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Preterm birth and its associated factors in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta- analysis
No full textBackground: Preterm birth is a public health concern globally. In low-
and middle-income countries, like Ethiopia, preterm birth is under
reported and underestimated. Therefore, this systematic review and
meta-analysis assessed the pooled prevalence and associated risk
factors for preterm birth in Ethiopia. Methods: In this review the
databases used were PubMed, Google scholar, EMBASE, HINARI and African
journal online. Publication bias was checked using a funnel plot and
Eggers test. Results: A total of 30 studies were included in this
systematic review and meta-analysis. The overall pooled prevalence of
preterm birth in Ethiopia was 11.4% (95% CI; 9.04, 13.76). On pooled
analysis, preterm birth was associated with pregnancy-induced
hypertension being HIV-positive, premature rupture of membrane, rural
residence, the mother having a history of abortion, multiple
pregnancies, and anemia during pregnancy. Conclusion: The national
prevalence of preterm birth in Ethiopia was low. Early identifying
those pregnant women who are at risk of the above determinants and
proving quality healthcare and counsel them how to prevent preterm
births, which decrease the rate of preterm birth and its consequences.
So, both governmental and non-governmental health sectors work on the
minimization of these risk factors
New trend of drugs abused by secondary school students in Nigeria
No full textBackground: It appears that there is a new trend in the types of drugs
abused by secondary school students in Nigeria that makes it difficult
to identify current drug abusers. Objectives: This study was conducted
to reveal the trends with regards to the types of drugs abused by these
students in the country. Methods: This is an online and desktop review
of published articles about the types of drugs abused by secondary
school students during the period that spanned from 2010\u20132020.
Results: In all, 17 research reports were identified as having data on
the types of drugs abused by secondary students in the Nigeria. It was
found that 18 different drugs were empirically identified as being
abused by secondary school students in 9 different states of Nigeria.
The observed trend is that alcohol, cannabis, tobacco and cigarettes
are the most abused drugs, while drugs that were least abused were
cocaine, caffeine, glue, heroine, energy drinks, miraa, rohypnol and
tramadol. Conclusion: It was concluded that studies of drug abuse by
secondary school students in Nigeria are not yet robust enough to
reveal the types of drugs that are currently being abused
Design and Fabrication of a Laboratory Scale Updraft Gasifier
No full textOne major necessity for the existence of human beings is energy and
biomass is one major source of energy especially in rural areas. This
study presents a design, fabrication and performance evaluation of a
laboratory scale updraft gasifier tested on wood as fuel. The wood was
analyzed for its fuel characteristics. The results of the proximate
analysis of the wood showed that the respective moisture content of
45.9% (dry basis) contains 50.9% fixed carbon, 85% of volatile matter
and 20% of ash content. The higher heating value (HHV) and low heating
value (LHV) are 8409.65 KJ/kg and 7807.45 KJ/kg. The result of ultimate
analysis gives some elemental compositions, which are carbon (18.9%),
hydrogen (2.74%), nitrogen (0.58%) and oxygen (11.88%). The performance
evaluation carried out on the wood indicates that it is suitable as
fuel for the fabricated updraft gasifier. This gasifier has been
designed and fabricated to meet various energy demands from locally
available materials and should be further develop for various
applications of heating and electricity supply
Sustainability and Resilience of Aiba Dam in Iwo, Nigeria
No full textAiba dam was created to supply pipe-borne water to the Iwo community
and environ. This paper highlighted challenges to the dam survival and
recommended opportunities for improvement in the light of deterring
sociological and cultural barriers to its sustainability. The
challenges facing the dam include natural viz:- climate change,
sedimentation, senesce (ageing trees) and anthropogenic challenges
which include management-related problems, urban sprawl, farming
practices in the dam area and refuse dump. The paper suggested that
relevant government agencies needs to be proactive on ensuring the
sustainability of the dam especially in the areas of public
enlightenment, reforestation, dredging of the dam, institution and
implementation of relevant legal instruments; also, putting in place
appropriate measures towards mitigating climate change impact to ensure
the survival of the dam and to ascertain that it performs the purpose
for which it was created. Further investigation to determine the status
of the dam through the use of satellite imageries and geographic
information system are suggested
On-bottom Stability Design of Submarine Pipelines: The Fundamentals
No full textPipelines are major cost of items in the oil and gas field development.
Poor on-bottom stability design may lead to fatigue, lateral and
propagation buckling problems. Consequently, additional cost may be
incurred during pipeline design and construction due to critical
problems relating to poor design. But cost related to the on-bottom
stability problem can be significantly reduced by optimizing design.
This paper presents comparative review of submarine pipelines on-bottom
stability design methods. Comparing absolute lateral stability,
generalized lateral stability and traditional force balance methods
show variation in submerged weight and effect of pipe-soil interaction
on submerged weight parameters. Overall, most literatures agreed that
pipelines lateral stability can be increased by increasing porosity of
soil, soil embedment and submerged weight. But steel wall and concrete
thicknesses are the major parameters used to establish lateral
stability of submarine steel pipelines. Therefore, providing an in
depth understanding of on bottom pipeline stability design is necessary
to prevent pipeline movement during operation, its associated risks and
optimized design
Adherence to Safety Practices and the Effect of Petroleum Products on Petrol Station Attendants in Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
No full textThis research was aimed at evaluating the adherence to safety practices
and the effect of petroleum products on petrol station attendants in
Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria. The study was a descriptive
cross-sectional study carried out at five randomly selected petrol
stations in Abraka, with a total of 35 petrol station attendants
assessed using a structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using SPSS
statistical software. Majority of the respondents were female 21 (60%),
most respondents were single 27 (77.1%), most respondents had tertiary
education 29 (82.9%), most respondents had worked for at least 2 years
12 (34.3%), and most respondents work for more than 8 hours daily 18
(51.4%). Most (51.4%) of the respondents use PPE during their working
hours, although, only 13 (37.1%) respondents use them regularly.
Reported health problems included cough 5 (14.3%), breathing difficulty
4 (11.4%), and headache 3 (5.6%). Adherence to safety practices and use
of personal protective equipment (PPE) by petrol station attendants was
good, although, efforts should be made to ensure the use of these PPE
by the attendant at the petrol stations, and proper care and attention
be given to the petrol stations attendants to avoid future health
problems
Physicochemical Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste in Sawla town, Gofa Zone, Ethiopia
No full textTo design and develop integrated waste management systems, it is
necessary to have information about the physical and chemical
characteristics of the household's municipal solid waste (MSW). The
study aims to characterize the physicochemical composition of MSW in
Sawla town, Ethiopia using structured questionnaire and field
observation to obtain data on the socio-economic condition and current
MSW management practices of the residents. The data showed that, the
town has no sanitary landfill. The per capita daily SW generation for
HH range 0.21- 1.02 kg/capita/day with mean value of 0.51
kg/capita/day. Regarding its chemical characteristics, the HHMSW was
composed of main food and organic waste (34.81%) and ash- dust
(49.45%). The remaining 6.08% of plastic, 3.87% glass, 3.51% of paper
and 2.28% of metal waste. The mean percentage moisture content,
volatile matter content, ash content and fixed carbon content of the
MSW were 25.57%, 28.09%, 32.03%, and 14.32% respectively. The mean
density, pH and fusing point of ash for the MSW were 613.22 kg/m3,
10.657 and 965 \ub0C respectively. Using AAS, the concentration of
heavy metals Cu, Pb, Zn, Co, Cd, and Cr were determined and the result
was 2.59, 7.12, 293.39 and 0.125 mg/kg for Cu, Pb, Zn, and Co
espectively. The concentration of Cd and Cr was not detected. In
conclusion, the best ways to tackle the problems related to MSWM
practices of residents are: improving the institutional structure and
budget allocation of the SBD, the involvement of stakeholders in SWM
practices, implementation of sustainable SWM practices through
awareness creation and training and implementation of rules and
regulations. The result of this study suggests that biodegradable SW
constituted a lion share of the SW generated in the town. Thus, the
municipality can recover this organic fraction by introducing
integrated urban agriculture that might convert this waste to organic
fertilizer through composting
Assessing Water Quality and Its Relationship to Selected Disease Patterns in Zvishavane Town, Zimbabwe
No full textThe research intended to establish the relationship between Zvishavane
domestic water quality and selected disease patterns. Total levels of
coliform, Escherichia Coli , chemical and other physical parameter
levels in samples from selected water sources during the period March
2018 to January 2019 were evaluated. Zimbabwe National Water Authority
(ZINWA) commercial laboratory methods were used to analyze thirty one
randomly selected sources. This quantitative research results were
compared with recommended limits from Standard Association of Zimbabwe
(SAZS 560:1997) and World Health Organization (WHO).Five water sources
had coliform counts ranging from < 1 to 55 cfu per 100 ml and
Escherichia Coli from < 1 to 28 cfu per 100 ml. Chloride levels of
above 200 mg/L were obtained from eight borehole water sources. Levels
of selected heavy metal ions were within the SAZS 560:1997 maximum
allowable limits in all water samples. Sample levels for Mg2+ (29 %)
and total hardness (32%) were above the maximum allowable levels. Tap
water samples were within recommended limits for all measured
parameters. Hypertension was first among the chronic disease conditions
while diarrhoea and dysentery ranked second of the outpatient general
diseases attended to at the Zvishavane District Hospital during 2018.
66 neonatal death were reported during the same time period. Zvishavane
domestic water require research based pre-treatment methods before
drinking. There is a possible link between the quality of water and the
disease patterns. However these observations require further
epidemiological studies to confirm the link
Production of Biogas and Bio-fertilizer from Abattoir Waste as Sustainable Management, Eastern Ethiopia, 2019
No full textOur environment facing by serious problems of high volumes of waste,
inadequate disposal system particularly in developing countries
worldwide. There is also lack of studies on quantification of abattoir
waste and lack of workers awareness towards abattoir waste. Therefore,
the purpose of the study was to estimate abattoir waste for bioenergy
potential as sustainable management. A cross-sectional study was
conducted in four selected abattoirs of Eastern Ethiopia from January
1st, 2018 to December 30th, 2018. The magnitude of abattoir waste
composition were computed based on Aneibo mathematical computational
from the actual number of slaughtered livestock. The study demonstrated
that four selected abattoirs generates 1,606,403kg of abattoir waste
per year and using Fed batch Aerobic digester about and 85,139m3/year
of biogas and 111,249kg/year of bio-fertilizer can be produced. The
biogas or energy from the waste can replace firewood and charcoal and
the expensive fossil fuels. Using Banks mathematical computation about
85,139.20m3/year of biogas estimated, could cover 36097.43kg of
liquefied gas or 48129.89kg of kerosene or 280757.68kg of charcoal or
32086.59kg of furnace oil or 56151.5kg of petrol or 40108.2kg of diesel
per a year in same functions. The current estimated bio-fertilizer
(111,249kg/year) from four abattoir sites can cover about 2,225
hectares per a year with its advantage and efficiency of soil. When in
turned into cost, about $55,645 per a year of price could estimate from
biogas and bio-fertilizer. The study concluded that huge amount of
biogas and dry bio-fertilizer yields could produce from abattoir waste
through fed batch anaerobic digestion. Therefore, install fed batch
anaerobic digestion plant is recommended to ensure environmental safety
and public health
Effects of Water Deficit on Growth, Biomass Allocation and Photosynthesis of A. senegal Seedlings from Nguru and Gujba Provinces of Yobe State, North Eastern Nigeria
No full textAcacia senegal (L) Willd is a multipurpose tree species that occurs
throughout semi-arid Africa. Poor yields of gum from the species in the
semi-arid region of Nigeria may be due to more frequent drought events.
It is not yet clear whether some populations of A. senegal may respond
differently to any encroaching drought. The effects of water deficit on
growth, biomass allocation and photosynthesis of A. senegal seedlings
from Nguru and Gujba province of Yobe state, North Eastern Nigeria were
studied under glasshouse conditions for 120 days. Plants were subjected
to three watering regimes; control (well-watered) conditions
corresponding to 25% gravimetric water content (GWC), mild water
deficit at 15% (GWC) and severe-water-deficit at 10% (GWC),
respectively. There was a highly significant difference in stomata
conductance among the treatments (F2, 84=11.38, P< 0.001) in
relation to water deficit. There was no statistical difference in
quantum yield between the two provenances (F1, 84 =0.15, P=0.695) and
interaction between treatment and provenances was also not significant
(F2, 84= 2.14, P=0.124). mean root length between the provenances were
significantly different (F2,84 =0.60, P< 0.001) however Root length
was not statistically significantbetweentreatments (F2,84= 0.60, P=
0.550). Plant biomass, stomata conductance, quantum yield, chlorophyll
fluorescence, relative water content, root length and root: shoot
ratios were highly responsive to changes in soil water. It was
concluded that A. senegal is capable of physiological adjustment in
response to soil moisture as a form of ecological adaptation