject to any changes over time. The next is to analyse whether these pottery collections are comparable to sets from other sites (and, if so, to what extent). The last goal is to indicate the reasons for and origins of eventual changes, and to discuss the conclusions arising from the analyses outlined above
Orchard Meadow Trees: Tree Detection Using Deep Learning in ArcGIS Pro. GI_Forum|GI_Forum 2021, Volume 2|
No full text‘Orchard meadows’ refers to the combination of extensively managed fruit trees in combination with fields and pastures. In many regions, among others in Germany, Austria and Switzerland, they are a landscape-defining element and of particular ecological, economic and social importance. However, the numbers of orchard meadows and fruit trees have been decreasing for quite some time. Current and detailed data that allow for the identification of suitable countermeasures to maintain this cultural landscape element are often missing. Such data can be obtained through deep learning. Various deep learning frameworks can now be used in the context of ArcGIS Pro. But what exactly does the use of deep learning involve, in the context of ArcGIS Pro, to get an insight into the stocks of orchard meadow trees? What are the challenges? Initial analyses were carried out using selected areas in Franconian Switzerland (Northern Bavaria) as an example. The results confirm the potential of the approach, but also that training data, model and output data must be refined
Die „kalte Verjährung“ der nationalsozialistischen Morde in Österreich im Jahr 1975. Beiträge zur Rechtsgeschichte Österreichs|Beiträge zur Rechtsgeschichte Österreichs Band 1 / 2021|
No full textThe timeframe for the prosecution of Nazi crimes was limited in Austria by extinctive prescription. In the late 1960sand early 1970s, only the last and most severe crimes were still punishable and hardly any Nazi trials took place. Inthe few trials, the juries reached a number of scandalous acquittals, which caused international outrage and criticism.On the other hand, the Austrian population was not interested in dealing with the Austrian participation inthe atrocities committed during the Nazi regime. There was also agreement in politics to ‘put the past behind’.Against this background, the new Austrian Criminal Code (StGB) entered into force on 1st January 1975. Unrecognizedby the international community, the Austrian media, the population and even most politicians and legalscholars, it contained provisions (§§ 61, 62 and § 65 StGB) which led to the sudden prescription of most of the stillpunishable Nazi crimes. In the following article, the development of sections 61, 62 and 65 of the Austrian CriminalCode and their effects on the possibility of prosecuting Nazi crimes in Austria will for the first time be examined. Inaddition, it will address the question whether the de facto ‘amnesty of Nazi murderers’ brought by the new CriminalCode was planned or merely a legislative accident
Reformpläne und ‐versuche seit dem Österreich‐Konvent. Beiträge zur Rechtsgeschichte Österreichs|Beiträge zur Rechtsgeschichte Österreichs Band 2 / 2021|
No full textThis paper discusses plans and attempts to reform the existing distribution of competences between the Austrian federal state and the Länder over the past 20 years. The Austrian Constitutional Convention held its meetings from 2003–2005. It resulted in a proposal for a new Austrian Constitution; however, very little of the comprehensive reform project has been implemented so far. With regard to the distribution of competences, current reforms seem to be the outcome of dayto‐ day‐policy lacking an overall approach. The elimination of Art. 12 from the Federal Constitution (framework legislation), the transfer of the responsibility for the implementation of laws from the federal state to the Länder, and a new procedure to consensually share legislative powers (‘consensus legislation’) are part of the discussion
Die Kompetenzverteilung in der Judikatur des österreichischen Verfassungsgerichtshofs. Beiträge zur Rechtsgeschichte Österreichs|Beiträge zur Rechtsgeschichte Österreichs Band 2 / 2021|
No full textThe Austrian Constitutional Court has dealt extensively with the fragmented allocation of competences, which it considers a key element of federalism and thus of one of the leading constitutional principles. Over the past century, the Constitutional Court has developed several methods and strategies – rather than theories – in order to determine the exact meaning of the allocated competences. Among these different, sometimes contested approaches, an originalist method prevails. While the case law is neither particularly centralistic nor favourable towards federalism, the Constitutional Court nevertheless has contributed a great deal to the understanding of the competences in the Austrian federal system