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Laboratory and field assessments of lethal and sublethal toxicities of acetogenin-based bioinsecticides against Zaprionus indianus (Diptera: Drosophilidae)
No full textNeotropical Annonaceae-derived bioinsecticides have shown promising
control of insect pest species. In order to develop an alternative tool
for control Zaprionus indianus (Gupta, 1970), an important invasive
pest of Brazilian orchards, this study investigated the insecticidal
activity of a formulation prepared from ethanolic seed extract of
different Annona species ( Annona mucosa Jacq., Annona muricata L.,
and Annona sylvatica A. St.-Hil.) at discriminatory concentration of
2000 mg L-1 in comparison with a limonoid-based bioinsecticide and a
synthetic insecticide (spinetoram) as positive controls. In an
ingestion and topical application bioassay, the formulation based on A.
mucosa caused more than 95% mortality, which was equivalent to the
mortality caused by the synthetic insecticide spinetoram. In a
free-choice bioassay, A. mucosa (83%), bioinsecticide (88%) and
synthetic insecticide (98%) produced a significant reduction in the
number of eggs per fruit. In addition, formulations based on A. mucosa,
A. sylvatica, A. muricata and bioinsecticide resulted in a 50%
reduction in egg viability. In the field, A. mucosa and bioinsecticide
negatively influenced the infestation by Z. indianus in figs, producing
a significant reduction in the number of larvae per fruit (3.6 and 2.29
larvae per fruit, respectively) in relation to the control treatment
(11 larvae per fruit). However, they were significantly inferior to the
synthetic insecticide (0.71 larvae per fruit). Thus, A. mucosa,
bioinsecticide and spinetoram have the potential to be used in the
framework of Z. indianus management
Antifeedant and insecticidal effects of extracts from Melia azedarach fruits and Peumus boldus leaves on Xanthogaleruca luteola larvae
No full textXanthogaleruca luteola (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is an aggressive
defoliating pest on elms ( Ulmus sp.) worldwide. We evaluated the
antifeedant and insecticidal effects of ethanolic and aqueous extracts
from Melia azedarach L. green fruits and leaves of Peumus boldus
Molina, on X. luteola third instar larvae, the most harmful stage. Five
doses of the extracts were applied to fresh elm leaves to determine
antifeedant effect evaluating consumed foliar area at 24 h.
Insecticidal activity was assessed through daily mortality for 14 d.
For each extract an antifeedant index, relative to respective control,
and mean lethal concentrations (LC50) were calculated. We found a
direct relationship between concentration and both antifeedant and
insecticidal effects for all extracts. A dose of 6.1% w/v of ethanolic
extract of M. azedarach green fruits significantly inhibited larvae
feeding behavior by 91% with a LC50 1.49% at day 8. On the other hand,
3.4% w/v of ethanolic extract of P. boldus inhibited larvae feeding
behavior by 81% and LC50 at day 8 was 0.92% w/v. All extracts showed
insecticidal effect on X. luteola larvae, and the highest mortalities
observed were 79% and 71% with ethanolic and aqueous extracts of P.
boldus, respectively. Antifeedant and insecticidal effects observed
with M. azedarach green fruits and P. boldus leaf extracts on X.
luteola third instar larvae, support the development of botanical
insecticides from both tree species in order to contribute to its
integrated management
INFLUENCE OF SCION LENGTH AND POINT OF ATTACHMENT ON ROOTSTOCK ON SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF GRAFTED SOURSOP
Full text linkSoursop ( Annona muricata ) is a multipurpose fruit tree species,
which is mostly propagated by seeds, thus producing plants that exhibit
various degree of variability. The objective of this study was to
assess the influence of scion length and point of attachment on
rootstock on survival and growth on grafted Annona muricata. Varying
points were marked out on the rootstock from the base of the plant and
varying scion lengths (5, 10 and 15 cm) were collected. The modified
cleft method of grafting was adopted and this was monitored daily for
freshness and appearance of new shoot. At the end of two months,
survived grafted plants were removed and arranged under a weaning shed,
where they were further monitored for number of leaves, height of
graft, diameter of scion and rootstock. Results showed that scion
length varied significantly (P<0.05) for all the parameters
assessed. The effect of point of attachment on rootstock was also
significant on the number of leaves, as well as scion collar diameter.
The effect rootstock on graft height and rootstock collar diameter was
not significant. The interactive effect of scion and rootstock was
significant (P<0.05) for all parameters, except height of graft. For
successful graft, survival and growth of grafted A. muricata, 10 - 15
cm long scion should be used and this should be inserted at the upper
part (15 cm) of the rootstock.Le corossol (Annona muricata) est une esp\ue8ce d\u2019arbre
fruitier \ue0 usages multiples, qui se propage principalement par
graines, produisant ainsi des plantes qui pr\ue9sentent divers
degr\ue9s de variabilit\ue9. L\u2019objectif de cette \ue9tude
\ue9tait d\u2019\ue9valuer l\u2019influence de la longueur du
greffon et du point d\u2019attache sur le porte-greffe sur la survie
et la croissance d\u2019Annona muricata greff\ue9e. Des points
variables ont \ue9t\ue9 marqu\ue9s sur le porte-greffe \ue0
partir de la base de la plante et des scions de diff\ue9rentes
longueurs (5, 10 et 15 cm) ont \ue9t\ue9 collect\ue9s. Une
m\ue9thode de greffe modifi\ue9e par fente a \ue9t\ue9
adopt\ue9e et celle-ci a \ue9t\ue9 surveill\ue9e
quotidiennement pour la fra\ueecheur et l\u2019apparence de la
nouvelle pousse. Au bout de deux mois, les plantes greff\ue9es
survivantes ont \ue9t\ue9 retir\ue9es et dispos\ue9es sous un
hangar de sevrage, o\uf9 elles ont \ue9t\ue9 davantage
surveill\ue9es pour le nombre de feuilles, la hauteur de la greffe,
le diam\ue8tre du greffon et le porte-greffe. Les r\ue9sultats ont
montr\ue9 que la longueur du greffon \ue9tait significative
(P<0,05) pour tous les param\ue8tres \ue9valu\ue9s.
L\u2019effet du point d\u2019attache sur le porte-greffe \ue9tait
\ue9galement significatif sur le nombre de feuilles, ainsi que sur le
diam\ue8tre du collet du greffon ; tandis que l\u2019effet du
porte-greffe sur la hauteur du greffon et le diam\ue8tre du collet du
porte-greffe n\u2019\ue9tait pas significatif. L\u2019effet
interactif du greffon et du porte-greffe \ue9tait significatif
(P<0,05) pour tous les param\ue8tres, sauf la hauteur du greffon.
Pour une greffe r\ue9ussie, la survie et la croissance
d\u2019Annona. muricata greff\ue9, un scion de 10 \ue0 15 cm de
long doit \ueatre utilis\ue9 et celui-ci doit \ueatre
ins\ue9r\ue9 dans la partie sup\ue9rieure (15 cm) du
porte-greffe
INFLUENCE OF SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS ON THE PRODUCTION SYSTEM OF KERSTING\u2019S GROUNDNUT IN BENIN
No full textSocio-demographic factors are often responsible for the persistent
neglect of orphan crops such as Kersting\u2019s groundnut (
Macrotyloma geocarpum ) in sub-Saharan Africa.The objective of this
study was to investigate the influence of socio-demographic factors on
production of Kersting\u2019s groundnut (KG), as a basis for informing
policy and development efforts in Benin. Data were collected from 305
randomly selected respondents from three major KG growing areas of
Benin (Zou, Collines and Plateau). Descriptive statistics, analysis of
variance, ordered logit models and Kendall\u2019s coefficient of
concordance were used to analyse data, rank and prioritise production
constraints across socio-demographic clusters. Factors such as land
tenure, farm size, farming experience, education level, age and
location had significant positive influence on cultivated KG plot size.
Similarly, gender, education level and membership to cooperative groups
had positive effects on farmer-reported yield. Furthermore, location in
the department of Zou had a negative effect on reported yield.
Production activities (sowing and harvesting) were significantly
influenced by gender and education level. The most significant
constraints were damage due to transhumance, lack of quality seed,
changing rainfall patterns, production complexity and poor access to
credit and land. Strategic actions for boosting KG productivity should
include use of improved varieties, sustainable seed system, appropriate
crop management practices, and improved access to credit.Les facteurs socio-d\ue9mographiques sont souvent responsables de la
n\ue9gligence persistante des cultures orphelines telles que la
lentille de terre (Macrotyloma geocarpum) en Afrique subsaharienne.
L\u2019objectif de cette \ue9tude \ue9tait d\u2019\ue9tudier
l\u2019influence des facteurs socio-d\ue9mographiques sur la
production de la lentille de terre, pour \ue9clairer les efforts de
politique et de d\ue9veloppement au B\ue9nin. Les donn\ue9es ont
\ue9t\ue9 collect\ue9es aupr\ue8s de 305 r\ue9pondants
choisis au hasard dans trois grandes r\ue9gions productrices de
lentille de terre du B\ue9nin (Zou, Collines et Plateau).
Statistiques descriptive, analyse de variance, regression logistique et
coefficient de concordance de Kendall ont \ue9t\ue9 utilis\ue9s
pour analyser les donn\ue9es, classer et hi\ue9rarchiser les
contraintes de production \ue0 travers les groupes
socio-d\ue9mographiques. Des facteurs tels que le r\ue9gime
foncier, la taille de l\u2019exploitation, l\u2019exp\ue9rience
agricole, le niveau d\u2019\ue9ducation, l\u2019\ue2ge et la
localisation g\ue9ographique ont eu une influence positive
significative sur la superficie de lentille de terre cultiv\ue9e. De
m\ueame, le sexe, le niveau d\u2019\ue9ducation et
l\u2019appartenance \ue0 des coop\ue9ratives ont eu des effets
positifs sur le rendement d\ue9clar\ue9 par les agriculteurs. De
plus, la localisation dans le d\ue9partement du Zou a eu un effet
n\ue9gatif sur le rendement. Les activit\ue9s de production (semis
et r\ue9colte) \ue9taient significativement influenc\ue9es par le
sexe et le niveau d\u2019\ue9ducation. Les contraintes les plus
importantes \ue9taient les d\ue9g\ue2ts dus \ue0 la
transhumance, le manque de semences de qualit\ue9, le changement du
r\ue9gime pluviom\ue9trique, la complexit\ue9 de la production et
le faible acc\ue8s au cr\ue9dit et \ue0 la terre. Les actions
strat\ue9giques pour stimuler la productivit\ue9 de lentille de
terre devraient inclure le d\ue9veloppement des vari\ue9t\ue9s
am\ue9lior\ue9es, un syst\ue8me semencier durable, des pratiques
de gestion des cultures appropri\ue9es et un meilleur acc\ue8s au
cr\ue9dit
EFFECT OF Meloidogyne incognita AND Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici ON TOMATO VARIETAL GROWTH UNDER GHANAIAN FIELD CONDITIONS
Full text linkThe excessive build-up of soil nematodes and uncontrolled spread of
fungal diseases contribute to low yields in tomato ( Solanum
lycopersicum L.) production. The objective of this study was to
investigate the pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici
and Meloidogyne incognita on growth, yield and wilt severity in tomato
varieties. A factorial experiment was laid out in a randomised complete
block design (RCBD), with three replications, on two fields, namely
University of Ghana, Legon farm and at the National Service
Demonstration Farm at Papao both in Ghana, from July 2018 to June 2019.
Two tomato varieties, namely Mongal F1 and Petomech were used for
evaluation. Fusarium inoculum of 1.3
7106 cells per 5 mL suspension
was inoculated in the experimental plots naturally infested with
Meloidogyne incognita, at 7, 14, and 21 days (NF7, NF14, NF21), after
transplanting tomato seedlings into the fields. Wilt severity was
higher in the Petomech plants compared to Mongal plants, for all
treatments. Wilt incidence was greater than 70% in the Petomech plants
that received the treatments NF7, NF14, and NF21 in both experimental
sites, respectively. Plants in the control plots had the least wilt
incidence and severity among the two varieties in both sites. Mongal
and Petomech plants without Fusarium inoculation had lower wilt
incidence and severity compared to those that received only Fusarium
inoculation. Yield was higher in the Mongal plants than in the Petomech
plants. Galls scores were zero in the Mongal F1 plants for all
treatments applied, in both experimental sites. Fusarium oxysporum f.
sp. lycopersici and Meloidogyne incognita increase wilt severity in
tomato plants when both pathogens coexist in the soil.L\u2019accumulation excessive de n\ue9matodes du sol et la
propagation incontr\uf4l\ue9e de maladies fongiques contribuent au
faible rendement de la production de tomates (Solanum lycopersicum L.).
L\u2019objectif de cette \ue9tude \ue9tait d\u2019\ue9tudier la
pathog\ue9nicit\ue9 de Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici et
Meloidogyne incognita sur la croissance, le rendement et la
s\ue9v\ue9rit\ue9 du fl\ue9trissement chez deux
vari\ue9t\ue9s de tomates. Une exp\ue9rience factorielle a
\ue9t\ue9 mise en place dans un plan en blocs complets
randomis\ue9s (RCBD), avec trois r\ue9p\ue9titions, sur deux
champs de Juillet 2018 \ue0 Juin 2019. Deux vari\ue9t\ue9s de
tomates, \ue0 savoir Mongal F1 et Petomech, ont \ue9t\ue9
utilis\ue9es pour l\u2019\ue9valuation. Un inoculum de Fusarium de
1,3
7 106 cellules par suspension de 5 ml a \ue9t\ue9
inocul\ue9 sur des champs exp\ue9rimentaux naturellement
infest\ue9s de Meloidogyne incognita \ue0 7, 14 et 21 jours (NF7,
NF14, NF21), apr\ue8s avoir transplant\ue9 des plants de tomates
dans les champs. La gravit\ue9 de la fl\ue9trissure \ue9tait plus
\ue9lev\ue9e dans les usines de Petomech que dans les usines de
Mongal, pour tous les traitements. L\u2019incidence du
fl\ue9trissement \ue9tait sup\ue9rieure \ue0 70 % dans les
usines de Petomech qui ont re\ue7u les traitements NF7, NF14 et NF21
dans les deux sites exp\ue9rimentaux, respectivement. Les plantes
dans les parcelles t\ue9moins pr\ue9sentaient la plus faible
incidence et s\ue9v\ue9rit\ue9 du fl\ue9trissement parmi les
deux vari\ue9t\ue9s dans les deux sites. Les plantes de Mongal et
de Petomech sans inoculation de Fusarium avaient une incidence et une
gravit\ue9 de fl\ue9trissement inf\ue9rieures \ue0 celles qui
n\u2019avaient re\ue7u qu\u2019une inoculation de Fusarium. Le
rendement \ue9tait plus \ue9lev\ue9 dans les usines Mongal que
dans les usines Petomech. Les scores de galles \ue9taient nuls dans
les plantes Mongal F1 pour tous les traitements appliqu\ue9s, dans
les deux sites exp\ue9rimentaux. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.
lycopersici et Meloidogyne incognita augmentent la
s\ue9v\ue9rit\ue9 du fl\ue9trissement des plants de tomates
lorsque les deux agents pathog\ue8nes coexistent dans le sol
Firewood and forage production from Poincianella pyramidalis (Tul.) L. P. Queiroz subjected to anual pruning
No full textAlgumas esp\ue9cies lenhosas da caatinga possuem potencial para
produzir forragem de qualidade a baixo custo. Suas folhas e ramas finas
podem ser consumidas no campo ou fornecidas como feno, se forem
coletadas na esta\ue7\ue3o chuvosa, per\uedodo de
abund\ue2ncia, para suplementar a dieta dos animais no per\uedodo
seco do ano. Poincianella pyramidalis (Tul.) L. P. Queiroz
(catingueira) aparece com bom potencial para a produ\ue7\ue3o de
forragem. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produ\ue7\ue3o de
forragem de catingueira em fun\ue7\ue3o da intensidade de poda de
suas ramas em dois anos consecutivos, e o efeito desta no DAP e
ac\ufamulo de biomassa lenhosa, e na forragem herb\ue1cea produzida
sob e fora da proje\ue7\ue3o da copa. O trabalho foi desenvolvido
na Fazenda Lameir\ue3o, Santa Terezinha-PB, Brasil. As ramas foram
coletadas de 20 catingueiras adultas, de acordo com 5 intensidades de
poda: T1 = 0%, T2 = 25%, T3 = 50%, T4 = 75% e T5 = 100% de poda. A
produ\ue7\ue3o m\ue9dia de forragem variou entre os tratamentos
de 2,19 a 7,07 kg. \ue1rvore-1 (MS) em 2016 e de 1,33 a 2,41 kg.
\ue1rvore-1 (MS) em 2017. A produ\ue7\ue3o de forragem
herb\ue1cea foi maior sob (1,60 t. ha-1) (MS) do que fora (1,07 t.
ha-1) (MS) da copa. O corte das ramas n\ue3o afeta o ac\ufamulo de
biomassa lenhosa e nem a produ\ue7\ue3o herb\ue1cea. A
composi\ue7\ue3o qu\uedmica das forragens \ue9
satisfat\uf3ria \ue0 alimenta\ue7\ue3o animal.Some woody species of the caatinga have the potential to produce high
quality forage at a low cost. Its leaves and thin branches can be
foraged in the field or supplied as hay if they are collected in the
rainy season, period of food abundance, to supplement the diet of the
animals in the dry period of the year. Poincianella pyramidalis (Tul.)
L. P. has a high potential for forage production. The objective of this
study was to evaluate forage production of P. pyramidalis according to
the pruning intensity of its fine branches in two consecutive years,
the effect of prunning on DAP and accumulation of woody biomass, and on
the herbaceous forage produced under and outside the canopy projection.
The study was carried out at Fazenda Lameir\ue3o, Santa Terezinha
\u2013 Para\uedba state, Brazil. Fine branches were collectect from
20 adult P. pyramidalis according to five pruning intensities: T1 = 0%,
T2 = 25%, T3 = 50%, T4 = 75% and T5 = 100% of the fine branches. The
average forage production ranged from 2.19 to 7.07 kg.tree-1 (DM) in
2016, and from 1.33 to 2.41 kg.tree-1 (DM) in 2017. The production of
the herbaceous forage was higher under (1.60 t.ha-1) (DM) than out
(1.07 t.ha-1) (DM) of tree canopy. Pruning of fine branches does not
affect the accumulation of woody biomass nor the herbaceous biomass
production. Forage from P. pyramidalis fine branches and herbs showed
to be suitable to animal feeding
Specialization and location of the gross value production of native wood products in Para\uedba\u2019s microrregions (1994 \u2013 2017)
No full textThis article analyzed the pattern of the Gross Value Production (VBP)
specialization and location of native wood products in
Para\uedba\u2019s microregions, from 1994 to 2017. The data
collection was carried out from the available information of the
Production of Plant Extraction and Silviculture (PEVS) of the Brazilian
Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). The indicators used were
the locational quotient (QL), the locational coefficient (CL), the
redistribution coefficient (CRED), the geographic association
coefficient (Cag), the specialization coefficient (CE) and the
restructuring coefficient (Cr). The results showed that firewood was
the main wood product extracted in Para\uedba\u2019s microregions;
only the microregion of Serra de Teixeira presented relevance in the
extraction of wood in log; wood was the logging product that presented
the greatest redistribution; in the final years of the analysis, the
micro-regions of Litoal Norteand Cariri Ocidental were the most
specialized, with emphasis on the extraction of firewood and the
microregions of the Litoral Norte, Cariri Ocidental, Jo\ue3o Pessoa
and Litoral Sul were the ones that presented the greatest change in the
extraction pattern of the products in relation to 1994. From this
study, it is possible to guide public policies that promote renewable
plant extraction to supply the energy demand and enable the development
of regions.Este artigo analisou o padr\ue3o de especializa\ue7\ue3o e
localiza\ue7\ue3o do Valor Bruto da Produ\ue7\ue3o (VBP) dos
produtos madeireiros nativos nas microrregi\uf5es da Para\uedba de
1994 a 2017. A coleta de dados realizou-se a partir das
informa\ue7\uf5es dispon\uedveis da Produ\ue7\ue3o da
Extra\ue7\ue3o Vegetal e da Silvicultura (PEVS) do Instituto
Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat\uedstica (IBGE). Os indicadores
empregados foram: o quociente locacional (QL), o coeficiente locacional
(CL), o coeficiente de redistribui\ue7\ue3o (CRED), o coeficiente
de associa\ue7\ue3o geogr\ue1fica (Cag), o coeficiente de
especializa\ue7\ue3o (CE) e o coeficiente de
reestrutura\ue7\ue3o (Cr). Os resultados evidenciaram que a lenha
foi o principal produto madeireiro extra\ueddo nas microrregi\uf5es
da Para\uedba; apenas a microrregi\ue3o do Serra de Teixeira
apresentou relev\ue2ncia na extra\ue7\ue3o de madeira em tora; a
lenha foi o produto madeireiro que apresentou maior
redistribui\ue7\ue3o; nos anos finais da an\ue1lise as
microrregi\uf5es do Litoral Norte e do Cariri Ocidental foram as mais
especializadas, com \ueanfase na extra\ue7\ue3o de lenha e as
microrregi\uf5es do Litoral Norte, Cariri Ocidental, Jo\ue3o Pessoa
e Litoral Sul foram as que apresentaram maior mudan\ue7a no
padr\ue3o de extra\ue7\ue3o dos produtos madeireiros com
rela\ue7\ue3o a 1994. A partir deste estudo \ue9 poss\uedvel a
orienta\ue7\ue3o de pol\uedticas p\ufablicas que promovam o
extrativismo vegetal de forma renov\ue1vel para o suprimento da
demanda energ\ue9tica e que possibilite o desenvolvimento de
regi\uf5es
Doses de sulfato de c\ue1lcio incrementam a atividade de peroxidase e o enraizamento de clones de eucalipto
No full textDue to the demand of the forest-based sector and the difficulty for
providing seedlings of Eucalyptus spp. produced by cutting rooting,
the objective of this study was to evaluate if doses of a calcium
sulphate-based fertilizer increase the peroxidase activity and the
rooting of two eucalyptus clones. The study was conducted using
cuttings of the eucalyptus clones IPB22 and IBP26 ( Eucalyptus grandis
x Eucalyptus urophylla ), in which bi-weekly applications of the
fertilizer were carried out in the aerial part of the plants for 120
days at dosages of 0, 40, 80, 160 and 320 g L-1 in indoor experimental
nursery. The analyzed variables were shoot height and diameter, rooting
percentage and peroxidase activity. We observed that the use of doses
of calcium sulphate based fertilizer, mainly 160 and 320 g L-1,
increased the height, diameter, rooting and peroxidase of the
mini-cuttings for both clones. Thus, this fertilizer induces the
peroxidase activity, contributing to a better development of eucalyptus
mini-cuttings.Diante da demanda do setor florestal em fornecer mudas de Eucalyptus
sp. e devido \ue0 dificuldade de enraizamento a partir de estacas, o
presente trabalho objetivou avaliar se doses de um fertilizante mineral
\ue0 base de sulfato de c\ue1lcio incrementa a atividade de
peroxidase e o desenvolvimento radicular de dois clones de eucalipto. O
estudo foi conduzido utilizando os clones de eucalipto IPB22 e IBP26 (
Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla ), nos quais foram
realizadas aplica\ue7\uf5es quinzenais do fertilizante, por 120
dias na parte a\ue9rea das plantas, nas dosagens de 0, 40, 80, 160 e
320 g L-1 em casa de vegeta\ue7\ue3o. As vari\ue1veis analisadas
foram altura da parte a\ue9rea, di\ue2metro do colo, porcentagem de
enraizamento e atividade da enzima peroxidase. A aplica\ue7\ue3o do
fertilizante \ue0 base de sulfato de c\ue1lcio, principalmente em
160 e 320 g L-1, resultou em maior altura, di\ue2metro de colo,
enraizamento das miniestacas e atividade de peroxidase para os dois
clones estudados. Dessa forma, conclui-se que esse fertilizante induz a
atividade de peroxidase, contribuindo para melhor desenvolvimento de
miniestacas de clones de eucalipto
Adaptation and efficiency of an index for bioty integrity analysis in Tropical Rain Forest
No full textDiante dos diversos m\ue9todos de mensura\ue7\ue3o da integridade
bi\uf3tica de determinada \ue1rea de floresta evidencia-se a
Avalia\ue7\ue3o Ecol\uf3gica R\ue1pida (AER). Com base na AER
foi desenvolvido um \uedndice para avaliar a condi\ue7\ue3o da
vegeta\ue7\ue3o, denominado \ucdndice de Integridade Bi\uf3tica
(IIB). A aferi\ue7\ue3o e precis\ue3o deste \uedndice retratam
o qu\ue3o \uedntegro um dado ecossistema florestal se encontra no
momento da an\ue1lise. O alicerce para a efici\ueancia na
aplica\ue7\ue3o do IIB est\ue1 na escolha correta dos indicadores
de integridade bi\uf3tica, ou seja, nas vari\ue1veis a serem
mensuradas. O presente estudo partiu de um \uedndice anteriormente
proposto para Floresta Estacional Semidecidual (FES), e teve como
objetivo adaptar o IIB para uso em \ue1rea de Floresta Ombr\uf3fila
Densa no Estado de S\ue3o Paulo, bem como testar sua efici\ueancia
no diagn\uf3stico da integridade de fragmentos de Floresta
Ombr\uf3fila Densa (FOD) inseridos em matriz rural. Dos onze
indicadores presentes no m\ue9todo original, alguns foram mantidos
como no original ou adaptados, alguns retirados e alguns novos foram
criados. O IIB adaptado foi aplicado numa \ue1rea de FOD de 70
hectares. Para isso, foram utilizadas 20 parcelas de 10x10m, dentro da
\ue1rea amostral. Os resultados mostraram uma varia\ue7\ue3o do
IIB entre 28 e 47, ou seja, 2 parcelas registraram integridade baixa,
11 integridade m\ue9dia e 7 integridade boa. A \ue1rea como um todo
apresentou integridade regular, o que era esperado devido ao seu
tamanho, ao entorno agr\uedcola e ao hist\uf3rico de
perturba\ue7\uf5es. O IIB mostrou-se adaptado e eficiente para
an\ue1lise da integridade bi\uf3tica da FOD, pois conseguiu mostrar
a diferen\ue7a de integridade entre diferentes trechos de Floresta
Ombr\uf3fila Densa. Os indicadores menos eficientes foram:
\u201ccobertura de serapilheira\u201d e \u201cesp\ue9cies
ex\uf3ticas lenhosas\u201d. Os mais eficientes foram: \u201c
Euterpe edulis \u201d, \u201cep\uedfitas\u201d,
\u201cclareiras\u201d e \u201ccip\uf3s/lianas\u201d.Among the different ways of measuring the biotic integrity of a
particular forest area, the Rapid Ecological Assessment (REA) stands
out. Based on REA, an index was developed to evaluate the quality of
the vegetation called the Biotic Integrity Index (BII). The measurement
and accuracy of this index show how integral is the forest ecosystem at
moment of analysis. The basis for efficiency in the application of BII
is the correct choice of biotic integrity indicators or the variables
to be measured. The present study was based from an index previously
proposed for a Seasonal Semideciduous Forest (SSF), and aimed to adapt
the BII for use in an area of Dense Ombrophilous Forest (DOF) in the
State of S\ue3o Paulo as well as to test its efficiency in diagnosing
the integrity of fragments of a Tropical Rain Forest (TRF) inserted in
a rural matrix. From the eleven indicators present in the original
method, some were kept as original or adapted, some removed and some
new ones were created. The adapted BII was applied in a TRF area of 70
hectares. To do so, 20 plots of 10x10m were used, within the sampling
area. The results showed a variation of IIB from 28 to 47, and 2 plots
recorded low integrity, 11 medium integrity and 7 good integrity. The
area showed regular integrity as a whole, which was expected due to its
size, agricultural surrounding and history of disturbances. The BII
showed to be adapted and efficient to analyze the biotic integrity of
the DOF, as it was able to show the difference of integrity between
different patches of TRF. The least efficient indicators were:
\u201clitter cover\u201d and \u201cexotic woody species\u201d, and
the most efficient were: \u201c Euterpe edulis \u201d,
\u201cepiphytes\u201d, \u201cgaps\u201d and \u201cvines\u201d
EFFECT OF RIDGING AND INTERCROPPING ON SORGHUM PRODUCTIVITY IN ARID AND SEMI-ARID LANDS OF EASTERN KENYA
Full text linkSoil moisture deficit is a key constraint to sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor
) productivity in arid and semi-arid lands globally. The objective of
this study was to determine the effect of ridging and sorghum-bean
intercropping (additive system) on soil moisture conservation and
sorghum productivity. Sorghum (gadam) was grown either as a sole crop
or intercropped with two bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) varieties
(KATx56 and KAT B1), under two types of ridging (open ridges and tied
ridges), and a control without ridges for two years. The study was set
up in split plot arrangement, in a randomised complete block design, at
the Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kiboko, in
2019 and 2020. There was no significant interaction between ridging and
intercropping. Soil moisture content increased by 11-26% due to
ridging; and decreased by -11 and -7% due to sorghum-KAT B1 and
Sorghum-KAT X56 intercropping, respectively. Higher moisture content
due to ridging was attributed to formation of basin-like structures,
which increased water harvesting and infiltration compared to the no
ridges where surface run-off was predominant. The highest moisture
content was attained on sole bean, followed by sole sorghum and then
sorghum/bean intercropping. The decrease in moisture content in
intercrops of sorghum/bean relative to their specific sole crops was
attributed to higher crop density, which reduced crop spacing, thus
triggering competition for available soil moisture. The highest sorghum
grain and equivalent yields were obtained in the ridged plots.
Intercropping resulted into decrease in sorghum grain yield, but led to
increase in sorghum equivalent yield (SEY) and Land Equivalent Ratio
(LER). The results show that both ridging and intercropping are
suitable for higher water use efficiency and land productivity in ASALs
of Kenya.Le d\ue9ficit d\u2019humidit\ue9 du sol est une contrainte majeure
\ue0 la productivit\ue9 du sorgho (Sorghum bicolor) dans les terres
arides et semi-arides \ue0 l\u2019\ue9chelle mondiale.
L\u2019objectif de cette \ue9tude \ue9tait de d\ue9terminer
l\u2019effet du billonnage et de la culture intercalaire
sorgho-haricot (syst\ue8me additif) sur la conservation de
l\u2019humidit\ue9 du sol et la productivit\ue9 du sorgho. Le
sorgho (gadam) \ue9tait cultiv\ue9 soit en monoculture, soit en
association avec deux vari\ue9t\ue9s de haricot (Phaseolus vulgaris
L.) (KATx56 et KAT B1), sous deux types de billons (billons ouverts et
billons li\ue9s), et un t\ue9moin sans billons pendant deux
ann\ue9es. L\u2019\ue9tude a \ue9t\ue9 mise en place en
parcelles divis\ue9es, dans une conception en blocs complets
randomis\ue9s, \ue0 l\u2019Organisation de recherche sur
l\u2019agriculture et l\u2019\ue9levage du Kenya, Kiboko, en 2019
et 2020. L\u2019\ue9tude n\u2019a montr\ue9 aucune interaction
significative entre le billonnage et la culture intercalaire. La teneur
en humidit\ue9 du sol a augment\ue9 de 11 \ue0 26 % en raison du
billonnage ; et diminu\ue9 de -11 et -7% en raison des cultures
intercalaires sorgho-KAT B1 et Sorgho-KAT X56, respectivement. La
teneur en humidit\ue9 plus \ue9lev\ue9e due aux cr\ueates a
\ue9t\ue9 attribu\ue9e \ue0 la formation de structures de type
bassin, ce qui a augment\ue9 la collecte et l\u2019infiltration de
l\u2019eau par rapport \ue0 l\u2019absence de cr\ueates o\uf9
le ruissellement de surface \ue9tait pr\ue9dominant. La teneur en
humidit\ue9 la plus \ue9lev\ue9e \ue9tait sur le haricot
unique, suivi du sorgho unique, puis de la culture intercalaire
sorgho/haricot. La diminution de la teneur en humidit\ue9 dans les
cultures intercalaires de sorgho/haricot par rapport \ue0 leurs
cultures uniques sp\ue9cifiques a \ue9t\ue9 attribu\ue9e \ue0
une densit\ue9 de culture plus \ue9lev\ue9e, qui a r\ue9duit
l\u2019espacement des cultures, d\ue9clenchant une comp\ue9tition
pour l\u2019humidit\ue9 disponible du sol. Les rendements les plus
\ue9lev\ue9s en grain de sorgho et en \ue9quivalent ont
\ue9t\ue9 obtenus dans les parcelles butt\ue9es. La culture
intercalaire a entra\ueen\ue9 une diminution du rendement en grains
de sorgho, mais a entra\ueen\ue9 une augmentation du rendement
\ue9quivalent en sorgho (SEY) et du rapport d\u2019\ue9quivalent
en terres (LER). Les r\ue9sultats montrent que le billonnage et la
culture intercalaire conviennent \ue0 une plus grande efficacit\ue9
de l\u2019utilisation de l\u2019eau et \ue0 la productivit\ue9
des terres dans les TASA du Kenya