Austrian Academy of Sciences
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Post-Transitional Fertility: Childbearing Postponement and the Shift to Low and Unstable Fertility Levels
No full textThis study discusses fertility trends and variation in countries that have completed the transition from high to around-replacement fertility in the 1950s-1980s—especially in Europe, East Asia and North America—and summarises the key findings that are relevant for the countries with a more recent experience of fertility declines towards replacement level. A central finding is that there is no obvious theoretical or empirical threshold around which period fertility would tend to stabilise. Period fertility rates usually continue falling once the threshold of replacement fertility is crossed, often to very low levels. While cohort fertility rates frequently stabilise or change gradually, period fertility typically remains unstable. This instability also includes remarkable upturns and reversals in Total Fertility Rates (TFR), as experienced in many countries in Europe in the early 2000s. The long-lasting trend towards delayed parenthood is central for understanding the diverse, low and unstable post-transitional fertility patterns. In many countries in Europe this shift to a late childbearing pattern has negatively affected the TFR for more than four decades. Many of the emerging post-transitional countries and regions are likely to experience a similar shift during the next two to three decades, often depressing their TFRs to very low levels
Animal Exploitation and Forms of Economic Interaction in Southern and Central Italy during the 13th and 12th Centuries BC. Orea|Punta di Zambrone I Oriental and European Archaeology Volume 17|
No full textThe animal remains from a number of sites located in southern and central Italy and dated to the 13th and 12th centuries BC are discussed in view of our understanding of the dynamics of animal consumption and exploitation during the Recent Bronze Age. The interest in the period is linked to the relationships of Italian Bronze Age sites with the Late Bronze Age seafarers coming from the eastern Mediterranean. The archaeological evidence suggests that different levels of contact, from exchange of raw materials and luxury items to circulation of technology and models of production did stimulate changes in social organisation and the economy. Changes in husbandry practices and livestock types, the role of hunting, the exploitation of particular animal resources and the appearance of exotic animals are investigated in order to understand to what extent the main economic, social and political developments that occurred in Italy during the Late Bronze Age are reflected in animal management and diet; in addition, it is investigated whether changes in animal exploitation eventually concerned only part of the peninsula, and particularly those sites that were active in the exchange network within the Mediterranean. The resulting pattern shows a complete self-sufficiency in activities of subsistence through the entire Bronze Age; such self-sufficiency relied on the contributions from agricultural and husbandry practices. Hunting must have been of secondary importance to the economies and the communities examined, although fluctuations probably reflecting local choices have been observed. A substantial increase in sheep/ goat frequency at the expense of cattle characterised the economy of Recent Bronze Age sites. Mortality data suggest that pork and mutton production and the use of cattle for ploughing were the main outputs of husbandry practices during the Bronze Age. A trend towards a more diversified exploitation and a major use of secondary products is observed for the Late Bronze Age. The appearance of exotic animals and the exploitation of exotic animals and exotic raw material of likely eastern Mediterranean origin also represent significant evidence for economic change resulting from the relationship between the Aegean area and communities located in Italy
Just Another level? Comparing Quantitative Patterns of Global School and Higher Education Expansion
No full textThe expansion of enrolment and attainment is a key theme in higher education research. Inparticular, research has examined cross-national determinants of higher education expansionwhile understanding expansion through the relationship between higher education and thelabour market. Early work on higher education expansion established a key framework forclassifying enrolment levels, but empirical studies on the global expansion of higher educationare scarce. This study addresses this gap by comparing the existing patterns of highereducation expansion to those experienced at other levels on the course to universal or nearuniversalaccess. We demonstrate that a model fitting universal access trajectories fits highereducation as well as other levels of education, and, therefore, there is no prima facie reason tobelieve that its expansion will face ceilings or saturation levels based upon available evidence.Claims that are premised on such a ceiling should therefore consider empirical evidence forthis assumption in their analysis. These findings contribute to discussions on higher educationexpansion as well as studies of higher education and the labour market
URBANINFRA
No full textDas Ziel des URBANINFRA-Projektes war die Entwicklung eines kosteneffizienten, widerstandsfähigen und umweltfreundlichen Unterbaus für eine durch Straßen- und Schienenverkehr gemeinsam genutzte Infrastruktur. Eine Reduktion der Dicke der Betontragplatte lässt die schädigende Rißbildung im Beton schneller anwachsen, was mit einem in die Betonplatte integrierten Schwingungsüberwachungssystem kontrolliert werden kann. Im Ergebnis kann bei der Entwicklung von LCC-gesteuerten Wartungsverfahren nun die zeitliche Verschlechterung der Gleisstruktur berücksichtigt werden. Als sinnvoll haben sich Wartungspläne erwiesen, die auf einer kontinuierlichen Überwachung des Gleiszustandes (z. B. durch Sensor-Arrays) basieren und so den Alterungszustand und damit verbunden die Geräusch- und Schwingungsabstrahlung berücksichtigen
Mountain Biodiversity Day 2021 – biodiversity and pandemic. eco.mont (Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research and Management)|eco.mont Vol. 13 No. 2 13 2|
No full textOn 13 January 2021, the French Ministry of the Environment in cooperation with ALPARC, UNEP and the Permanent Secretariat of the Alpine Convention organized the virtual Mountain Biodiversity Day. The event gathered together experts in the field of mountain biodiversity and political representatives from mountain regions all over the world in order to stress the importance of mountain biodiversity within the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework, especially in the context of the on-going pandemic and discussions on building back better. The Alpine session of the event, introduced by Guido Plassmann, was moderated by Chris Walzer and focused on the link between biodiversity and zoonoses – a major challenge for environmental policies worldwide. The topic is developed by the short text which follows
Gesamt PDF - Ernst Fuchs (1851-1930) und die Weltgeltung der Wiener Ophthalmologischen Schule um 1900. Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften, Mathematik und Medizin|Ernst Fuchs und die Weltgeltung der Wiener Ophthalmologischen Schule um 1900 Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften, Mathematik und Medizin 69|
No full textKarl Kraus und der Wien-Topos in Kunsttheorien der literarischen Moderne (1918–1933). Satire als Avantgarde bei Berthold Viertel, Leopold Liegler und Walter Benjamin.. Sprachkunst. Beiträge zur Literaturwissenschaft|Sprachkunst LII / 2021, 1. Halbband|
No full textDie Evolution der literarischen Moderne zeichnet sich in den Zwanziger Jahren (1918–1933)durch die systematische Auseinandersetzung mit tradierten und rezenten satirischen Formenaus. Dies gilt auch für die zeitgenössische Kunsttheorie. Wesentliche Impulse erhält sie durchdas OEuvre von Karl Kraus. Die Innovationskraft der satirischen Formen für die moderne Kunsttheorielässt sich anhand der Umschriften eines diskurstypischen Wien-Topos rekonstruieren
Horenstein, Jascha (Jakob)
No full text* 6.5.1898 Kiew/Russland (heute UA), † 2.4.1973 London. Dirigent
Testing Transferability of Deep-Learning-Based Dwelling Extraction in Refugee Camps. GI_Forum|GI_Forum 2021, Volume 1|
No full textFor effective humanitarian response in refugee camps, reliable information concerning dwelling type, extent, surrounding infrastructure, and respective population size is essential. As refugee camps are inherently dynamic in nature, continuous updating and frequent monitoring is time and resource-demanding, so that automatic information extraction strategies are very useful. In this ongoing research, we used labelled data and high-resolution Worldview imagery and first trained a Convolutional Neural Network-based U-net model architecture. We first trained and tested the model from scratch for Al Hol camp in Syria. We then tested the transferability of the model by testing its performance in an image of a refugee camp situated in Cameroon. We were using patch size 32, at the Syrian test site, a Mean Area Intersection Over Union (MIoU) of 0.78 and F-1 score of 0.96, while in the transfer site, MIoU of 0.69 and an F-1 score of 0.98 were achieved. Furthermore, the effect of patch size and the combination of samples from test and transfer sites are investigated