Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (PSR)
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Uji Aktivitas Antimikroba Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Bawang Merah (Allium cepa L.) dengan Metode Difusi Cakram
Get PDFABSTRACTShallots (Allium cepa L.) are generally used as cooking ingredients by the community. The part of the shallot widely used is only a part of the tuber, while the outer shell of the shallot is thrown away because it is only considered as wastes. Based on phytochemical screening results, extract of shallot peels contains phenolics, flavonoids, and terpenoids that can inhibit the growth of microorganisms. The purpose of this research is to know the antimicrobial activity of ethanol extract of shallot peels against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus as Gram positive bacteria, Salmonella thypi and Eschericia coli as Gram negative bacteria and also antifungal activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes. The study was performed using disc diffusion method with the variation of concentration of ethanol extract of the peels of 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.125% and 1.5625% w/v, respectively, the positive control of chloramphenicol for bacteria, the positive control of nystatin for fungi and the negative control of DMSO. The diameter of the inhibition zone formed on the activity assay of ethanol extract of the shallot peels against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella thypi and Eschericia coli at the concentration of 50% was 11.75 mm, 16.03 mm, 9.42 mm and 7.77 mm, respectively. The inhibition zone formed on the activity assay of ethanol extract of the shallot peels against Trichophyton mentagrophytes at the concentration of 50% was 18.53 mm. As conclusion, ethanol extract of the shallot peels could inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Salmonella thypi, Escherichia coli and Trichophyton mentagrophytes.�ABSTRAKBawang merah (Allium cepa L.) secara umum digunakan sebagai bumbu masakan oleh masyarakat. Bagian dari bawang merah yang banyak dimanfaatkan adalah bagian umbinya saja, sedangkan bagian kulit terluar dari bawang merah tersebut dibuang karena hanya dianggap sebagai limbah. Berdasarkan hasil skrining fitokimia, ekstrak kulit bawang merah mengandung senyawa fenolik, flavonoid dan terpenoid yang dapat memberikan daya hambat terhadap pertumbuhan mikroorganisme. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat aktivitas antimikroba ekstrak etanol dari kulit bawang merah terhadap Staphylococcus epidermidis dan Staphylococcus aureus sebagai bakteri Gram positif, �Salmonella thypi dan Eschericia coli sebagai bakteri Gram negatif serta aktivitas antijamur terhadap jamur Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode difusi cakram dengan beberapa konsentrasi ekstrak etanol dari kulit bawang merah yaitu 50%, 25%, 12,5%, 6,25%, 3,125% dan 1,5625% b/v serta kontrol positif kloramfenikol untuk bakteri, kontrol positif nistatin untuk jamur dan DMSO sebagai kontrol negatif. Diameter hambat yang dihasilkan pada pengujian ekstrak etanol dari kulit bawang merah terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella thypi dan Eschericia coli dengan konsentrasi 50% berturut-turut adalah 11,75 mm; 16,03 mm;� 9,42 mm dan 7,77 mm. Diameter hambat yang dihasilkan pada pengujian ekstrak etanol dari kulit bawang merah terhadap jamur Trichophyton mentagrophytes dengan konsentrasi 50% adalah 18,53 mm. Sebagai kesimpulan, ekstrak etanol kulit bawang merah memiliki aktivitas dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Salmonella thypi, Escherichia coli dan jamur Trichophyton mentagrophytes
Antidiabetics activity of salam koja (murraya koenigii ) leaves tea bag
No full textBackground: Koja bay leaves (Murraya koenigii) which mostly cultivated in Indonesia and the leaves usually used by Aceh people as a flavoring agent for food, has been known to have an antidiabetic effect.. In this study, we analyzed the antidiabetic effect of koja bay leaves tea bags which commercially available. Methods: The two variant doses of koja bay leaves tea bag (411.11 mg/g body weight and 822.22 mg/g body weight) were administered to 25 male rats which divided into five groups. The antidiabetic activity was determined by measuring blood glucose of rats administered by koja bay leaves tea bag compared to blood glucose of rats in positive control which was given glibenclamide negative control, and normal control. Results: The results showed that dose 1 and 2 decreased blood glucose level by 51.27% and 45.17%, respectively, fairly similar to the glibenclamide (63.38%). Conclusion: Koja bay leaves tea bag have comparable activity with glibenclamide in reducing the blood glucose level
Preventive Effects of Alpha-Lipoic Acid on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction in Rats
Get PDFEndothelial dysfunction has been considered as one of the key initial events in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Several studies imply that chronic inflammation and oxidative stress play a critical role in endothelial dysfunction. The present study was designed to evaluate the preventive effect of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced endothelial dysfunction in rat based on malondialdehyde (MDA) level and vascular cell adhesion molecules-1 (VCAM-1) expression. Thirty Wistar rats were administered ALA for 2 weeks in different doses (30, 60, 120 mg.kg-1 BW) 1 hour before LPS 0.5 mg.kg-1 BW i.p challenge. The LPS was injected on 1st, 4th, and 9th day. MDA plasma level was analyzed with spectrophotometer λ 529 nm, and VCAM-1 expression was determined by immunohistochemistry. Pretreatment with ALA for 14 days could decrease plasma MDA level on LPS-induced endothelial dysfunction in rats. However, only one group of ALA doses, 120 mg.kg-1 BW, showed significant difference with LPS untreated group statistically. It was also found that ALA, in all treatment groups, could attenuate VCAM-1 expression. These findings suggest that ALA had a protective effect against endothelial dysfunction and may potentially prevent vascular inflammatory disease
Formulasi Sediaan Losio Ekstrak Etanol Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.) Sebagai Penumbuh Rambut Terhadap Tikus Putih (Rattus norvegicus) Jantan Galur Wistar
Get PDFABSTRACTMeniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.) is a plant used to promote hair growth. In this research, ethanolic extract of P.niruri was formulated into lotion because it was more evenly distributed and non sticky in use compared to cream and gel. The aims of this research is to determine the hair growth activity of the ethanolic extract of P.niruri and the effect of using menthol 1% as an enhancer in lotion formulation. In this research two formula were being tested where Formula I (F1) without menthol 1% and Formula II (F2) with menthol 1%. The 5% of extract was being used in the formulation. The lotion was applied to the rat�s skin and the hair length was measured on day 7, 14 and 21, while the hair weight was measured on day 21. The results showed that the average hair length on F2 (12.68 � 3.13 mm) was longer than the F1 (11.21 � 2.58 mm) although there was no significant difference between both formulas. The average hair weight on F2 (23.00 � 10.74 mg) was greater that the F1 which was only 15.83 � 6.11 mg. Both formulas have a longer hair growth activity compared to normal controls (10.74 � 0.86 mm). It can be concluded that the lotion of ethanolic extract of P. niruri could promote hair growth in white wistar rats and the addition of 1% menthol as an enhancer gave better hair growth activity in F2 group.�ABSTRAKMeniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.) adalah tanaman yang digunakan sebagai penumbuh rambut. Pada penelitian ini, ekstrak etanol meniran diformulasikan dalam sediaan losio karena penyebarannya lebih merata dan tidak lengket dalam penggunaanya dibandingkan sediaan krim dan gel. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas sediaan losio ekstrak etanol meniran dan pengaruh penambahan mentol 1% dalam sediaan losio sebagai penumbuh rambut terhadap tikus putih jantan galur wistar. Pada penelitian ini digunakan 2 formula yaitu Formula I (F1) tanpa mentol 1% dan Formula II (F2) dengan penambahan mentol 1%. Konsentrasi ekstrak yang digunakan adalah 5%. Sediaan losio kemudian diaplikasikan pada kulit tikus secara topikal dan selanjutnya panjang rambut diukur pada hari ke-7, 14 dan 21 sedangkan bobot rambut diukur pada hari ke-21. Hasil pengujian aktivitas pertumbuhan rambut pada hari ke-21 menunjukkan rata-rata panjang rambut, pada F2 memiliki aktivitas pertumbuhan rambut yang lebih panjang yaitu 12,68 � 3,13 mm dari pada F1 yaitu 11,21 � 2,58 mm meskipun perbedaannya tidak signifikan dan bobot rambut F2 sebesar 23,00�10,74 mg lebih berat dari pada F1 yaitu 15,83�6,11 mg. Kedua formula memiliki aktivitas penumbuh rambut yang lebih panjang dibandingkan dengan kontrol normal (10,74�0,86 mm). Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah sediaan losio ekstrak etanol P.niruri memiliki aktivitas sebagai penumbuh rambut dan adanya penambahan mentol 1% sebagai enhancer memberikan pertumbuhan rambut yang lebih baik pada kelompok F2
Improvement of Losartan Transdermal Permeation using Oleic Acid Pretreatment: in Vitro Observation and in Vivo Prediction
Get PDFABSTRACTThe effect of oleic acid on losartan transdermal permeation has been observed to explore its ability as chemical enhancer.� Potassium losartan solutions in citric buffer pH 5.0 were made in two levels of concentration i.e. 2 mg/mL and 10 mg/mL using propylene glycol 15% as solubilizing agent. Losartan transport from such solutions with and without oleic acid one hour pretreatment were tested using male Wistar rat skin as a membrane for 30 hours in vertical diffusion sel.� The transport profiles were analyzed based on the lag time diffusion method.� It is showed that oleic acid pretreatment did not effect on losartan permeation rate and efficiency of 2 mg/mL potassium losartan concentration. However, such pretreatment enhanced losartan permeation rate and efficiency 21 and 23-fold higher respectively for 10 mg/mL the potassium losartan concentration.� It is predicted that losartan minimum effective plasma concentration can be achieved in transdermal administration through this transport improvement in normal application area
Optimasi Komposisi Lactobacillus bulgaricus dan Streptococcus thermophilus pada Yogurt Terfortifikasi Buah Lakum (Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin) sebagai Antibakteri terhadap Escherichia coli
Get PDFOptimasi komposisi Lactobacillus bulgaricus dan Streptococcus thermophilus pada yogurt terfortifikasi buah lakum (Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin) sebagai antibakteri terhadap Escherichia coli telah dilakukan. Yogurt dibuat dengan memfermentasikan susu bubuk full cream dengan penambahan variasi kultur bakteri L. bulgaricus dan S. thermophilus, serta penambahan ekstrak buah lakum. Proses fermentasi sangat bergantung pada kultur bakteri yang digunakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui komposisi optimal bakteri L. bulgaricus dan S. thermophilus pada yogurt terfortifikasi buah lakum sebagai antibakteri pada E. coli. Penelitian dilakukan dengan cara memvariasikan komposisi bakteri L. bulgaricus dan S. thermophilus pada yogurt buah lakum. Analisis terhadap yogurt buah lakum dilakukan dengan pengujian stabilitas keasaman, pH, kadar antosianin dan aktivitas daya hambat terhadap bakteri E.coli. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan MANOVA (Multivariate Analysis of Variance). Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa yogurt buah lakum dengan kombinasi L. bulgaricus dan S. thermophilus 2:1 (v/v) memberikan stabilitas yang baik selama penyimpanan dengan nilai keasaman yang meningkat dan pH yang turun. Kadar antosianin dalam yogurt selama penyimpanan mengalami penurunan dan yogurt plain (tanpa penambahan ekstrak buah lakum) dengan kombinasi L. bulgaricus dan S. thermophilus 2:1 (v/v) memiliki daya hambat terhadap bakteri E. coli dengan nilai yang paling tinggi.
Optimization of composition of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus in yoghurt fortified by lakum fruit (Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin) extract as an antibacterial against Escherichia coli was investigated for the first time in this research. Yoghurt was made by fermenting milk with several compositions of L. bulgaricus and S. thermophilus as starter cultures and also adding lakum fruit extract as an antibacterial against E. coli. The fermentation process was depended on the bacterial culture used. The aim of the research was to determine the optimal composition of L. Bulgaricus and S. thermophilus bacteria in lakum fruit yoghurt as an antibacterial against E. coli. The research was done by making variation of composition of L. bulgaricus and S. thermophilus bacteria culture in lakum fruit yoghurt. Lakum fruit yoghurt was analysed with acidity stability test, pH, anthocyanin level and inhibitory activity against E. coli. The data analysis was done with MANOVA (Multivariate Analysis of Variance). The results showed that lakum fruit yoghurt with composition of L. bulgaricus and S. thermophilus 2:1 (v/v) had a good stability with increased acidity dan decreased pH. The value of anthocyanin in lakum fruit yogurt decreased and plain yoghurt (without lakum fruit extract) with composition of L. bulgaricus and S. thermophilus 2:1 (v/v) gave the highest inhibitory value against E. coli
The Effectiveness of Clinical Pharmacist Intervention in Reducing Drug Related Problems of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Patient in Tangerang District General Hospital, Indonesia
Get PDFABSTRACTThis study aimed to evaluate the clinical pharmacist interventions in reducing drug-related problems (DRPs) in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients in the Tangerang District General Hospital, Banten, Indonesia. This study used a prospective analysis of patients with a pre-post design between January-March 2017. The Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe (PCNE) (V6.2) pre-post study system was used to identify the DRPs of 138 patients. The Pharmacist interventions were addressed to physicians, patients, and other health professions to determine the effectiveness of pharmacist interventions before and after the intervention. The number of identified DRPs was 177 problems and the identified types of DRP was 164 types. The pharmacist interventions significantly decreased the DRPs from 177 to 10 DRPs (p<0.05) and type of DRPs from 164 to 10 types of DRPs (p<0.05). Risk factors for nutritional status, type of ALL, comorbidities, number of drug items, and type of treatments did not significantly affect (p>0.05) to the decreased of the number and type of DRPs. Clinical pharmacist interventions able to reduce the number and type of DRPs and can improve treatment outcomes in childhood ALL
Efek Antitifoid Minyak Atsiri Temu Putih (Curcuma Zedoria Rosc.) Pada Tikus (Rattus Norvegicus L) Yang Terinfeksi Salmonella Typhi
Get PDFTemu putih (Curcuma zedoria Rosc.) contains essential oils that have antibacterial effects, in which one of the example is against Salmonella typhi. The aim of this study is to find out the anti-typhoid effect of essential oil from temu putih in rat infected by Salmonella typhi using widal test. The study was conducted experimentally. Rats were divided into six groups, i.e., normal control group, negative control group which was given PGA 10%, positive control group, which was administered chloramphenicol suspension 20 mg / 250 g BB, experiment group 1, 2 and 3 which were administerd emulsion essential oil at a dose of 14 mg / mL, 28 mg / mL, 42 mg / mL, respectively. Antibody titer was measured on day 1 (Widal test I), day 8 (Widal test II) and on day 14 (Widal test III). After the Widal test I, rats were induced Salmonella typhi bacterial suspension for 7 days orally, except for normal control group, and followed by administration of treatment 3 times daily for 7 consecutive days according to the group. The result of Widal test I shows negative value on all groups of animal test, whereas Widal test II result shows an increase of titer antigen Salmonella typhi O and H ranging from 1/80 up to 1/320 in rats induced by Salmonella typhi bacteria. Essential oil from Curcuma zedoria Rosc at doses of 14 mg / mL, 28 mg / mL and 42 mg / mL decreased the Salmonella typhi O and H antigen titer in rats infected by Salmonella typhi and has anti-typhoid effect
Formulasi dan Karakterisasi Nanopartikel Sambungsilang Gom Xantan dan Gom Akasia Untuk Penghantaran Insulin Oral
Get PDFNanopartikel insulin telah dikembangkan sebagai alternatif penghantaran insulin oral. Sistem penghantaran obat dengan nanopartikel dapat diperoleh dari polimer sambungsilang gom xantan dan gom akasia dengan natrium trimetafosfat. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendapatkan nanopartikel insulin dengan menggunakan gom xantan dan gom akasia tersambungsilang untuk penghantaran oral. Pada penelitian ini nanopartikel insulin diperoleh dengan mencampur koloid gom xantan dan gom akasia dengan perbandingan 1:1 yang kemudian direaksikan dengan natrium trimetafosfat dalam suasana basa. Kemudian insulin dalam larutan HCl dimasukkan ke dalam koloid dan dikeringkan sehingga diperoleh serbuk nanopartikel insulin. Serbuk nanopartikel insulin dikarakterisasi meliputi penentuan data derajat substitusi (DS), efisiensi penjerapan, Dv90, daya mengembang, uji pelepasan obat in vitro, dan uji stabilitas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nanopartikel insulin yang terbentuk memiliki DS: 0,08 – 0,10 dengan efisiensi penjerapan 26,11% - 48,73%. Selain itu, nanopartikel insulin yang diperoleh memiliki nilai Dv90: 547 nm - 726 nm, dan daya mengembang sebesar 1,1 - 2,9 kali di dalam HCl pH 1,2 dan 2,5 - 3,4 kali di dalam dapar fosfat pH 6,8. Uji pelepasan in vitro menunjukkan bahwa dalam 3 jam telah dilepaskan insulin sebanyak 78,42% - 85,09%. Hasil uji stabilitas pada suhu 4 oC menunjukkan bahwa kadar insulin dalam nanopartikel adalah 74,46% - 85,09% pada minggu ke-9. Sebagai kesimpulan, penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa nanopartikel gom xantan dan gom akasia tersambungsilang berpotensi untuk digunakan sebagai sistem penghantaran insulin oral.
The insulin nanoparticles has been developed as an alternative to oral insulin delivery. Nanoparticle drug delivery system could be prepared by a cross-linked polymer, which was composed of xanthan gum and acacia gum, and cross-linked by sodium trimetaphosphate. The aim of the present study was to produce insulin nanoparticles using the cross-linked polymer of xanthan gum and acacia gum for oral delivery. In this study, insulin nanoparticles was prepared by mixing xanthan gum and acacia gum colloid with the ratio 1:1 and using sodium trimetaphosphate as a cross-linking agent in bases condition. Afterwards, insulin solution in HCl was added into the colloid, and then dried to produce the insulin nanoparticles. Insulin nanoparticle powders were characterized in terms of degree of substitution (DS), entrapment efficiency, Dv90, swelling ability, in vitro release study, and stability test. The results showed that the substitution degree of the insulin nanoparticles was 0.08 – 0.10 and the entrapment efficiency was 26.11% - 48.73%. Moreover, the insulin nanoparticles had Dv90 value 547 nm - 726 nm and swelling index of 1.1 - 2.9 in HCl pH 1.2 and 2.5 - 3.4 in phosphate buffer pH 6.8, respectively. According to the dissolution study, the insulin nanoparticles provided the insulin release of 78.42% - 85.67% within 3 hours. Furthermore, stability testing showed insulin content after 9 weeks incubation at 4oC was 74.46% - 85.09%. Therefore, this work demonstrated that a cross-linked polymer of xanthan gum and acasia gum nanoparticle could be potential for could be potential for oral insulin delivery system
Aktivitas Antinosiseptif Fraksi Diklorometana Daun Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) Rute Oral Pada Mencit Jantan Swiss
Get PDFDaun Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth) diketahui memiliki efek analgesik opioid. Senyawa yang terkandung dalam daun kratom adalah mitraginin, senyawa ini memiliki afinitas yang kuat pada reseptor opioid. Daun kratom memiliki banyak manfaat antara lain sebagai antinisiseptif. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui dosis efektif fraksi diklorometana sebagai antinosiseptif pada mencit jantan Swiss. Metode uji penelitian ini menggunakan hot plate test. Hewan uji sebagai subjek dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok yaitu kelompok normal diinduksi CMC Na 0,5%, kelompok Morfin dengan dosis 5,46 mg/kgBB, kelompok fraksi diklorometan daun kratom dengan dosis masing-masing 70, 140 dan 280 mg/kgBB. Pengamatan dicatat mulai dari 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 105 dan 120 menit. Respon mencit berupa melompat, menjilati dan menarik kaki ke belakang diamati sebagai parameter. Hasil uji One Way ANOVA menunjukkan bahwa fraksi diklorometan dengan dosis 70, 140 dan 280 mg/kgBB berbeda signifikan dengan kelompok normal. Kedua dosis 140 dan 280 mg/kgBB menunjukkan potensi sebagai antinosiseptif. Kesimpulannya dosis efektif fraksi diklorometan daun kratom sebagai antinosisptif adalah 140 mg/kgBB.Kratom leaves (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) the effect has been known just like analgesic opioid. The main venter of kratom leafis mitragynine, has strong affinity on opioid receptor. Kratom leaf has a lot of benefits, for exampleisas antinoceptive. The purpose of this research to ascertainantinoceptive fraction dicholoromethane kratom leaf effect including effective doseon male mus musculus Swiss. The method is hot plate testmethod. The subject divide to 5 groups, normal group CMC Na 0.5%, morphine 5.46 mg/kgBB, discholoromethane kratom leaf fraction doses 70, 140 and 280 mg/kgBW respectely. The reaction time was recorded at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 105 and 120 minutes. The subject response like hind the subject leg and jump as observation parametre. Result test using by One Way ANOVA test shows that discholoromethane fraction dose 70, 140 and 280 mg/kgBWhas significant differences (p<0,05) with normal group. Both dose 140 and 280 mg/kgBW shown to possess potent antinociceptive. The conclusion of this research iskratom leaf discholoromethane fractionhas traits as antinoceptive with effective doses of140 mg/kgBB from three variance doses on male muce Swiss