Al-Kauniyah: Jurnal Biologi
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Antibacterial Activity of Bacterial Pigment Extracts Isolated From Fruit and Vegetable Waste Against Staphylococcus epidermidis
Full text linkAcne affects approximately 9.4% of the global population and become one of the big eight skin diseases due to Staphylococcus epidermidis infection. This infection can be treated using bacterial pigments for their potential activities as antioxidant, anticancer, and antimicrobial with low toxicity and stable productivity. In this study, pigments were harvested and purified from pigment-producing bacteria which were isolated from fruit and vegetable waste, and the antibacterial activity was conducted with disc diffusion method against S. epidermidis. There were three pigment-producing isolates (LBS 6, LBS 12, and LBS 14) that produced green pigments with antibacterial activity against S. epidermidis. Among the pigments produced by the three isolates, pigments from LBS 14 had the widest zone of inhibition and the strongest antibacterial activity followed by LBS 6 and LBS 12 respectively. In addition, through Two-Way ANOVA analysis, it was found that there was a significant effect on the utilization of pigments from different bacterial isolates and variations in concentration on the diameter of the inhibition zone as well as the interaction between the
Diversity of The Insect Visitors Species on Lily-Leaf Acriopsis Acriopsis liliifolia (J. Koenig) Ormerod in Ayunan Langit, Kalurahan Purwosari, Girimulyo, Kulon Progo
Full text linkBesides being a microhabitat for insects, Acriopsis liliifolia orchid\u27s economic value can be increased through cultivation techniques, but it is constrained because A. liliifolia flowers can\u27t self-pollinate. Based on their flower structure, insects have the potential to become their pollinator. Insect visitors of A. liliifolia must be identified to know their species diversity and roles during visiting orchids. The research was conducted in Ayunan Langit, Sabrangkidul, Kalurahan Purwosari, Girimulyo, Kulon Progo from September to October 2023. Insect collection was done manually by brush and then put in a flask bottle containing 5 mL of 70% alcohol. The collected specimens were then carried out to the Entomology Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Gadjah Mada University, and identified based on morphology characters. The results showed that there was one member of Cicadellidae and 14 species of insect visitors to the A. liliifolia. The majority of insect visitors acted as herbivores (73.33%), 20% as carnivores, and the rest is unknown. It is predicted that the Braunsapis genus is a pollinator because it has a tonguelike maxilla and labium used to suck nectar. In this study, we conclude that the diversity of insect visitor species in A. liliifolia is moderate (H’= 1.95) and Braunsapis has potential as a pollinator
Identification and Phylogenetic Analysis of Blue Swimming Crab (Portunus sp.) in The Northern Waters of Jepara Used DNA Barcoding
Full text linkThe Awur Bay and Kartini Beach in Jepara, Central Java, are fishing areas with blue swimming crab as a main catch. This study aims to examine the species of blue swimming crabs captured in the Northern Waters of Jepara from different locations, analyze the molecular characteristics based on gender differences, obtain GenBank accession numbers as genetic conservation, and construct their phylogenetic tree. The research used a quantitative descriptive method. Samples were collected using purposive sampling from fishermen\u27s catches and selected based on the difference in crab claws and carapace color, with a total of 4 samples. The samples were extracted using a DNA extraction kit and tested using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to visualize mitochondrial DNA (COI gene) and processed using MEGA 11. BLAST results showed that the similarity of the samples to Portunus pelagicus ranged from 97.02% to 99.42%. The different colors of claws and carapace did not affect the DNA sequence composition, hence indicating sexual dimorphisms. The DNA sequences from this study were deposited to GenBank with accession number LC836055.1-LC836058.1. Based on the phylogenetic tree construction, the clade of all samples shows a close relationship with the species Portunus pelagicus
Nutritional Status of Elementary School-Age Children in Oransbari About Cognitive and Motoric Ability
Full text linkOne of the phenotypic variations in humans to adapt to environmental conditions is physical growth. One of the impacts of environmental pressure on children\u27s growth is malnutrition. This research aims to assess the association of nutritional status with cognitive abilities and motor skills in elementary school-age children in Oransbari, South Manokwari, West Papua. Cross-sectional design research was carried out on children aged 6–12 years from two primary schools in January- June 2023. Semistructured interviews guided by a questionnaire were carried out to collect data on cognitive and motoric abilities. Body height and body weight were measured to assess the nutritional status. Our research showed that nutritional status was mostly a normal category, while stunting, severe stunting, and thinness which refers to undernutrition were quite low. Undernutrition tendency in Papuan children was higher than in non-Papuan children, with the severely stunted 2.44%:0.83% between Papuan and non-Papuan and thinness at 7.32%:5.83%. Expectably stunted category non-Papuan showed quite high than Papuan (3.33%:2.44%). In contrast, the percentages of thinness and obesity which refer to overnutrition were quite high in non-Papuan with values of 14.0% and 16.6% respectively. The chi-square test showed that the malnutrition category was not related to cognitive and motor skills (P-value <0.05)
Sesquiterpene Content Analysis of Agarwood Inoculated Using The Simpori Technique
Full text linkAgarwood is a resin formed in plants that belong to the Thymelaeaceae family, including Gyrinops Versteeg, as a result of damage or microbial infection. The content of sesquiterpenes in both the wild and cultivated agarwood indicates its quality. Nevertheless, information regarding the comparison between the content has not been provided. This study aimed at identifying the sesquiterpenes in G. versteegii inoculated using the simpori technique with various dosages of inoculants (3; 9; and 18 mL/porous nail) and harvested at 18 months after inoculation. The harvested agarwood was extracted using n-hexane solvent. The chemical compositions were subsequently analyzed using the GC-MS. Compounds with a similarity index above 80% were analyzed, including their presence and percentage in the agarwood. The statistical significance test was carried out with a 5% level of significance. The Kruskal-Wallis test showed a P-value <0.05, indicating the significant differences between the inoculant dosages on the percentage of sesquiterpenes. Agarwood with F. solani at a dosage of 9 mL/porous nail shows the best result with a Mean Rank of 16 and 23.69% of sesquiterpenes. It contains aromadendrene; α-selinene; (1aS,4aS,8aR)-4a,8,8-trimethyl-2-methylene-1,1a,2,4a,5,6,7,8-ctahydrocyclopropa[d]naphthalene; 6-Methyl-2-(4-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-yl)hepta-1,5-dien-4-ol; alloaromadendrene; and eremophilene. Therefore, this dosage is recommended for optimizing agarwood production
Methane Gas Production In Buffalo Rumen Fluid Containing Citronella Residue (Cymbopogon nardus L.) by In Vitro Method
Full text linkMethane is one of the greenhouse gases produced by ruminants. One way to reduce methane is by feeding development strategies. Concentrates or forage are two possible forms of animal feed. Forage can be replaced with citronella (Cymbopogon nardus L.) residue, which has not been fully consumed as feed. The purpose of the study was to decide the production of methane gas that has residual citronella to concentrate in buffalo rumen fluid in vitro, for 48 hours. The treatments in this research were 0.4 g citronella residue (A); 0.4 g citronella residue + 0.01 g concentrate (B); 0.4 g citronella residue + 0.02 g concentrate (C); 0.01 g concentrate (D); and 0.02 g concentrate (E). For the 48-hour measurements, the highest methane gas production was treatment 98.2% (D); followed by 92.06% (E); 17.71% (C); 15.33% (A); and 13.54% (B). It can be concluded that methane gas can be reduced by residue citronella. This shows that citronella residue can lower methane gas. The study\u27s findings are anticipated to be among the references for using agricultural product residues, particularly citronella as animal feed to reduce the methane produced by the livestock industr
Microplastics Desorption From Green Mussels (Perna viridis L., 1758) Using Oxidizing Agent Ca(OH)2
Full text linkMicroplastics (MPs) are currently one of the main pollutants in the aquatic environment and translocation to the human body will cause health problems. This study aims to find the desorption formula for MPs from green mussels (Perna viridis) with the oxidizing agent Ca(OH)2 or whiting lime. The results will be compared with the use of HNO3 which is commonly used for MPs analysis. There were 2 variations of Ca(OH)2, namely 10 and 15 mL, and soaking for 15; 30; and 60 minutes. The abundance and characteristics of MPs (shape, size, and color) were observed in 30 samples with 3 repetitions. The results of this research indicate that all samples have been contaminated with MPs. The highest number of MPs was found in the immersion of Ca(OH)2 for 30 minutes at a concentration of 15 mL of 1% Ca(OH)2. The oxidizing agent Ca(OH)2 was able to remove MPs much higher than HNO3 with an effectiveness of 72.98–1,120% or 2–12 times, which was supported by statistical results that showed significant differences (P <0.05). Thus, the conclusion is that the use of Ca(OH)2 is effective in removing MPs from green mussels with an optimal ratio of 1:3.8 (g/mL)
In Vivo Testing of Pseudozyma hubeiensis to Control Aspergillus flavus in Nutmeg Seeds (Myristica fragrans Houtt.)
Full text linkNutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) is a high-value spice commodity from Indonesia, often contamination with aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus flavus. Previous research has identified two epiphytic yeast isolates from nutmeg plants, namely DP1341a and DP1342, both of which were identified as Pseudozyma hubeiensis and showed antagonistic potential against A. flavus. This study is a follow- up study that aims to test the antagonistic activity of both isolates against A. flavus in vivo on nutmeg seeds. The research was conducted experimentally through several stages, namely testing the compatibility of isolates on Yeast Malt Agar (YMA) media, determining the optimum fermentation time, and applying liquid culture and fermentation filtrate to 120 nutmeg seeds. Results showed that the consortium of isolates DP1341a and DP1342 did not increase the inhibitory power results compared to single cultures with optimum fermentation times of 10 and 14 days, respectively. In vivo applications show that treatment with DP1342 isolate (KC-DP1342) and consortium in liquid culture provides the highest level of resistance to A. flavus infection, namely 38.67% and 28.00%. The findings suggest that P. hubeiensis DP1342 has potential as a biological control agent in controlling A. flavus on nutmeg seeds, although further formulation and optimization are needed
Habitat Characteristics of Wreathed Hornbill (Rhyticeros undulatus Shaw, 1881) in Sokokembang Forest, Central Java, Indonesia
Full text linkWreathed hornbill is a bird species that can be a bio-indicator and has a role in forest regeneration. This study aimed to estimate the population density of the wreathed hornbill and to identify its habitat characteristics. Bird populations were counted using the Variable Circular Plot (VCP) method. Habitat characteristics were then assessed by measuring environmental factors and analyzing vegetation within 20 × 20 m plots established at foraging, roosting, and nesting sites. Data analysis involved determining individual density, distribution pattern, conducting vegetation analysis, and performing a Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Wreathed hornbill that was found are 20 ± 1.2 individuals. The population density is 7.047 individuals/km2 and has a clustered distribution pattern. The habitat of the wreathed hornbill is characterized by a vegetation composition consisting of 14 species from 8 families. Types of trees with the highest INP were Ficus mbulu (Ficus annulata) (INP 54%), Ficus krandan (Ficus sp1) (INP 46%), and Ficus bulu so (Ficus globosa) (INP 32%). There are 9 types of foraging trees, 10 species of roasting trees, and 1 nesting tree species used by the wreated hornbill. Based on PCA, wind speed and light intensity are environmental factors that have a correlation with the population density of the wreated hornbill in Sokokembang Forest
Saccharomyces cerevisiae’s Potential Application in Improving Quality of Yogurt Produced in Suboptimal Fermentation Conditions
Full text linkThe quality of a yogurt highly depends on the milk’s quality, the culture, and the incubation temperature. However, many home yogurt makers do not have access to fresh milk and incubator which may lead to subpar-quality yogurt. This research explored the potential of using Saccharomyces cerevisiae to improve yogurt quality when fermentation conditions are suboptimal. The experiment was conducted by inoculating ultra-high temperature (UHT)--sterilized milk with a 10% yogurt starter containing Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus, also various S. cerevisiae concentrations (0; 0.156; 0.625; 2.5; and 10%). The inoculated milk was fermented at 30 °C for 24 hours. Their sensory qualities were examined by the panelists. Their acidity, pH, and microorganism count were examined before and after incubation. S. cerevisiae addition at 2.5% displayed better taste and texture without discernable unpleasant aroma. These improvements might be due to the ethanol production by S. cerevisiae. S. cerevisiae addition was also found to slightly inhibit the growth of L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and S. thermophilus. However, the combined number of these probiotic microorganisms (2.7 × 108 CFU/mL) was still by the national standard. S. cerevisiae addition potentially improves yogurt quality made from UHT milk incubated at lower temperatures